Chapter 6 Tissues
Tissues are groups of cells that have a similar structure and act together to
perform a specific function.
Are Plants and animals made of the same types of tissues?
Plants
Stationary or fixed
Growth in a limited region
Needless energy to survive
Most of the tissues are dead
Animals
They can move
Growth in every part
Need more energy to survive
Most of the tissues are alive
Tissues are two types
1. Plant tissues
2. Animal tissues
Plant tissues
Plants have two types of tissues Meristematic tissue and permanent Tissue
Meristematic tissue
These are simple living tissues capable of division and formation of new cells.
Present in the growing region of plants. Ex. root growing branches etc.
Meristematic Tissues are three types
1. Apical meristem
2. Intercalary meristem
3. Lateral meristem
Apical meristem
It is present at growing tips of stems and roots
This tissue leads to the elongation of stems and roots
This evolved in the primary growth of plants.
Intercalary meristem
It is present at the internodes
It is part of apical meristem which is left behind during growth.
It helps in the longitudinal growth of the plant.
Lateral meristem
It occurs along the side of the longitudinal axis of the plant
It gives rise to vascular tissues.
It causes growth in the girth of the stem and Roots.
This is responsible for secondary growth.
Permanent tissues
It is composed of those cells which have lost their capability to divide, they
have a definite shape, size, and thickness. It may be dead or living.
Permanent tissue are two types
1. Simple permanent tissue
2. Complex permeant tissue
Simple permanent tissue
These are made up of the same types of cells which are similar in structure and
also in function
Simple Permanent tissue includes two types of tissues (a) protective tissues (b)
supporting tissues
Protective tissues are consisted of the Epidermis, Cork or Phellem
Epidermis
It is the outermost single cell layer of plant organs Such as leaves, flowers,
roots, etc. It is cover by cutile (waterproof layer).
Stomata
The epidermis has small pores on its surface. These pores are called stomata.
These are enclosed by two kidney-shaped cells called guard cells.
Function
It protects the plant from desiccation and infection.
Cutile cuts the rate of transpiration and the proportion of water.
Stomata allow gaseous exchange during photosynthesis
Stomata also help in transpiration
Cork or phellem
It is made up of dead cells with thick walls and does not have intercellular
spaces. Cell wall in cork deposit waxy substance called Subcrin. The cell wall is
impermeable. It does not have any protoplasm.
Function
It prevents plants from infection or mechanical injury
It is a shock absorber, insulator for plants.
Provide toughness to plants
Cork used in making of sports goods like – Cricket ball, table tennis,
wooden, paddles, etc.
Supporting Tissues
These tissues are supporting in function. These tissues are three types
Parenchyma
It thin-walled cell, composed of living cells, oval and spherical in structure. It
has large central vacuoles, found in leaves, the pith of stems, and roots.
Function
Storage foods in large vacuoles
Provide turgidity to cells
Photosynthesis
Wound repair and new growth
Buoyancy control in aquatic plants
Collenchyma
It forms filler tissues in soft parts of plants present in the cortex, pith primary
stems, and roots. It is found epidermis. The cell of this tissue is living, the wall
thickened at the corners.
Function
Provide flexibility to plant pants.
All provide mechanic’s support
Filling the vacant place
Sclerenchyma
It is strengthening tissues composed of extremely thick-walled cells made up of
lignin. Its cells are dead.
Present in stems, around vascular bundles, in the veins of leaves, and hard
covering seeds and nuts.
Function
Provide strength to plant parts.
Complex Permanent tissues
It consists of more than one type of cell which works together as a unit.
It is also known as conducting or vascular tissue.
It helps in transporting organic material, water, and minerals up and down
in the plant.
Complex Permanent tissue is of two types
1. Xylem
2. Phloem
Xylem
Xylem is the vascular tissue in a plant that transports water and dissolved
nutrients upward-from the roots.
Xylem consist of four types of cells
Tracheid
Vessels
Xylem parenchyma
Xylem sclerenchyma
Tracheid
Elongated angular dead cells are involved in the conduction of water.
Vessels
This one cylindrical tube-like structure is placed one above the other end which
forms a channel for the conduction of water.
Xylem parenchyma
Thick cells used for storage of food (Starch)
Xylem sclerenchyma
Non-living fibres with thick walls and narrow cavities provide mechanical
support.
Phloem
Phloem is the vascular tissue in the plant which conducts sugars and other
metabolic Products upward and downwards from the leaves.
It consists of four types of cells
Sieve tubes
Companion cells
Phloem fibres
Phloem parenchyma
Sieve tubes
Transport Organic compounds (sugar) made during photosynthesis.
Companion cells
Regulate the activity of Sugar in sieve tubes.
Phloem fibers
Provide mechanical support to sieve tubes.
Phloem parenchyma
It stores food.
Animal Tissues
Animals have four types of tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelial Tissue/epithelium Tissue
It consists of a single layer of cells. Blood vessels are absent. It covers all the
organs. The skin, lining of the mouth, lining of blood vessels, kidney tubules,
etc. are made up of this tissue.
Epithelium Tissues are classified into four parts
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar (Ciliated)
Stratified Squamous
Squamous Epithelium
Cells arranged end to end like – tiles on the floor
It forms the lining of cavities – mouth, oesophagus, nose, alveoli, etc.
It also forms blood vessels, covering of tongue and skin.
Epithelial cells are arranged in many layers to prevent wear and tear in
the skin.
Cubical Epithelium
The cell of this tissue is a cube in shape.
It is found in the kidney, thyroid vesicles, and glands (Salivary glands,
sweat glands, etc.)
It also provides mechanical support
It forms germinal epithelium– testes and ovaries
Columnar Epithelium
Pillar-like structure
It forms the lining of the stomach
It also forms the small intestine, long intestine, etc.
It has threads on its surface which help in absorption
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
It consists of squamous Epithelial arranged in layers present in the uterine,
oesophagus, etc.
Connective tissue
The cells of the connective tissue are widely spaced. The basic function is to
provide support and connect different organs.
Types of Connective tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Skeletal
Fluid
Areolar Tissue
This Tissue fills spaces inside Organs and is found between the skin and
muscles, around vessels, nerves, and in the bone marrow.
Adipose Tissue
It is found below the heart, brain, and eyeballs, it acts as an insulator and
prevents loss of heat from the body.
Skeletal Tissue
Bone, ligaments, Tendons, Cartilage
Bone
It forms the framework that supports the body. It is non-flexible. Made up of
calcium and phosphorus compounds.
Ligaments
Two bones are connected by a ligament. This is very elastic.
Tendons
It connects muscles to bones. It is fibrous with great strength and limited
flexibility
Cartilage
This is elastic, less hard to other bones. It is composed of protein and sugars.
Present in nose, ear, and larynx.
Fluid / Vascular Tissue – Types of blood cells
Blood has a fluid matrix called Plasma in which RBC, WBC, Platelets are
suspended. It also contains proteins, salts, and hormones.
Red blood cell (RBC)
It contains a red-coloured respiratory pigment called haemoglobin that helps in
the transportation of oxygen.
White blood cell (WBC)
They protect our body from harmful bacteria.
Platelets
It is involved in the clotting of blood.
Muscular Tissue
Movement happens in our body with the help of muscular tissue. They are
capable of contraction and relaxation.
Muscular tissue are three types
Striated muscles
Smooth muscles
Cardiac muscles
Striated muscles/ skeletal muscles
These muscles are attached to the skeleton by tendons, Voluntary. These
muscles get tired and need rest. The cells of this are multinucleated and
unbranched. It contains a special protein called contractile protein, which
contracts and relaxes to cause movement.
Smooth muscles
These muscles involuntary, uninucleate, and spindle-shaped. These are found in
the walls of the stomach, intestine, bronchi, iris of the eye, etc.
Cardiac Muscles
These muscles are involuntary. Only found in the wall of the heart. This one
uninucleate and branched. In these muscles, rhythmic contraction and relaxation
occur throughout life.
Nervous Tissue
Cells of the nervous tissue are highly specialized for being stimulated and then
transmitting to stimulus Very rapidly from one place to another. The brain,
spinal cord, and nerves are all composed of nervous tissue.