DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN

BY
D. SENTHILKUMAR
Introduction to Digital Systems
1.1 Introduction:
• Overview of Digital Systems
• Importance of Modern Technology
• Analog Vs Digital Systems
• Examples of Analog and Digital System
1.2 Fundamental Concepts and Logic
• Number systems
• Binary
• Octal
• Decimal
• Hexadecimal
• Number system inter conversion
• Binary Arithmetic operations
• Codes:
• Grey
• BCD
• Excess-3
• ASCII
Introduction to Digital Systems
• All of us are familiar with the impact of modern digital computer,
communication systems, digital display systems, internet, emails, etc
on the society.
• Main causes of this revolution is the advent of Integrated Circuits(ICs)
• The operation of these systems and many other systems is based on the
principles of digital techniques, and
• These systems are referred to as digital systems.
Introduction to Digital Systems
➢Some of us are familiar with electronic amplifier.

➢These are used to amplify electrical signals, and

➢Can have any value in a limited range and are known as analog signals.
➢The electronics circuits used to amplify(process) these signals are
known as analog circuits, and
➢The systems built around this of operation is are known as analog
systems.
Introduction to Digital Systems
✓ In an electronic calculator, the input is given with the help of switches.
✓This is converted into the electrical signals which have two discrete
values or levels.
✓One of these may be called as LOW level and the other one is HIGH
level.
✓The signal will always be one of the two levels.
✓Here the actual value of the signal is immaterial as long as it is within the
specified range of LOW or HIGH level.
✓This type of signal is known as digital signal, and
✓The circuits inside the calculator used to process these signals are
known as digital circuits.
✓A calculator is an example of a digital system.
Introduction to Digital Systems
Digital Signals:
a. Digital signals are of two discrete levels LOW and HIGH.
b. Two different representation of digital signals are positive and negative
logic.
c. Digital systems using these representation are called positive logic and
negative logic system.
Introduction to Digital Systems
❖Digitals signals LOW and HIGH can also be represented as binary digits
1 and 0.
❖ A binary digit (1 or 0) is referred to as a bit.
❖ binary number system is used for the analysis and design of a digital
systems.
❖ the two levels ( or States) can also be designated as ON and OFF or TRUE
or FALSE.
Introduction to Digital Systems
Basic Digital Circuits:
✓ In a digital system there are only few basic operations are performed
irrespective of complexities of the system.
✓ These operations may be required to be performed a number of times in
a large digital system like digital computer or a digital control system.
✓The basic operations are AND, OR, NOT.

The AND operation:

• The equation Y=ABC….N is known as Boolean equation or the logical equation of the
AND Gate
Introduction to Digital Systems
The Truth Table:

Logical Multiplication:
The AND operation is also referred to as logical multiplication and therefore
it is symbolised algebraically by a multiplication dot(∙).
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The OR Operation:

The Truth Table:

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The NOT Operation:

➢The NOT operation also referred to as an inversion or complementation.

➢The presence of a small circle known as bubble, always denotes inversion
in digital circuits.
The Truth Table:
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The NAND and NOR operations:
• Any Boolean ( or logic ) expression can be realized by using AND, OR and
NOT gates.
• From these operations, two more operations have been derived :
• The NAND operation and NOR operation.
• These operations have become very popular and are widely used.
• The reason being the only one type of gates,
• Either NAND or NOR are sufficient for the realisation of any logical
expression.
• Because of this reason NAND and NOR gates are known as Universal
Gates.
Introduction to Digital Systems
The NAND operation:
• The NOT-AND operation is known as NAND operation.
Assume the output of AND gate is Y’

Then output of NAND gate is

The Truth Table:

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The NOR operation:
• The NOT-OR operation is known as NOR operation.
Assume the output of OR gate is Y’

Then output of NOR gate is

The Truth Table:

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B
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Ex-OR and EX-NOR Operations
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EX-NOR Operation
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Boolean Algebra
➢The digital signals are discrete in nature and can only assume one of the
two values 0 or 1.
➢The number system based on these two digits is known as binary number
system.
➢In the middle of the 19th century an English mathematician George Boole
developed rules for manipulation of binary variable, known as Boolean
algebra.
➢This is the basis of all digital system like computer, calculators etc.
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✓Theorems 1.21 and 1.22 are known as De Morgan’s Theorems.
✓These theorems can be proved by first considering the two
variables case and then extending this result.
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Examples of IC Gates
✓ All the logic functions introduced above are commercially
available in Integrated Circuit(IC) form.
✓For example IC7400 chip is a quadruple 2-input NAND Gate
available in 14 pin DIP(Dual In-line Package)

IC 7400
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Introduction to Digital Systems
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Number Systems:
Binary, Octal, Decimal, Hexadecimal number system and their inter
conversion.
Binary Arithmetic operation
Codes:
Grey, BCD, Excess-3, ASCII
Introduction to Digital Systems
➢ In general, in any number system there is an ordered set of symbols
known as digits with rules defined for performing arithmetic operations
like addition, multiplication etc.,
➢A collection of these digits make a number which in general has two
parts- integer and fractional, set apart by a radix point (∙), that is

and
Introduction to Digital Systems
➢The digits in a number are placed side by side and each position in the
number is assigned a weight or index of importance by some predesigned
rule.
➢The following table gives the details of commonly used number systems.
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Binary number system:
➢The number with base(or radix) two is known as the binary
number system.
➢Only two symbols are used to represent numbers in this this as
there are 0 and 1.
➢These are known as bits.
➢This system has the minimum base( 0 is not possible and 1 is not
useful)
➢It is a positional number system.
➢ ie every position is assigned a specific weight.
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Binary to Decimal Conversion:
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Decimal to Binary conversion:
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Signed Binary Numbers:
✓In decimal number system + sign is used to denote a positive
number and a – sign for denoting a negative number.
✓The + sign is usually dropped , and the absence od any sign
means that the number is positive.
✓This representation of number is known as signed number.

✓Digital circuits can understand only two numbers 0 and 1.

✓Therefore the same numbers should be used for denoting the sign
of the numbers too.
Introduction to Digital Systems
✓ Normally an additional bit is used as the sign bit.
✓ And it is placed as the most significant bit.
✓ A 0 is used to represent a positive number and 1 is used to represent a negative number
✓ For eg, an 8 bit signed number 01000100 represents a positive number and its value is
(1000100)2 = (68)10
✓ The left most zero indicates that the number is +ve.
✓ On the other hand in the signed binary form 11000100 represents a negative number with a
magnitude (1000100)2 = (68)10
✓ Then 1 is the left most position indicates that the number is –ve and other seven bits gives its
magnitude.
✓ And this kind of representation for signed number is known as sign-magnitude
representation.
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1’s complement representation
✓In a binary number, if each 1 is replaced by 0 and each 0 is replaced by 1,
the resulting number is known as the one’s complement of the first
number.
✓In fact, both the numbers are complement of each other.
✓If one of these is positive, then the other number will be negative with the
same magnitude and vice-versa.
✓For example (0101)2 represents (+5)10, where as (1010)2 represents
(-5)10 in this representation.
✓This method is widely used for representing signed numbers.
✓In this representation also, MSB is 0 for positive numbers and 1 for
negative numbers.
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TWO’s complement representation
➢If 1 is added to 1’s complement of a binary number, the resulting number
is known as the two’s(2’s) complement of the binary number.
➢For example, 2’s complement of 0101 is 1011.
➢Since 0101 represents (+5)10, therefore 1011 represents (-5)10 in 2’s
complement representation.
➢In this representation also, if the MSB is 0 the number is +ve,
➢Whereas if the MSB is 1, the number is negative.
➢For an n bit number, the maximum +ve number = (2n-1-1) and maximum
-ve number = -(2n-1)
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Binary Arithmetic
Binary Addition
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Binary Subtraction
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2’s Complement Arithmetic
Subtraction using 2’s complement
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Addition / subtraction in 2’s complement representation
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Octal number system
➢The number system with base (or radix) eight is known as octal number
system.
➢Similar to decimal and binary, it is also positional number system.
➢It has two parts integer and fractional set apart by a radix (octal) point.
Octal to decimal conversion:
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Decimal to octal conversion:
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Octal to binary conversion:
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Binary to octal conversion:

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Hexadecimal number system
➢Hexadecimal number system is very popular in computer uses
➢The base is 16, which requires 16 distinct symbols to represent the
numbers.
➢It is an alpha-numeric number system, since it uses both numeric and
alphabets.
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Hexadecimal to decimal conversion:
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Decimal to hexadecimal conversion:
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Hexadecimal to binary conversion:
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Binary to hexadecimal conversion:
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Hexadecimal to octal conversion:
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Octal to hexadecimal conversion:
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Codes:
Natural BCD code:
➢In this code decimal digits 0-9 are represented(coded) by their natural
binary equivalents using 4bits.
➢And each decimal digit of a number is represented by this 4bit code
individually.
➢This code is also known as 8-4-2-1 code. 8,4,2,1 are weights of 4bits of
binary code.
➢Therefore, this is a weighted code.
➢ example (23)10 = (0010 0011)BCD
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Excess-3 code:
➢This is another form of BCD code., in which each decimal digit is coded
into a 4bit binary code.
➢The code for each decimal digit obtained by adding decimal 3 to the
natural BCD code of the digit.
➢ example decimal 2 is coded 0010+0011 = 0101 in excess-3 code.
➢It is not a weighted code.
➢It is a self complementing code.
➢For example, excess-3 code of 2 is 0101, its 1’s complement is 1010,
➢ but 1010 is excess-3 code for 7, which(7) is 9’s complement of 2.
➢This self complementing property of this code helps considerably in
performing subtraction operation in digital systems.
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Gray code:
➢It is a very useful code in which a decimal number is represented in binary
form in such a way that each gray code number differs from the preceding
and succeeding number by a single bit.
➢It is not a weighted code.

➢For example, gray code for decimal number 5 is 0111 and for 6 is 0101.
➢These two codes differ by only one bit position(3 rd from the left)
➢This code is used extensively for shaft encoders because of this property.
➢It is a reflected code and can be constructed using the property given
below.
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Construction rule for Gray code:
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mirror

mirror
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ASCII code:
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