Installing Python Modules

Email: distutils-sig@[Link]

As a popular open source development project, Python has an active supporting community of contributors and
users that also make their software available for other Python developers to use under open source license terms.

This allows Python users to share and collaborate effectively, benefiting from the solutions others have already cre‐
ated to common (and sometimes even rare!) problems, as well as potentially contributing their own solutions to the
common pool.

This guide covers the installation part of the process. For a guide to creating and sharing your own Python projects,
refer to the Python packaging user guide.

Note: For corporate and other institutional users, be aware that many organisations have their own policies
around using and contributing to open source software. Please take such policies into account when making use
of the distribution and installation tools provided with Python.

Key terms

pip is the preferred installer program. Starting with Python 3.4, it is included by default with the Python binary
installers.
A virtual environment is a semi-isolated Python environment that allows packages to be installed for use by a par‐
ticular application, rather than being installed system wide.
venv is the standard tool for creating virtual environments, and has been part of Python since Python 3.3. Starting
with Python 3.4, it defaults to installing pip into all created virtual environments.
virtualenv is a third party alternative (and predecessor) to venv . It allows virtual environments to be used on
versions of Python prior to 3.4, which either don’t provide venv at all, or aren’t able to automatically install pip into
created environments.
The Python Package Index is a public repository of open source licensed packages made available for use by
other Python users.
the Python Packaging Authority is the group of developers and documentation authors responsible for the mainte‐
nance and evolution of the standard packaging tools and the associated metadata and file format standards. They
maintain a variety of tools, documentation, and issue trackers on GitHub.
distutils is the original build and distribution system first added to the Python standard library in 1998. While di‐
rect use of distutils is being phased out, it still laid the foundation for the current packaging and distribution in‐
frastructure, and it not only remains part of the standard library, but its name lives on in other ways (such as the
name of the mailing list used to coordinate Python packaging standards development).

Changed in version 3.5: The use of venv is now recommended for creating virtual environments.

See also: Python Packaging User Guide: Creating and using virtual environments
Basic usage

The standard packaging tools are all designed to be used from the command line.

The following command will install the latest version of a module and its dependencies from the Python Package
Index:

python -m pip install SomePackage

Note: For POSIX users (including macOS and Linux users), the examples in this guide assume the use of a virtual
environment.

For Windows users, the examples in this guide assume that the option to adjust the system PATH environment vari‐
able was selected when installing Python.

It’s also possible to specify an exact or minimum version directly on the command line. When using comparator oper‐
ators such as > , < or some other special character which get interpreted by shell, the package name and the version
should be enclosed within double quotes:

python -m pip install SomePackage==1.0.4 # specific version

python -m pip install "SomePackage>=1.0.4" # minimum version

Normally, if a suitable module is already installed, attempting to install it again will have no effect. Upgrading existing
modules must be requested explicitly:

python -m pip install --upgrade SomePackage

More information and resources regarding pip and its capabilities can be found in the Python Packaging User Guide.

Creation of virtual environments is done through the venv module. Installing packages into an active virtual environ‐
ment uses the commands shown above.

See also: Python Packaging User Guide: Installing Python Distribution Packages

How do I …?

These are quick answers or links for some common tasks.

… install pip in versions of Python prior to Python 3.4?

Python only started bundling pip with Python 3.4. For earlier versions, pip needs to be “bootstrapped” as described
in the Python Packaging User Guide.

See also: Python Packaging User Guide: Requirements for Installing Packages
… install packages just for the current user?

Passing the --user option to python -m pip install will install a package just for the current user, rather than
for all users of the system.

… install scientific Python packages?

A number of scientific Python packages have complex binary dependencies, and aren’t currently easy to install using
pip directly. At this point in time, it will often be easier for users to install these packages by other means rather than
attempting to install them with pip .

See also: Python Packaging User Guide: Installing Scientific Packages

… work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?

On Linux, macOS, and other POSIX systems, use the versioned Python commands in combination with the -m switch
to run the appropriate copy of pip :

python2 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 2

python2.7 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 2.7
python3 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 3
python3.4 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 3.4

Appropriately versioned pip commands may also be available.

On Windows, use the py Python launcher in combination with the -m switch:

py -2 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 2

py -2.7 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 2.7
py -3 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 3
py -3.4 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 3.4

Common installation issues

Installing into the system Python on Linux

On Linux systems, a Python installation will typically be included as part of the distribution. Installing into this Python
installation requires root access to the system, and may interfere with the operation of the system package manager
and other components of the system if a component is unexpectedly upgraded using pip .

On such systems, it is often better to use a virtual environment or a per-user installation when installing packages with
pip .

Pip not installed

It is possible that pip does not get installed by default. One potential fix is:

python -m ensurepip --default-pip

There are also additional resources for installing pip.

Installing binary extensions

Python has typically relied heavily on source based distribution, with end users being expected to compile extension
modules from source as part of the installation process.

With the introduction of support for the binary wheel format, and the ability to publish wheels for at least Windows
and macOS through the Python Package Index, this problem is expected to diminish over time, as users are more
regularly able to install pre-built extensions rather than needing to build them themselves.

Some of the solutions for installing scientific software that are not yet available as pre-built wheel files may also help
with obtaining other binary extensions without needing to build them locally.

See also: Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions