MODULE 1
Introduction to Naval Architecture
II SEM –Module 4
Syllabus
Loads
• Static
• Hydrostatic pressure
• Weight (structure, machinery, cargo etc)
• Dynamic (due to)
• Ship Motions
• External forces ( waves, wind, fixed structure)
• Operation of Machinery (Vibration)
• Movement of Internal fluids
Hogging and Sagging
Forces / Moments
Ship Structure
• Ships are the largest mobile structures built by man.
• In contrast to land-based structures, the ship does not rest on a fixed
foundation
• Entirely supported by buoyant pressures exerted by a `dynamic fluid
environment.
• Design of structure to cater to
• Withstand Forces and Moments
• Functionality (access, ergonomics etc.)
• Optimising hull for other ship performance parameters (resistance, stability
safety etc.)
Ship Building Materials
• Steel (Iron alloyed with C, Mn, P, Si, S)
• Mild Steel (Grade A,B,D,E), High Tensile Steel
• Used in main hull structure
• Stainless Steel
• Used in lining of tanks
• Aluminum Alloys (alloyed with Mg,Mn,Cr)
• Used in small ships
• Superstructure
• Glass Re-inforced Plastic(GRP) / Fibre Re-inforced Plastic(FRP)
• Used in boats
• Superstructure
END
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MODULE 1
Introduction to Naval Architecture
II SEM –Module 4
Syllabus
Ship Structure - Categorisation
• Main parts of ship’s structure can be categorized based on the
following different criteria
• Type / Shape
• Location
• Participation in Load bearing
• Special Structure / Fittings
Ship Structure – Type /Shape
Plating
• Shell
• Bottom Shell
• Side Shell
• Deck
• Bulkhead
• Inner Bottom / Tanktop
Strengthening
• Stiffeners
• Beams
• Girders
• Floors
• Brackets
• -Pillars/Stanchions
Plating
• When manufactured
• Flat
• Rectangular
• Standard sizes and thickness
• Cut and bent to required shape
for welding on ship
• Forms the boundary surface for
ship and its compartments
Plating – Shell or Shell Plating
• The shell plating forms
the watertight skin of the
ship
• Contributes to the
strength.
• Formed by welding plates
together
• Plates of the shell plating
are called “STRAKES”
Plating – Shell or Shell Plating
Bilge
• Lowest space in the ship
• Part of the hull that would rest on the ground
• Region of the bottom shell from the keel to the turn of the bilge.
• Bilge Water- Leakage/ overflow from machinery, cleaning water, rainwater,
etc, collected in the bilge space
• Turn of the bilge" is the region where the bottom shell transitions to the
side shell.
Plating – Shell or Shell Plating:Regions
• Bottom Shell – Extends
from centre of the ship to
the turn of the bilge
• Side Shell – Extends from
the turn of bilge to edge of
main deck
Plating – Shell : Keel Strake
• At the centre line of the bottom shell is the keel,
• Forms the backbone of the ship.
• Contributes substantially to the longitudinal strength and effectively
distributes local loading caused when docking the ship.
• Other strakes are welded to either side of the keel strakes and numbered
A,B,C, D …etc
Single and Double Hull (Skin)
• Marine Disasters
• Mar 1967 – Torrey Canyon , Kuwait to Wales, Grounded at Wales
coast
• 1973 : MARPOL Convention
• Mar 1978 – Amoco Cadiz, Persian Gulf to Rotterdam(Netherlands) ,
Grounded at French coast
• 1978:MARPOL Convention
• Mar 1989 – Exxon Valdez, Alaska to California, Grounded at Alaska
• 11 Dec 1999 – Erika, Dunkirk (France) to Livorno (Italy), Structural
failure on French Coast
Torrey Canyon
AMOCO CADIZ
Exxon Valdez
ERIKA
Single Hull(Skin) vs Double Hull(Skin)
Single Hull vs Double Hull
Single Hull(Skin) vs Double Hull(Skin)
Double Hull(Skin)
Double Hull(Skin)
Double Hull(Skin)
Double Hull(Skin)
Double Bottom vs Single Bottom
Double Bottom (of Bulk Carrier)
Double Bottom
Inner Bottomr
Outer Bottom
END
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MODULE 1
Introduction to Naval Architecture
II SEM –Module 4
Ship Structure – Type /Shape
Plating
• Shell
• Bottom Shell
• Side Shell
• Deck
• Inner Bottom / Tanktop
• Bulkhead
Strengthening
• Stiffeners
• Beams
• Girders
• Floors
• Brackets
• -Pillars/Stanchions
Plating – Deck
Plating – Deck
Plating – Deck
Plating – Deck :Inner Bottom Plating (Tank Top)
• Inner Plating of double bottom hull
• Extending the whole breadth of the ship and almost the entire length
of the ship.
• Creation of a double bottom hull, by constructing an inner bottom
plating is a mandatory requirement of MARPOL regulation for certain
types of vessels.
• The space created can be used as tanks for storing ballast water, fresh
water etc.
• Since this space is generally used as a tank, the inner bottom plating is
also referred to as Tank top.
Plating – Deck :Inner Bottom Plating (Tank Top)
Plating – Deck :Inner Bottom Plating (Tank
Top)
Plating - Bulkhead
• The plating that is in vertical orientation
• Could be in the longitudinal or transverse orientation
• Forms the walls of a space or compartment
• May be watertight or non-watertight
• Main Watertight bulkheads continue from keel to main deck
• Serves as a fire, temperature or waterproof boundary
• Provides structural strength
• Minor bulkheads help is segregating compartment space
Plating - Bulkhead
Bulkhead
END
• In case of any doubts you may contact me at
• Mobile : 9969293383
• Email : [Link]@[Link]
MODULE 1
Introduction to Naval Architecture
II SEM –Module 4
Ship Structure – Type /Shape
Plating
• Shell
• Bottom Shell
• Side Shell
• Deck
• Bulkhead
• Inner Bottom / Tanktop
Strengthening
• Stiffeners
• Beams
• Girders
• Floors
• Brackets
• -Pillars/Stanchions
Strengthening Structure : Stiffeners
• These provide support to a plating.
• They are welded perpendicular to the plating, thus providing strength
Strengthening Structure : Stiffeners
• They are available in different cross sections. Common ones are
• - Flat Bar
• - Angle Bar
• - Tee Bar
• - Half Bulb
• - Bulb
Strengthening Structure : Stiffener Types
• Based on orientation
• Stiffeners oriented in the fore
and aft direction of the ship
are called longitudinal
stiffeners (or longitudinals)
• Stiffeners oriented in
athwartship direction are
called transverse stiffeners (or
transverses or frames)
Strengthening Structure : Stiffener Types
• Based on size (dimensions)
• Girder- Longitudinal
stiffening member with
larger dimensions
• Centre Girder- welded on
centre of keel
• Side Girder – welded on
bottom plating
• Deck Girder – welded on
underside of a deck.
Strengthening Structure : Stiffener Types
• Based on size (dimensions)
• Beam- It is a transverse
stiffener with comparatively
bigger dimensions,
• Supporting structure for
decks. They may also be
called deck beams.
Strengthening Structure : Stiffener Type
• Based on size (dimensions)
• Floor
• A transverse stiffening
member …a vertical platelike
structure between the outer
and inner bottom plating
• From the centre girder to the
turn of bilge.
• Provide support and strength
to outer and inner bottom
plating.
Strengthening Structure : Misc Structures
• Bracket
• Typically a triangular plate
structure
• prevent sideways deformation or
lateral-torsional buckling in the
supporting components of
structures.
• Generally provided at the
connection between two
supporting structural members.
• A Bracket that connects a deck
transverse to a side frame is also
called a Knee
Strengthening Structure : Misc Structures
• Bracket
Strengthening Structure : Misc Structures
• Pillar / Stanchion
• Vertical structure
• Generally cylindrical in shape.
• To carry the load on the decks
vertically down to the ship's
bottom structure where these
loads are supported by the
upward buoyant forces.
END
• In case of any doubts you may contact me at
• Mobile : 9969293383
• Email : [Link]@[Link]
MODULE 1
Introduction to Naval Architecture
II SEM –Module 4
Syllabus
Ship Structure - Categorisation
• Main parts of ship’s structure can be categorized based on the
following different criteria
• Type / Shape
• Location
• Participation in Load bearing
• Special Structure / Fittings
Ship Structure – Based on Location
• Bottom Structure
• Side Structure
• Deck Structure
• Fore End Structure
• Aft End Structure
Ship Structure – Bottom Structure
• The structure extending
from the outer bottom
shell plating to the inner
bottom (along the depth
of the ship) and from the
centreline to the turn of
the bilge where the side
shell commences.
Ship Structure – Side Structure
• The structure extending from the
turn of the bilge to the weather
deck (or main deck)
Ship Structure – Deck Structure
• The deck structure
comprises of the deck
plating and its
strengthening members
between the side shell
structure on port and
starboard side.
Ship Structure – Fore End Structure
• The entire structure ahead
of the forward most
bulkhead (called collision
bulkhead) is called the fore
end structure. It is heavily
stiffened to withstand
extreme loads of
slamming, panting and
even collision.
•
Ship Structure – Fore End Structure
• The entire structure ahead of
the forward most bulkhead
(called collision bulkhead) is
called the fore end structure. It
is heavily stiffened to withstand
extreme loads of slamming,
panting and even collision.
Ship Structure – Aft End Structure
• It is the structure aft of the aft most
bulkhead (called the aft peak
bulkhead). This structure is also
heavily stiffened as it is subject to
heavy vibration loads, induced by
propeller, rudder and shaft
END
• In case of any doubts you may contact me at
• Mobile : 9969293383
• Email : [Link]@[Link]
MODULE 1
Introduction to Naval Architecture
II SEM –Module 4
Syllabus
Ship Structure – Categorisation
• Main parts of ship’s structure can be categorized based on the
following different criteria
• Type / Shape
• Location
• Participation in Load bearing
• Special Structure / Underwater Fittings
Ship Structure – Special Structure /
Underwater Fittings
• Refers to
• Special structures serving a particular purpose providing strength / support
• Superstructure
• Machinery foundation
• Mast Structure
• Welded or Cast underwater fittings
• Rudder
• Stabilisers
• Shaft Bracket
• Bilge Keel
Ship Structure – Superstructure
• Structure above
main deck of ship
Ship Structure – Engine / Machinery
Foundation
Ship Structure – Mast
Ship Structure – Rudder
Ship Structure – Stabilisers
Ship Structure – Shaft Bracket
Ship Structure – Bilge Keel
END
• In case of any doubts you may contact me at
• Mobile : 9969293383
• Email : [Link]@[Link]
MODULE 1
Introduction to Naval Architecture
II SEM –Module 5
Miscellaneous Deck Structure / Fittings
• Hatches
• Hatch Covers
Hatches and Hatch Covers
• What is a Hatch
• Opening on a deck provided for
access to lower decks
• What is a Hatch Cover
• Cover provided for a hatch to
provide
• safety to personnel
• weather protection to cargo /
personnel
• Watertight sealing of deck
Hatches
• Types of Hatches
• Cargo Hatch
• Deck Hatch
• Vessels with Cargo Hatches
• Bulk Carriers (Ore, grain, coal,
fertilisers etc.)
• Break Bulk Carriers or General
Cargo (crates, bags, boxes, drums,
barrels etc.)
• Container Ships
• Fishing Vessels
• All vessels have Deck hatches
Hatch Structure
Cargo Hatch Covers
• Types of Cargo Hatch Covers
• Lifting type
• Rolling type
• Single Pull
• Stacked Panel
• Coiling
• Side Rolling
• Single Panel
• Twin Panel
• Folding type
• Twin Panel
• Multiple Panel
• Stacking Type
• Lifting Type
• Rolling Type (Single Pull)
• Stacked Panel
• Rolling Type (Single Pull)
• Coiling
• Rolling Type –
• Side Rolling
• Single Panel
• Rolling Type –
• Side Rolling
• Twin Panel
• Folding Type
• Twin Panel
• Folding Type
• Multiple Panel
• Stacking (Piggy back)
Deck Hatch Covers
Deck Hatch Covers -Types
• Opening Mechanism
• Locking Mechanism
• Openability
• Shape
• Coaming
Deck Hatch Covers -Types
• Opening Mechanism
• Manual
• Hydraulic
• Pneumatic
• Spring loaded
• Combination
Deck Hatch Covers -Types
• Locking Mechanism
• Wing Nut
• Wheel
• Dog Clips
Deck Hatch Covers -Types
• Openability
• Openable from both sides
• Openable from one side only
Deck Hatch Covers -Types
• Shape
• Square
• Rectangle
• Circular
• Oval
Deck Hatch Covers -Types
• Coaming
• With Coaming
• Flush
END
• In case of any doubts you may contact me at
• Mobile : 9969293383
• Email : [Link]@[Link]