E-Governance

E-governance is a key to make information technology (IT) relevant to

ordinary citizens. It allows citizens to communicate with government and
participate in the governments' policy-making .
It is a network of organizations to include government, nonprofit and private-
sector entities. In e-governance, there are no distinct boundaries.
The model for e-governance is a one-stop portal, such as [Link], where
citizens have access to a variety of information and services. An ideal portal
would be one for employment where a citizen creates a profile and is
presented with employment opportunities at the federal, state, local, non-profit
and private-sectors
The primary delivery models of e-Government can be divided into:
> Government-to-Citizen or Government-to-Customer (G2C)
> Government-to-Business (G2B)
> Government-to-Government (G2G)
> Government-to-Employees (G2E)
Within each of these interaction domains, four kinds of activities take place:
>Pushing information over the Internet e.g: regulatory services, general
holidays, public hearing schedules, issue briefs, notifications etc.
>Two-way communications between the agency and the citizen, a business,
or another government agency. In this model, users can engage in dialogue
with agencies and post problems, comments or requests to the agency.
> Conducting transactions e.g: lodging tax returns, applying for services
and grants.
> Governance e.g: online polling, voting and campaigning.
The primary delivery models of E-Government are classified depending on
who benefits. In the development of public sector or private sector portals and
platforms, a system is created that benefits all constituents. Citizens needing
to renew their vehicle registration have a convenient way to accomplish it
while already engaged in meeting the regulatory inspection requirement.
To develop these public sector portals or platforms, governments have the
choice to internally develop and manage, outsource or sign a self-funding
contract. The self-funding model creates portals that pay for themselves
through convenience fees for certain e-government transactions, known as
self-funding portals.
Some of our states where E-Governanace activities are taking place are:
State of Goa "Dharani Project" : is an initiative of the government of Goa
to computerize the land records in the state that inculdes Issuing of
computerized certified copy of village maps, Confirmation of Possession of
property in City Survey, partition and re-survey etc.
State of Haryana "Nai Disha" : is an electronic interface between the
Government and the citizens. It is a step towards making Government
Services available to the citizens anytime anywhere.
State of Himachal Pradesh "Lok Mitra" : is a Web-enabled Government-
Citizen Interface of Himachal Pradesh Government and is one of the
innovative schemes by Government of Himachal Pradesh to provide the
general public, especially living in distant rural areas of the State, with the
benefits of "Using Information Technology (IT) in Governance (E-
Governance)" at their doorstep.
Multimedia and Entertainment
Multimedia
Multimedia is a combination of sound and images with text and graphics. This
would include movies, animations, music, people talking, sound effects like
the roar of a crowd and smashing glass.
Sound Input
Recording sounds for your computer requires special equipment. Microphones
can capture sounds from the air, which is good for sound effects or voices.
Voice Input
Talking data into the computer when your hands and eyes are busy should
certainly be more efficient. You can tell the computer what to do instead of
typing commands, like saying "Save file". One has to be careful enough while
giving the sound input with regard to pronounciation of words. Also there
could be a problem that dictionary of understood words does not include some
of the more "forceful" words.
Video Input
A Digital Camera takes still photos but records the pictures on computer
disks or memory chips. The information contained can be uploaded to a
computer for viewing.
A Video Camera or Recorder (VCR) can record data that can be uploaded
to the computer with the right hardware. Though it is not digital data, you can
still get good results with the right software. Both of these take huge amounts
of storage. Photos make for very large files.
A Web Cam is a tiny video camera designed especially to sit on your
computer. It feeds pictures directly to the computer as their would be no tape
or film to develop. Of course the length of the cable that connects the camera
to the computer would be a limiting factor. But like any camera, it will take a
picture of what you point it at.
Multimedia Entertainment
The field of entertainment uses multimedia extensively. One of the earliest
applications of multimedia was for games. Multimedia made possible
innovative and interactive games that greatly enhanced the learning
experience. Games could come alive with sounds and animated graphics.
Multimedia Business
Even basic office applications like a word processing package or a
spreadsheet tool becomes a powerful tool with the aid of multimedia business.
Pictures, animation and sound can be added to these applications, emphasizing
important points in the documents.
Virtual Reality
Virtual reality is a truly absorbing multimedia application. It is an artificial
environment created with computer hardware and software. It is presented to
the user in such a way that it appears and feels real. In virtual reality, the
computer controls three of the five senses. Virtual reality systems require
extremely expensive hardware and software and are confined mostly to
research laboratories.
Videoconferencing
Another multimedia application is Videoconferencing. Videoconferencing is
conducting a conference between two or more participants at different sites by
using computer networks to transmit audio and video data.

Computer - Software
Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well defined
function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular
problem.
There are two types of software
 System Software
 Application Software
System Software
The system software is collection of programs designed to operate, control
and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software
are generally prepared by computer manufactures.
These softwares comprise of programs written in low level languages which
interact with the hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the
interface between hardware and the end users.
Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers,
Interpreter, Assemblers etc.

Application Software
Application software are the software that are designed to satisfy a particular
need of a particular environment. All software prepared by us in the computer
lab can come under the category of Application software.
Application software may consists of a single program, such as a Microsoft's
notepad for writing and editing simple text. It may also consists of a collection
of programs, often called a software package, which work together to
accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.

Computer - Data & information

What is Data?
Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts or instruction in a
formalized manner which should be suitable for communication ,
interpretation or processing by human or electronic machine.
Data is represented with the help of characters like alphabets (A-Z,a-z), digits
(0-9) or special characters(+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc).

What is Information?
Information is organised or classified data so that it has some meaningful
values to the receiver.
Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based.
For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify for the
following characteristics
 Timely - Information should be available when required.
 Accuracy - Information should be accurate.
 Completeness - Information should be complete.

Computer - Networking
A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to
each other to share information and resources.
Characteristics
 Share Resources from one computer to another
 Create files and store them in one computer, access those files from the
other computer(s) connected over the network
 Connect a printer , scanner, or a fax machine to one computer within the
network and let other computers of the network use the machines available
over network.
Computer - Operating System
 An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the
software and the computer hardware.
 It is an integration set of specialised programs that are used to manage
overall resources and operations of the computer.
 It is specialised software that controls and monitors the execution of all
other programs that reside in the computer, including application programs
and other system software.
Objectives of Operating System
 Making a computer system convenient to use in an efficient manner
 To hide the details of the hardware resources from the users
 To provide users a convenient interface to use the computer system.
 To act as an intermediary between the hardware and its users and
making it easier for the users to access and use other resources.
 Manage the resources of a computer system.
 keep track of who is using which resource, granting resource requests,
according for resource using and mediating conflicting requests from different
programs and users.
 The efficient and fair sharing of resources among users and programs

Computer - Internet & Intranet

Internet
 Internet is a world-wide / global system of interconnected computer
networks.
 Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
 Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.
 IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as [Link]) which
identifies a computer location.
 A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name to
the IP Address so that user can locate a computer by a name.
 For Example, a DNS server will resolve a
name [Link] to a particular IP address to unique
identify the computer on which this website is hosted.
 Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
Intranet
 Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are networked to be connected
to each other.
 PCs in intranet are not availble to the world outside of the intranet.
 Usually each company or organizations have their own Intranet network
and members/employees of that company can access the computers in their
intranet.
 Each computer in Intranet is also identified by a IP Address which is
unique among the computers in that Intranet.