Audio Script

UNIT 1 Ruben: Well, first I looked online for descriptions of jobs in

the hotel industry. Second, I met with my manager to talk
Page 10, Listen, Exercises B and C about careers with our hotel. Then I had an informational
Counselor: Hello, Ruben. Come on in and have a seat. interview with the catering manager in my hotel. It was really
Ruben: Thank you. helpful. Hotel catering didn’t really sound that interesting
Counselor: So, you want to explore some career options—is that or challenging—and I don’t think hotel—catered food is so
right? good. During the informational interview, I asked our catering
Ruben: Yes. I haven’t decided on a career yet. I’ve been thinking manager if he’d ever thought about starting his own business.
about going to school to become a chef. He said no, but he offered to contact someone with a catering
Counselor: So, you enjoy cooking. business in another city to see if she might talk with me.
Ruben: No, not really. But right now I work in a hotel restaurant Oh—and I also went to the library and got the names of places
as a waiter. I’m friends with the chef. I found out that he to contact about starting a small business.
makes a lot more money than I do, and that chefs at top Counselor: That’s incredible, Ruben. . . . It sounds like you have
restaurants make a lot of money. And I thought learning to an idea for a new career.
cook might be easy. Ruben: Yes, I think I’ve made a decision. I want to own a
Counselor: But you’re not good at cooking now. . . successful catering business someday.
Ruben: My sandwiches are OK. But no, not really.
Counselor: Well, what are you good at? Page 18, Listen Exercise B
Ruben: I guess I’m good at math. I’m good at working with all Counselor: Well, Ruben, I don’t want to discourage you, but
kinds of co-workers, and I’m good at dealing with customers. starting and running a business could be very difficult. You’ll
I think I have good interpersonal skills. . . have to spend some time preparing.
Ruben: I know. It may take several years.
Page 11, Practice, Exercise B Counselor: It’s important for you to plan a very clear career
Counselor: Well, I think there might be jobs that are a better path—steps that will move you toward your long-term goal.
match for you than a job as a chef. Tell me more about yourself. Ruben: Well, first I need to pass my last ESL class.
Ruben: Well, I’m a student, Colombian, single. . . Counselor: What’s step two?
Counselor: OK. But what are some of your personality traits? Ruben: I’m not sure. I’ll probably keep working at the hotel and
What are some adjectives you’ d use to describe yourself? save money.
Ruben: Oh. Well, I’m honest. For example, sometimes customers Counselor: Well, do you want to stay in your current job at the
leave things in the restaurant—like purses or wallets or cell hotel?
phones. I always try to find the owner. And I’m cooperative. If Ruben: No. Maybe, I should switch to the catering department,
another waiter is busy and I’m not, I pour water and coffee for and change to full-time. I could save more money and take
his customers. culinary arts classes at night.
Counselor: Your bosses and colleagues must like you. Counselor: Well, you would learn cooking techniques in
Ruben: I hope so. . . I like to have good relationships at work. I’m culinary arts classes, so that makes sense. So your second step
always friendly with new staff; I try to teach them everything has two parts: You’re going to take a class and you’re going
they need to know. And I make people laugh—I tell jokes to continue working at your hotel, but full-time, and in the
when things get too serious. catering department.
Counselor: Um-hmm. So you’re extroverted. Ruben: Yes.
Ruben: Yes, I guess you could say that. Counselor: Well, running a business requires management and
Counselor: You said earlier that you have good interpersonal accounting skills.
skills . . . What other things do people like about you? Ruben: I know. Maybe I could get a promotion to supervisor in
Ruben: I’m optimistic. I don’t know what career I want, but I the catering department. I could learn a lot that way.
believe it’s waiting for me. And I believe I’ll find it. I guess Counselor: I suggest talking with the catering manager to find
I believe in luck. I’m intuitive. When I find the job that’s out if that might be possible. Becoming a supervisor might be
right for me, I’ll just know. I trust my feelings when I make a good third step.
decisions. Ruben: And my fourth step could be to become a manager—
Counselor: Well, you’ll make some decisions soon enough. Let’s either at my hotel or at another hotel. And at the same time,
schedule some tests for next week. Talk to Linda, my secretary. I could collect more information about starting a small
She’ll set up the times. business. After getting enough training and saving enough
Ruben: OK. Thank you. money or getting a loan, my fifth step would be to open my
catering business near the campus.
Page 18, Listen, Exercise A Counselor: Well, plans can change, but this sounds like a good
Counselor: Hi, Ruben. How has everything been going? start.
Ruben: Great. Thanks. Ruben: Yes. And I’ll finish with a successful business here in this
Counselor: So tell me what you’ve done since I saw you last. city!

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 UNIT 2 2. Said
Interviewer: Hello. You must be Said. I’m Dave Mathews.
Page 32, Listen, Exercise A Said: Hi, Dave! Nice to meet you.
Hello. I’m Dr. Williams from Career Courage—an employment Interviewer: Please have a seat.
counseling agency. I’m here to talk about do’s and don’ts for job Said: Thank you.
interviews.
3. Bruno
Answers to interview questions are important, but so are Interviewer: Tell me a little about yourself.
other things. First impressions are very important. So dress Bruno: Well, um . . . I’m studying to be a medical technician. . .
appropriately for the job you want. For example, you can wear Uh. . . I work part-time at a home improvement store, . . .
jeans for a construction job interview, but wear business clothes and, uh . . . I’m dependable and I have good interpersonal
for an office job. If you’re not sure what to wear, be conservative. skills.
Always be clean and well-groomed. Don’t wear heavy perfume or
cologne. Ladies, don’t wear too much jewelry. 4. Shin-Hae
Body language is important. It should indicate that you are Interviewer: Please sit down.
interested, but relaxed. Sit and stand up straight. Use a firm Shin-Hae: OK.
handshake, and smile when you meet your interviewer. Look at Interviewer: I’d like to start by asking you a few questions. I’ve
your interviewer, make eye contact when he or she speaks, and arranged to show you around the office when we’ve finished.
smile and nod to show that you are listening. Don’t make nervous Shin-Hae: Cool!
movements, such as tapping your fingers or your feet. Page 38, Listen, Exercise A
Your voice is important. Speak clearly so that the interviewer Harvey: Hello. You must be Iris Martinez. I’m Harvey Samson.
can understand you—don’t mumble! Your voice should indicate Iris: Hello, Mr. Samson. It’s nice to meet you.
interest. Relax so that you don’t sound nervous, and don’t speak Harvey: Please come in and have a seat.
too quickly or too slowly. Don’t use too many sounds like “uh” or Iris: Thank you.
“um.” Harvey: Would you like some coffee or tea?
The way you address an interviewer is very important. Always Iris: No, thank you.
use “Mr.” and “Ms.,” unless the interviewer indicates another Harvey: Tell me a little about yourself.
preference. Say “please” and “thank you” if the interviewer offers Iris: Sure. I’ve been taking courses at Hillsborough Community
to do something for you. Show respect by saying “Yes, ma’am,” or College, and I’ll receive a certificate in accounting next month.
“Yes, sir” when your interviewer asks questions like “May I call Harvey: And will you be available to start full-time work then?
your references?” Iris: Yes. I’ve been working evenings and weekends as an
So appearance, body language, voice, and the way you address assistant manager at a supermarket. I’d like to give my
and respond to your interviewer are all important. Just a few supervisor two weeks’ notice.
other do’s and don’ts: Don’t bring anything except materials you Harvey: How long do you plan to stay here if you’re hired?
need for your interview. And always turn off your cell phone Iris: I’ve done a lot of research, and I am very interested in
before you walk into the building where you will be interviewed. working here. I hope to continue in the job and grow with the
Any questions . . . ? company.
Harvey: What do you think is your greatest strength?
Page 33, Listen, Exercise D Iris: I think my greatest strength is my attention to detail. I keep
1. Beatriz sight of the big picture, but I focus on every task or problem
Interviewer: Have a seat, Beatriz. I encounter, even very small ones. I make sure I don’t miss
Beatriz: Thank you. anything. I double- and triple-check my math.
Interviewer: I see in your résumé that you’re getting a certificate Harvey: And what would you say is your greatest weakness?
in computer repair. Iris: Well, sometimes I become so focused on my work that I
Beatriz: Yes. I’ll get my certificate in six weeks. might seem shy or unfriendly. But for the last few months, I’ve
Interviewer: I’m sorry. I didn’t hear that. been making an effort to greet everyone at the beginning of
Beatriz: I’m sorry. I’m getting my computer repair certificate in my shift. And I’ve been taking a few minutes to help other staff
six weeks. members clean up before I do my bookkeeping and close the
Interviewer: I see. And I see that you’ve been working at store at night.
Computer Universe. Harvey: I see. Great. Do you have any questions?
Beatriz: Yes. I work at the computer service counter three nights Iris: When will a hiring decision be made?
a week and on Saturdays. Harvey: We’ll contact you within two weeks. Thank you for
Interviewer: You know it’s a little hard to hear you with that coming in.
air conditioner on. Did you say you work at the checkout Iris: Thank you.
counter?

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 Page 38, Listen, Exercise C A: Everything looks good. We changed your oil and we checked
Harvey: Hello. You must be Liam. I’m Harvey Samson. your other fluids. Your windshield wiper fluid was a little
Liam: Hi, Harvey! low, so we added a few ounces—just to top it off. We added
Harvey: I’m glad you took a seat. I was caught in a meeting. I’m air to your tires, and we checked your headlights. Your right
sorry I’m late. headlight is out. Would you like us to replace that for you
Liam: No problem. today?
Harvey: Would you like some coffee or tea? B: How much will it cost?
Liam: Do you have decaf? A: Twenty-two dollars.
Harvey: Certainly. I’ll be right back. . . . Here you are. I brought B: OK.
you some sugar and some creamer in case you want it. A: How are your windshield wipers working?
Liam: Thank you. B: Fine.
Harvey I see on your résumé that you’ve been working for A: OK. Well, we’ll put that new headlight in. It should just take a
Quality Exterior Home Repair for three years. Why do you few minutes.
want to leave your current position? Question 1: What is the situation?
Liam: Really, I like my position. But I can’t stand my new boss. a. The woman had a problem with her car and brought it to a
He doesn’t know anything about the business, and he’s really mechanic for repairs.
an obstacle. He has no interpersonal skills whatsoever. b. The woman brought her car to a shop that does express oil
Harvey: It must be hard for you to work there. How do you changes and other car maintenance work.
handle the stress? c. The woman is shopping at an auto parts store.
Liam: Well, my co-workers and I joke about him a lot. That Question 2: What does the woman have changed or replaced?
helps. a. her oil and her headlight
Harvey: I see. So obviously, we can’t call your supervisor for a b. her oil and her windshield wipers
reference. Do you have other references we can call if we get to c. her headlight and her windshield wipers
the stage where we’ d want to contact someone?
Liam: Uh, . . . a reference? . . . Um . . . I think one of my co- Conversation 2
workers would do it. Would that be OK? A: Excuse me. Could I borrow your cell phone to make a call? I
Harvey: We accept references from applicants’ co-workers. But left mine at home, and my car won’t start.
we only call references after we’ve made a decision about who B: Sure. Do you have any idea what the problem is?
we want to hire. I’ll be talking with several more applicants, A: Well, it might be my battery. It could be dead. Last winter it
and we won’t decide anything for a couple more weeks. If died when the weather got cold.
you’d like, you can e-mail or call Human Resources to provide B: Do you want me to try to jump-start it for you? I have the
the name of your reference. If you want to come with me, I’ll equipment in my car.
get you the director’s card on your way out. Do you have any A: Oh, I do, too, in the trunk. But I don’t know how to use it.
questions? Do you?
Liam: No. Not right now. Maybe later. Do you have any B: Yeah. I had to call a roadside assistance service a couple of
information about the company? times to jump-start my own car. I learned how to do it by
Harvey: I’ll get that for you on your way out, too. This way, watching them.
please. A: Well, OK. Thanks. I really appreciate it. Do you need me to
do anything?
Page 40, Practice B: Just raise the hood for me, and then turn the key in the
1. I’ve been working on my résumé. ignition when I tell you to. Don’t pump the accelerator,
2. I’ve been attending night classes. though—just step on it once or twice. And if we get the car
3. My friend has proofread my résumé. started, we’ll run it for a few minutes. Then you should drive
4. I’ve been applying for full-time jobs. it for at least 20 minutes—out on the highway, if possible.
5. Miriam has taken classes in landscape design. And be sure to get your battery checked as soon as you can.
6. Sheena has finished all of her classes for her degree. A: Thanks so much.
7. We’ve been studying all day for our math exam. Question 1: What seems to be the problem?
8. She’s finally completed her applications for college. a. A woman’s car won’t start and her cell phone doesn’t work.
b. A woman’s car has been dead since last winter.
UNIT 3
c. A woman’s car battery could be dead, but she doesn’t know
Page 47, Listen, Exercise A how to jump-start it.
Conversation 1 Question 2: If the car is jump-started, how long should it be
A: Person with the Honda Civic? driven afterward?
B: Yes, that’s me. a. for a few minutes
b. for at least 20 minutes
c. for as long as possible

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 Conversation 3 Step number 3. Turn off your ignition. Don’t leave your car
A: I want to take our car in to the garage next week. Can you running. Make sure your car is turned off before you get out. And
find a ride to work? it’s a good idea to take your keys with you.
B: Sandra could probably take me. Is something wrong with the Step 4. Make necessary phone calls. Check to see if anyone is
car? badly hurt and if they are, call 911. Moving an injured person can
A: I’m not sure. I hear a strange noise when it starts sometimes. be dangerous. Wait for an ambulance, trained personnel, and the
Haven’t you heard it? police to arrive. If no one is hurt, call the police.
B: No.
OK. The fifth step is to mark the scene of the accident with
A: Well, I hope nothing’s wrong. But I want to take it in anyway.
reflecting triangles. Do you all know what I’m talking about?
B: We shouldn’t spend money on that car unless it’s necessary.
Triangles with bright yellow or orange lines on them? Stand these
Remember, we want to get a new car next year.
on the road in front and in back of the area of the accident. This
A: I know, but if we keep it in good condition, we’ll probably get
will help other drivers see the accident as they approach.
more money for it when we trade it in. We’re overdue for a
tune-up, and besides, we’re driving to visit your sister at the Step number 6 is to collect the names of all the people in the cars
end of the month. and all the people who witnessed the accident. Getting the names
B: That reminds me. I also want to get a car adaptor for my MP3 and phone numbers of witnesses is important.
player so we can listen to it on the way. Number 7 is a step that many people forget to take. Take notes.
Include the date, time, and weather conditions. It’s also a good
Question 1: What does the man want the woman to do?
idea to take a picture or draw a diagram of the accident.
a. give him a ride to work
b. find someone to take her to work Step number 8. Exchange licenses and insurance cards with the
c. listen to see if she hears a strange noise when the car starts other driver. Write down the other driver’s name, license number,
insurance company, and policy number.
Question 2: What does the woman remember?
Number 9. This isn’t really a step because it’s not something
a. She did hear a noise.
you should do. It’s something you should NOT do. Don’t talk
b. There’s something wrong with the stereo system.
about who caused the accident. It isn’t a good idea to talk about
c. She wants to buy something.
whose fault the accident is.
Page 47, Listen, Exercise B OK. This is the last step. And it’s one you do a few days after the
Excerpt 1 accident. A police officer will write a report about the accident.
Your windshield wiper fluid was a little low, so we added a few You should get a copy of the report. Call your local police
ounces—just to top it off. department, and find out if they can send it to you or where you
can go to get it.
Excerpt 2
And if we get the car started, we’ll run it for a few minutes. Page 55, Practice, Exercise A
Excerpt 3 Rosario: Hi, Hua-Ling. Can I ask you a question?
. . . if we keep it in good condition, we’ll probably get more money Hua-Ling: Sure. What’s up?
for it when we trade it in. We’re overdue for a tune-up, and Rosario: You have a car, right?
besides, we’re driving to visit your sister at the end of the month. Hua-Ling: Yes. I share it with my brother. We just bought our car
last year.
Page 52, Listen, Exercise A and Exercise B (Step 2) Rosario: Well, I’m going to buy a car . . .
Good morning, everyone. Today I’m going to talk about what Hua-Ling: That’s great!
to do if you have an accident involving your car and another Rosario: Yes, but now I need to think about car insurance.
vehicle. I hope you never have this experience, but you need to Hua-Ling: You sure do! It can be expensive. You know, it
be prepared. Basically, there are 10 steps you should follow. Take depends on the state you’re in.
notes on these steps, because you will be tested on them. Rosario: Really? What about here in California?
Step number 1. What’s the first thing you do if you hit another Hua-Ling: Well, here the law requires you to have liability
car or another car hits you? If it’s safe and legal, stop your vehicle! insurance for bodily injury and property damage.
Many people don’t. But it’s illegal to leave the scene of an accident. Rosario: Oh, yeah. How much?
Stop immediately. Hua-Ling: The minimum coverage you have to have in
California is 15/30. That means that for each occupant in a
Number 2. Move your vehicle out of traffic. If you can, drive it to vehicle who gets injured, the insurance will pay up to $15,000
the side of the road. But this advice is only for our state. If you are to cover the person’s medical expenses. If more than one
driving in another state, you need to know the laws of that state. person is injured, it’ll cover up to 30,000 in expenses, total.
In some states, moving your car from the place where it stopped Rosario: Is that enough? Medical expenses are so high!
is illegal.

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 Hua-Ling: I know. I work in a hospital, and the cost of medical Page 70, Listen, Exercise A
care is ridiculous. That’s why some drivers get more than the On August 29th, 2005, Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans. Eighty
minimum. You may be personally responsible if the insurance percent of New Orleans was flooded when the levees failed. The
doesn’t cover everything. government was criticized for its lack of preparation and its
Rosario: Are you serious? That’s terrible. failure to respond quickly or effectively. There were no plans to
Hua-Ling: I know. But the state only requires 15/30 for bodily evacuate people without cars, the elderly, or the sick. There were
injury. So it’s up to you to decide if you want more. no arrangements for public buses to be used to get people out of
Rosario: I see. And what about property damage? What’s the the city. And there were no arrangements for bus or taxi drivers to
minimum coverage for property damage? stay and help in an emergency.
Hua-Ling: That’s only $5,000.
Rosario: That’s so little! So, if you wreck someone else’s car, the Many people without transportation were directed or taken to
insurance company pays them only $5,000? Even if it costs the Superdome, a football stadium in downtown New Orleans,
them more than that to fix, or even if they can never drive it but there wasn’t enough water, food, medical care, or security
again? there. After the hurricane, food, water, and medical supplies were
Hua-Ling: Yup. That’s why some drivers buy more than the available, but they were not distributed. People were told to leave
minimum. You should definitely shop around. Check at pets at home. But there were no plans for their rescue after people
least three insurance companies. And go to the California were evacuated.
Department of Insurance website. Let me get the website for Page 70, Listen, Exercise B
you . . . oh, here it is . . . it’s [Link]. It has a lot
More than 1,800 people died, and there was more than $81 billion
of information.
in damages. What went wrong? Katrina might not have been such
UNIT 4 a disaster if there had been better planning. For example, there
should have been plans to evacuate hospitals and nursing homes.
Page 66, Listen, and Page 67, Practice Public buses could have been used to evacuate people without
A: I just read this amazing story in the paper. cars. And what about all of those poor people in the Superdome?
B: Really? There should have been police there to keep them safe. And
A: Yeah. You know about the earthquake that happened last people should not have been told to leave pets at home.
week in China? Since Katrina, better preparation, evacuation, and
B: Of course. I heard that about 50,000 people died. It’s awful. communication systems have been developed in order to provide
A: I know. It was horrible. Well, this story is about one of the better responses to events like Hurricane Katrina in the future.
survivors. This man, Mr. Liu, was a factory worker in a
small town. Apparently, the earthquake struck on a Monday Page 71, Listen, Exercises A and B
morning after people had gone to work or school. Before you are told to evacuate, it’s important to be ready.
B: Right. That’s what I heard, too. Know where you can stay. It’s best to stay with friends or family
A: Well, anyway, this man, Mr. Liu, was trapped under the members outside of the emergency area, or know which hotel or
rubble of the factory after the earthquake on Monday, and shelter you’ll go to.
no one knew if he was alive. But his 23-year-old daughter, If you have a family, decide in advance on a safe meeting place.
Yuan, wouldn’t give up hope. On Thursday night, she and It could be dangerous to come back to your house from work
some other people in their family were searching the rubble or school. If you have children, contact the school to learn its
when they heard a muffled cry. She called out to him and he emergency plans. Learn different routes from your home and
answered back and said he was thirsty. workplace to your safe place.
B: Oh, wow. Thursday? That was the third day after the
Plan for your pets. Arrange for them to stay with friends or
earthquake! So, did they get him out right away?
relatives outside the emergency area, if possible. If that’s not
A: Well, no. The daughter first had to go for help, and it took the
possible, call your local animal shelter to find out about pet
rescuers twelve hours to free him. He was under the rubble
evacuation plans in your area.
for a hundred hours! And the rescue was very dangerous
because of the soldiers. Make sure everyone in your family has the name, phone number,
B: The soldiers? and e-mail address of a contact outside your state. You might
A: Yes, the rescuers were soldiers. So if the soldiers took a wrong not be able to make local calls in an emergency, because so many
step or if they disturbed any piece of rubble in the wrong way, people are trying to call each other. But you can often reach a
the whole building could have collapsed. person in another state.
B: It all sounds terrible. I can’t imagine what it must have been Prepare an emergency kit, especially if you plan to go to a shelter.
like. FEMA, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, has a
A: They said that the reason he was rescued was because his website where you can find out what to include in your kit. Basics
daughter wouldn’t give up hope. Let that be a lesson for include a battery-powered radio, a flashlight and batteries, food
all of us! and medicine, disinfectant wipes to clean yourself, blankets,
water, and baby and pet supplies.

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 If you have a car, try to keep half a tank of gas in it at all times. Nick: Could you make a rule that no friends can come over
When your area is under a flood watch, fill your tank. During an when you or another adult isn’ t home?
evacuation, gas stations will be very crowded. Tania: Maybe. He’s pretty good about following rules.
If you live in a house, protect your property. Bring in any outdoor Nick: He can always call me or come over to my house, you
items. Open your basement windows to let the water come in know, if he has any kind of trouble.
so that your basement walls don’t collapse. Check government Tania: Thanks. Actually, I’d like him to call me if anything
websites for more detailed information. happens. But sometimes I can’t answer the phone while I’m
working. I’d like him to call me when he gets home every day,
If you are ordered to evacuate, go immediately. Take your
but sometimes I’m in meetings then.
emergency kit and important documents, such as your passport
Nick: Maybe you could have him send you a text message.
and birth certificate, if you have them ready. Unplug electronic
Tania: That’s a good idea. And for emergencies, I’ll give him your
equipment and appliances, except your refrigerator and freezer.
number. I worry about kitchen fires if he tries to cook.
Shut off your utilities, such as gas and water. Lock your doors. If
Nick: Have you thought about writing a fire safety plan with
you have time, leave a note on your property or in your mailbox
him?
saying when you left and where you are going. Check TV or radio
Tania: Hmmm. We could talk about when and how to get out
for the roads you should use to evacuate. Don’t take shortcuts.
of the house, the smoke alarm, the fire extinguisher. I could
Shortcuts could lead to blocked or flooded areas where you may
make sure he knows how to call 911.
not be able to get through. Don’t drive through water. If your car
Nick: That’s important. Tell him to give his location first, then his
breaks down in water, get out immediately, and move to higher
name, then the problem.
ground.
Tania: These are all great ideas. You know, I think I’ll sit down
For more information, check your federal, state, and local with Greg and make a list of rules. I’ll write contact numbers,
government websites. and I’ll include yours. We’ll role-play different situations
Next week, I’ll discuss what to do if you are not ordered to involving strangers and different emergency phone calls.
evacuate. It’s also necessary to be ready to “shelter in place”—to Nick: And talk to him about how he feels. He may not tell you if
be ready to live for three or four days without help and without he’s afraid or worried or bored or lonely, unless you ask.
leaving your home. Tania: Thanks, Nick. I’ll do that. See you later.
Nick: Good talking to you.
Page 75, Listen, Exercises A and B
Tania: Hi. Nick. How are you doing? Page 77, Listen, Exercises A and B
Nick: Oh, I’m fine. What’s new with you? I don’t see you much Conversation 1
anymore. A: Did you finish installing it?
Tania: Oh, I’ve been busy. I’m still working at the airport, but my B: Yes, I finally got it on. Here . . . try to open it.
hours changed. A: I can’t do it! How does this thing work?
Nick: I hope you don’t have to work the night shift. B: You could try reading the instructions.
Tania: No. I work 10 to 6. It’s hard, because I don’t have A: Come on . . . just show me! I need some cleanser to clean up
mornings, afternoons, or evenings completely free. And I can’t that mess.
be here when Greg gets home from school.
Conversation 2
Nick: You mean he’s home alone?
A: Are you finding everything you need?
Tania: Just for a couple hours. And he’s 12 and he’s a responsible
B: I’m not really sure what I’m looking for. My sister and her
kid. But I still worry. I mean, what if strangers call? I don’t
family are going to visit. They have a son who’s one and a half.
want strangers to know he’s here alone.
I’m worried because some of our rooms aren’t safe for him.
Nick: Why don’t you tell him to say that you’re busy? He should
And he could fall down the stairs . . .
say, “I’m sorry. My mom can’t come to the phone right now. If
A: Well, one thing I would definitely recommend is a safety gate.
you want to leave your number, she’ll call you back as soon as
We have several models.
she can.”
B: Do they work?
Tania: What if someone comes to the door?
A: Yes! I used them when my own kids were young. Pressure
Nick: You already have a peephole and a strong chain lock, right?
gates aren’t as secure as the type that you screw into the wall,
Tania: Yeah. I’ve told him to use the peephole before he opens
but they won’t leave holes in the wood of your door frame
the door.
when you remove them. And you can move them from room
Nick: Right. Well, if I were you, I’d tell him not to answer the
to room. We have both kinds.
door unless the person is a neighbor or friend he knows really
B: I’m not worried about the wood of my door frame. The safety
well.
of my nephew is more important. And I can buy more than
Tania: Sometimes it’s friends that I worry about! What if his
one gate. I’d like to see the most secure gates you have.
friends come over? They could get into all kinds of trouble
without an adult around.

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 Conversation 3 Elena: And I don’t give anyone a 1 in attendance / punctuality.
A: Here. I brought you something. You told me that Jane hurt Everyone’s expected to be here and on time. There’s really no
her fingers in a door last week. I was out shopping, and I saw way to exceed that expectation.
these: doorstops and door holders.
B: What a good idea! I never thought of these. Page 91, Practice, Exercises A and B
A: I was in the drugstore, and I saw them. Conversation 1
B: How much were they? I’ll pay you for them. A: Joe, your work is good, and I can always count on you to
A: Oh, don’t be silly. They just cost a few dollars. finish on time. But although you’re a hard worker, you don’t
B: Well, thanks. That was really thoughtful of you. follow safety procedures, and that’s a serious issue.
B: Can you give me some examples?
Conversation 4 A: Well, for one thing, you run electrical cords across the floor
A: As you can see, we’re very child-friendly and child-safe. and aisles. The other day, I saw that you had joined three
B: Yes, I can see that you take the safety of the children very cords together, and you left them on the floor at the end of
seriously. your shift. Someone could trip on the cords—and joining
A: We do. You know, there was an article in the paper just last three together is against our fire code. That’s one example.
month about a child who almost fell from a window. That Another is how you handle chemicals. I’ve seen you carry the
simply couldn’t happen here. We watch all the children at all cleaning chemicals without tops on the containers, and I’ve
times. Also, if you look right here, . . . we have these on all the noticed that you don’t always wear gloves when you use them.
windows of our building. See? B: Thanks. You’re right. I hadn’t thought about the electrical
B: Well, hopefully Pamela will enjoy it here. cords. They could cause an accident. I won’t leave them out
A: I’m sure she’ll love it. across the floor or aisles again, but what should I do when I
don’t have a long enough cord?
UNIT 5 A: Just ask me for one—we can send someone out to buy one, or
Page 90, Listen, Exercises A and B I can order it.
Elena: Do you have any questions about your ratings? Conversation 2
Eva: Just a few. I don’t really understand why I got a 3 in A: You have many strengths, but I can’t keep you in the
communication. I talk with everyone, and I understand department unless you learn to communicate better on the
everything you ask me to do. I know my English isn’t perfect, phone. Customer calls are very important.
but I can do my work. B: I didn’t realize this was a problem. I’ll work on it from now
Elena: Well, although you can do your work, your writing needs on. What should I do differently in the future?
improvement. Your reports aren’t very clear or thorough. A: Well, first of all, you need to be clear and professional.
You’re a great employee, and you perform most of your duties B: Can you give me some examples?
really well. But I can’t give anyone a 2 in communication A: Yes. Start with “Hello. Electronic Solutions. How may I
unless their reports are well written. assist you today?” instead of “Hi, I need to verify some
Eva: Thanks. I understand. I need to continue to work on my information.” There are scripts for our phone calls in the
English. Do you have any suggestions for what I can do to Procedures file.
improve? B: I see. I didn’t realize there were scripts in our files. Of course I
Elena: Actually, yes. I had to give a lot of 3s in communication. should use them, and I will.
So I’ve decided to start a new “conversation partners” A: You went over this in your training during the first weeks you
program. Some of the native English speakers on staff will were here.
meet once a week with co-workers who are still learning B: I missed a couple of days of training. But you’re right. It was
English. I hope you’ll participate in this program. my responsibility to find out what I’d missed. I’m sorry I
Eva: I will. It sounds great. And I’m going to continue taking didn’t do that. I’ll be sure to do it now.
English class at night.
Elena: Terrific. Page 94, Listen, Exercise A
Eva: Was there a reason you didn’t give me a 1 in initiative and André: Hi, Claudia. How are you doing?
problem solving? Claudia: Well, I just had my performance review.
Elena: Yes. I know that you recognize and solve some kinds André: Oh! How’d it go?
of problems on your own. But I’ve noticed that when Claudia: Really well. My supervisor had some great
groups discuss problems, or team members have to reach suggestions. . .
an agreement, you’re usually quiet. Unless you can offer André: Who’s your supervisor, again?
suggestions in group discussions, I can’t say you meet Claudia: Max.
expectations in initiative and problem solving. André: Oh, right. He’s a good guy.
Eva: I see. Thanks. I’ll work on that. Claudia: So we talked a little about promotions.
André: Great! What did he say?

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 Claudia: I asked him if he thought I was qualified for the Pages 120–121, Listen, Exercises A and B
administrative assistant position. Marisa: Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes.
André: Good for you! In type 2 diabetes, either the body does not produce enough
Claudia: He was very encouraging. He said that I was well insulin or the cells are unable to use the insulin. What is
organized but that I needed to develop some of my skills. insulin? Insulin is a hormone. When you eat food, your body
For example, he said that I should try to improve my oral changes all of the sugars into glucose, which gives energy to
communication skills because the assistants talk with the cells in your body. Insulin takes the glucose from the
customers and sales reps a lot. blood into the cells. When glucose builds up in the blood
André: So did he give you any ideas about how to do this? instead of going into cells, it can cause two problems: First,
Claudia: Yep. He said I should look into taking a career training your cells may not get enough energy. Over time, high
course at the community college. Apparently, they have non- blood glucose levels may hurt your eyes, kidneys, nerves,
credit courses in the evenings and they aren’t very expensive. or heart. Type 2 diabetes is a very serious disease, and it is
Page 95, Listen very common in the United States. Pierre will talk about risk
factors for type 2 diabetes, and Min-Ji will give suggestions
Mei: Hi, Marco, I was just thinking about you. How are things
for reducing risk and living with the disease.
going?
Pierre: Thank you, Marisa. There are many different risk factors
Marco: Really well. This is a great company to work for. Thanks
for type 2 diabetes, but I’m going to focus on four of them.
for helping me get this job.
One risk factor that you can’t do anything about is a family
Mei: You work in Manufacturing, right?
history of diabetes. If a parent or brother or sister is diabetic,
Marco: Yes.
you are at risk. Another risk factor is a lack of exercise. People
Mei: So you like the job?
who are not active are more likely to become diabetic than
Marco: Oh, yes. But I’ve been thinking. I’ve always had this
people who lead physically active lives. A third risk factor is
knack for fixing things, like office equipment, and I’d really
poor diet. People who have unhealthy eating habits are more
like to develop that skill and use it on the job.
likely to be overweight, which is one reason they may be more
Mei: That’s a great idea. This company encourages people to
likely to become diabetic. The fourth factor is high blood
grow and move around. What kinds of equipment would you
pressure. It’s important for people who have risk factors to
want to work on?
take whatever actions they can to reduce their risks. Min-Ji
Marco: Well, maybe copying machines and computer equipment.
will talk to you about that.
Mei: You’ d need some training on our equipment.
Min-Ji: I’m going to discuss things people can do to reduce the
Marco: How would I get that?
risk of becoming diabetic or to help control diabetes. Pierre
Mei: I think the company offers some on-the-job training
mentioned that poor diet and lack of exercise are risk factors
for computer repair and maintenance. There may be some
for diabetes. The good news is that people can control these
training sessions soon. Have you looked in the kitchen on the
things. Regular exercise and a healthy diet can help prevent
bulletin board?
diabetes. If your blood pressure is too high, reduce your use
Marco: Thanks, I’ll do that right away.
of salt and alcohol, and take any medications your doctor
Mei: You should also check out the company Intranet site.
prescribes to help you lower your blood pressure. Doing these
They’re always updating lists of job openings and job-training
things will help prevent diabetes, and if you already have it,
programs.
they will help you control the disease.
Marco: Thanks so much, Mei. Those are great suggestions!
Marisa: This ends our presentation. Diabetes is a big problem
Mei: No problem. I’d really like to know how things go. Keep me
for many people. There is no cure. However, if you know you
posted.
are at risk, you and your doctor can work together to try to
UNIT 6 reduce your risk. If you are diabetic, you can do things that
can help you live longer and better with diabetes. Are there
Page 108, Listen any questions?
Carmen: Hi, Bianca. I haven’t heard from you lately. How are
you? UNIT 7
Bianca: Oh, hi, Carmen. Actually, I’ve been having some strange Page 134, Listen
symptoms, and I went to the doctor yesterday.
Jim Peters: Welcome to America Rising on KXYZ. Our guest
Carmen: Nothing serious, I hope. . .
today is Professor Susan Klass from Haymond Community
Bianca: It’s probably nothing. I found a lump under my arm, and
College. Dr. Klass will be talking to us about the process of
my doctor wants me to see an oncologist, just to rule out the
lawmaking. Welcome, Dr. Klass.
possibility of cancer.
Professor Klass: Thank you, Jim. It’s a pleasure.
Carmen: When is your appointment?
Jim Peters: And it’s a pleasure to have you here. So tell us, how is
Bianca: Thursday at 4:00.
a federal law made?
Carmen: Do you have a ride? Is there anything I can do? . . .

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 Professor Klass: Well, basically a law starts as an idea. Anyone Page 138, Listen, Exercises A and B
can think of the idea for a new law. Then they get others Good morning and welcome to your Citizenship class. I’m
to sign a petition supporting the idea. If the petition gets Ms. Miller, and I’m looking forward to being your instructor.
signed by enough people, it goes to a congressperson. If
the congressperson likes the idea, he or she sponsors it— As many of you know, to apply for citizenship, you need to fill
introduces and supports it in Congress. out documents from United States Citizenship and Immigration
Jim Peters: OK, so someone has an idea, finds enough people Services. After you submit the documents, you have an interview
to support it, and the idea gets sponsored by a senator or with a USCIS official, who will check the information on your
representative. Then what? forms, ask you questions, and confirm that you are telling the
Professor Klass: Well, the idea is proposed as a bill in the House truth. It’s extremely important to tell the truth because if anything
or Senate. The bill gets sent to the appropriate committee. For is found to be untrue, you will not be admitted as a citizen and
example, if the bill is about school reform, it gets sent to the will not be able to try again for five years. You will also need
Education Committee. to speak and understand English well enough to pass a simple
Jim Peters: Right. dictation test. You’ll also need to pass a civics test, which includes
Professor Klass: The bill gets voted on by the committee. If it two sections—one on U.S. government and a section on U.S.
gets approved, it goes back to the full House or Senate. history. If you make it through all of this, you will take an Oath of
Jim Peters: Depending on whether the bill came from a senator Allegiance and be sworn in as a United States citizen.
or representative. So . . . let me go through each of the major requirements for
Professor Klass: Yes. It goes back to the sponsor’s part of citizenship in a little more detail.
Congress. If it passes there, it moves to the other part of First, there’s an age requirement. Applicants must be at least 18
Congress, which then votes on the bill. The bill either gets years old.
approved or rejected, or it goes back to the original committee
Second, there’s a residency requirement. You need to have been
for revision.
lawfully admitted for permanent residence. This means you need
Jim Peters: So, for example, if a bill starts in the House of
to produce an I-551 card—the card that used to be called a green
Representatives, and it passes there, it goes to the Senate,
card . . . because it used to be green. You need to have lived in the
which then votes on it.
United States for five years, and you need to have been physically
Professor Klass: Yes. And if the bill is approved, it goes to the
present for thirty months of those five years. You can’t have left
president, who can sign or veto it. If the bill gets vetoed,
the country for more than a year at a time.
Congress has three choices. It can make changes to the bill
and try again, it can give up on the bill, or vote to override the Requirement number three is one that we will discuss in later
president’s veto. classes. Basically, an applicant is required to demonstrate good
Jim Peters: You mean the president’s decision isn’t final. moral character. This means you are ethical, that you behave
Professor Klass: Not necessarily. It requires a vote of two-thirds morally. The government has identified things that indicate that a
of both houses of Congress to override. That means 67 person does not have good moral character. Some examples are if
senators and 290 representatives. If one house or the other you have been convicted of a serious crime, have been convicted
doesn’t get a two-thirds majority, the president’s decision more than once for gambling, or have been involved with
stands and the bill will not become a law. But a two-thirds smuggling aliens into the country. This is just a partial list.
majority in both houses of Congress is more powerful than the The fourth requirement is that you must show attachment to the
president’s veto. Constitution. You must convince government officials that you
Jim Peters: Well, this is all wonderful information. This is value the ideas expressed in the United States Constitution and
why it’s so important to contact our representatives about support them.
important legislation. The fifth requirement is the language requirement. You must
Professor Klass: Exactly. Our elected officials can’t represent speak, read, and write everyday English. There are some
us unless we speak up. And they are under constant pressure exceptions for people over 55 who have lived in the country
from big business and from special-interest groups. Individual fifteen years or more, or people who are over 50 who have lived
citizens need to know what bills have been proposed, and here twenty years or more.
we need to let our representatives know how we feel. If we
The next requirement, the sixth, is that you demonstrate
have an idea about a law that we believe should be passed, we
knowledge of the government and history of the United States.
should understand that it may remain an idea unless we do
You do this by passing a civics test.
something about it.
Jim Peters: Thank you, Professor Klass, for this valuable Finally, you have to take the Oath of Allegiance. You promise
information. We’ d like to take some calls from our listeners to support the Constitution, to give up any allegiance to any
now, about bills that are currently being considered in the other country, and to bear arms in the armed forces or perform
United States Congress . . . non–military services for the government, if required.

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 For most people, these are the seven general requirements, UNIT 8
although there are some exceptions, for example, for people who
are married to U.S. citizens or people who are in the military. For Page 146, Listen, Exercise A
those of you who have access to a computer, you can read about Today we’re going to discuss one of the most famous Supreme
these requirements and find study materials on the United States Court cases—Miranda v. Arizona. Many of you have probably
Citizenship and Immigration Services website. I’ll give you a heard the Miranda warning on TV—when a police officer reads a
handout with the URL—the address for the site. You can find the suspect his or her rights. This is basically the warning:
forms you need on the site. In this class, you’ll be studying all of the “You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and
information that you might need to include on your forms. You’ll will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to
practice listening, speaking, and dictation to make sure you have have an attorney present during questioning. If you cannot afford
the English skills needed to pass the test. And you’ll spend a lot of an attorney, one will be appointed for you.”
time learning about the United States government and history.
Sound familiar? In some states, police officers are supposed to
Page 141, Listen, Exercise A check to confirm that the person understands. In these states, a
Today, we’ll be talking about the expansion of the United States— longer version is used, such as this one:
not about states and the dates they became states, but about larger “You have the right to remain silent and refuse to answer questions.
territories, because most of the land was acquired that way. Do you understand? Anything you say may be used against
We still have states today with the names of the original thirteen you in a court of law. Do you understand? You have the right to
colonies, but before independence, Britain owned essentially all consult an attorney before speaking to the police and to have an
of the land from the East Coast to the Mississippi River. After attorney present during questioning now or in the future. Do you
Britain lost the Revolutionary War in 1783, all of that territory understand? If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed
became the United States of America. for you before any questioning if you wish. Do you understand?
If you decide to answer questions now without an attorney
If you look at your map, you’ll see a large territory just west of present, you will still have the right to stop answering at any time
the Mississippi River. This area was the Louisiana Territory, until you talk to an attorney. Do you understand? Knowing and
and although it had been claimed at one time by Spain, it was understanding your rights as I have explained them to you, are
controlled by France in December 1803, when the United States you willing to answer my questions without an attorney present?”
purchased it. Thomas Jefferson, the president at the time, was
very happy about this purchase, which almost doubled the size So that’s the Miranda warning—the short version and the long
of the United States and guaranteed free movement along the version.
Mississippi River. Page 146, Listen, Exercise B
East Florida, West Florida, and a small area at the southeast of OK. Now I’m going to give you a little background . . . tell you a
the Louisiana Territory were all part of Spanish Florida after the little about the Miranda case. And then I’m going to describe a
Revolutionary War. All of these areas were added to the United common misunderstanding related to the Miranda warning. First
States in 1819, by a combination of negotiations and military the case.
actions.
The Constitution gives rights to people suspected of a crime. The
Territories including Texas and California became part of the people who wrote it knew that governments could be unjust—
United States after wars with Mexico. The area that was then government authorities could do whatever they wanted to people
Texas was acquired in 1845, and a large area including present- if they accused the people of being criminals. The Constitution
day California was acquired in 1848. tries to protect people who could be wrongly accused. The right
Spain, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States had all to remain silent and the right to an attorney are two protections.
originally claimed the Oregon Territory, but in the end, the In 1963, Ernesto Miranda was accused of kidnapping and raping
United States acquired it from Britain. The two countries reached an 18-year-old woman. He was brought to the police department
agreement in 1846. Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867. for questioning, and he admitted that he had committed the
Russia was having financial difficulties, the profit from trade in crime. However, he was not told about his right to remain silent,
the Alaskan settlements was low, and it did not want to see Alaska and he was not told about his right to have an attorney present.
fall under British control. The purchase was unpopular with
At the trial, his defense attorney tried to get Miranda’s confession
American citizens at the time, but later the discovery of gold and
thrown out. It was the only evidence against Miranda. But the
oil in Alaska would prove that the purchase had been a good one.
confession was not thrown out, and Miranda was found guilty.
Although acquired by the United States in 1867, Alaska waited
until 1959 to become a state. Miranda’s attorney took the case to higher courts, and in 1966
the Supreme Court decided that the statements Miranda made to
Hawaii was annexed to the United States in 1898 and became a
the police could not be used as evidence, since Miranda had not
territory two years later, but it didn’t become a state until 1959.
known his rights.
Since then, police have been required to read or tell criminal
suspects their rights before interrogating them.

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 Miranda did not go free. New evidence was found against him. Shannon: What if someone can’t pay a fine?
He was found guilty at a second trial, and he went to prison. Professor: Oh, I think the courts often set up payment programs.
TV has helped make the Miranda rights well known. But TV The person can pay a little each month.
has also contributed to some misunderstandings. On TV, you Barbara: How long will a misdemeanor stay on a person’s record?
often see police officers stopping someone on the street, and you Professor: Forever. So don’t do anything stupid. OK. That’s it for
hear them reading the person his or her rights. Actually, police today.
are required to read these rights only to people they take into
custody—people they are going to question at the police station, UNIT 9
in the police car, and so on. The police can arrest someone Pages 170–171, Listen, Exercises A and B
without asking questions, and in this case, the police don’t have
Ross Simon: Welcome to Focus on Green, on KXYZ. Our guest
to read the person any rights. Also, police don’t have to read
today is Councilwoman Janine Frank, from West Burbank.
someone his or her rights to ask for personal information such as
Councilwoman Frank will be telling us about one particular
the person’s name and address.
effort to make her city a greener one, and how each of us
Page 158, Listen, Exercises A and B can do our share—and make a difference. Good morning,
Professor: I’m going to be talking briefly about infractions, Councilwoman Frank!
misdemeanors, and felonies. These are the three types of Councilwoman: Good morning, Ross! It’s so nice to be here.
crimes recognized under our state law. We’ve already talked Ross Simon: I know you’re very busy, Councilwoman, so we
about infractions. These are things that don’t stay on your really appreciate your being here. Now, we’re very interested
criminal record and that don’t carry a jail or prison sentence. in all of your city wide environmental projects—especially one
These are usually civil offenses like minor traffic violations that relates to carpooling. But first, can you tell us a bit about
or littering. Today, I want to focus on the two more serious how you’re greening your city?
types of crimes—misdemeanors, which are more serious than Councilwoman: First Ross, I have to tell you that none of my
infractions, and felonies—such as robbery and illegal drug use, work would be possible without the good people of my city,
which are the most serious. I’ll start with misdemeanors. . . West Burbank. And I also have to say that my hard work is
Give me some examples of misdemeanors. Yes, Shannon. shared by all; this is truly a team effort.
Shannon: Trespassing? Ross Simon: Well, it seems to be a great team! So tell us about
Professor: That’s right. Trespassing is a misdemeanor. Have you how your program got started.
ever seen fences out in the country that have “No hunting Councilwoman: Well, the first step, of course, was to educate
or trespassing” signs on them? Well, it’s a crime to climb the people about the consequences of not doing certain things.
fence and go onto that property. It’s a misdemeanor. Another In this case, that means showing them what will happen if
one. . . Justin? we don’t start conserving our resources. The next step was to
Justin: Um, vandalism. offer solutions. Of course, there’s no single solution to every
Professor: That’s right. One more. Emil? problem, but once we start brainstorming, you’ d be amazed
Emil: Is shoplifting a misdemeanor? at what we can think of.
Professor: Yep. In this state it is. Good. Now, does anyone know Ross Simon: Right. Can you give us some examples?
what kind of penalties people can receive for misdemeanors? Councilwoman: Let’s take carpooling, for example. Everyone
Justin: Fines. knows that we should do it, but how can we implement a
Professor: That’s right. Often the penalty for a misdemeanor is successful program? My committee and I proposed a city wide
a fine. There can be jail time, too. Up to one year. But the time ride sharing program that is a big success. It’s also simple to
would be in a county jail, not a state prison. Or sometimes a use. People can register online; they just need to enter their
person who commits a misdemeanor might get probation— starting point and destination, and then they will be put in
a person on probation does not have to go to jail but must touch with similar travelers.
demonstrate good behavior and must report regularly to Ross Simon: Sounds great, Councilwoman. But what if
a probation officer. Another penalty might be community someone’s shy or doesn’t feel comfortable doing that online?
service. This is common for a first offense, especially for young Councilwoman: Good point, Ross. Well, we also have “casual
people. Now for a felony, you can receive a large fine, but you carpooling.” People can call our carpool hotline or go online
can also go to prison. Felony charges carry prison sentences to find a specific meeting place. Then they can join others in
from one year to life. And some states have the death penalty their commute to work.
for the very worst crimes. In some states, if you commit Ross Simon: That’s great!
first-degree murder or another terrible crime, you will receive Councilwoman: Yes. And there’s a third option; other groups—
the death penalty. A person who is found guilty of a felony several, in fact—who travel longer distances have joined
can still have to pay a fine, too. Sometimes a very big one. In together to form a “vanpool.” They share the cost of renting a
addition to murder, felonies include arson, burglary, and rape. van, plus gas and any other related expenses.
That’s it for today. Any questions? Ross Simon: Talk about a team effort!

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 Councilwoman: Yes, Ross—it’s always interesting to me how Hector: Well, I guess we’re moving in the right direction then!
people can work together to find so many wonderful solutions You know, the best thing would be if everyone in the whole
to a problem. country could sort their trash. Maybe if we had more kids
Ross Simon: That’s certainly impressive. And tell us, around like your son, we wouldn’t have a lot of the problems
Councilwoman. What are the consequences of not carpooling? that we currently have!
Councilwoman: Well, Ross, I must tell you that I was surprised
to learn these facts. Did you know that if every commuter UNIT 10
car in the U.S. carried just one more person, we’d save up
Page 186, Listen, Exercises A and B
to 600,000 gallons of gas and 12 million pounds of carbon
dioxide every day? Our topic this week is the growth of the Internet. Like many
Ross Simon: Wow! That is surprising—and yet now I’m sure my important advances in technology, the Internet did not start
listeners will join me in being excited about the fact that we with an invention. It started with an idea and a vision for the
can do something—like ridesharing—to make a difference. future. And that idea and vision came from a man named J.C.R.
Thank you again, Councilwoman, for joining us, and we wish Licklider. Today, I will talk about Licklider’s vision.
you all the best! First, you need to understand something about Licklider’s
Councilwoman: Thank you, Ross. And I’d like to invite background. Unlike others who worked with early computers,
interested listeners to check out my website, at Licklider was not an engineer. He started his career in the 1940s
[Link], to find out how they can as an experimental psychologist. In his work, he used computers
start this kind of program—or any of the initiatives we’ve to collect and analyze data. Most engineers of the time saw
started—in their own city. computers as not much more than very powerful calculators.
And, in fact, that’s what most computers were in those days. But
Page 176, Listen as a psychologist, Licklider saw computers very differently. He
Joseph and his family have recently moved to a new community. was interested in using the computer as a communications tool.
Hector is one of his new neighbors. Licklider was frustrated by the slow progress of his research, so
Hector: Good morning, Joseph! How’s it going? he decided to keep a record of how he spent his work time. He
Joseph: Hey, Hector. Great. I’m just trying to get this recycling discovered that he spent 85 percent of his time putting together
thing straightened out. the data he needed to make a decision or to learn something that
Hector: What? No recycling back in your old town? he needed to know—even with the help of computers. In other
Joseph: No, we had recycling. It’s just the rules were different! words, he spent most of his time finding information. But once
Here it seems a bit more complicated—not that I’m he had the information, he could often understand what it meant
complaining because honestly, I do think it’s important! and make a decision very quickly—sometimes in just seconds.
Hector: I know—it can be confusing! Here’s a tip: Look in Because of his own experience, Licklider wanted to find a better
front of Tony’s house; he’s always the first one to put out his way for humans and computers to work together.
recycling. You’ll always know what day it is if you check in
front of his house! He thought they should be equal partners because they each had
Joseph: Ah! Thanks. If I’ d known that before, I wouldn’t have different, but equally important, strengths. By “thinking” together,
had trouble. Between Tony and the calendar, I should get it Licklider believed that both computers and people could do far
straight soon! Well, I have to tell you, I just wish we had had more than either could do alone. This is how he explained it in an
these types of regulations where I used to live. So much of our article he wrote in 1960:
garbage was just thrown away without being recycled. “…Human brains and computing machines will be coupled
Hector: That’s a shame. I wish we had started recycling years ago. together very tightly, and . . . the resulting partnership will think
Hmmm. I can’t tell you the amount of junk we threw away as no other human brain has ever thought and process data in a
without sorting! way not approached by the information-handling machines we
Joseph: I can imagine. Believe it or not, my thirteen-year-old know today.”
is great at helping us keep the trash sorted. He’s the one who He also described how in ten to fifteen years computerized
makes sure we have all of our paper, plastics, and metals “thinking centers” would exist. These “thinking centers” would
separated and sorted correctly. He’s like the recycling police! be used to store and find information, like libraries, but would be
Hector: Yeah, well, they do talk about it in school these days. My much, much larger. And they would be connected to each other
daughter taught me the three Rs: reduce, reuse, and recycle. and to individual users through a network.
I wish they had taught us about the environment back when
Not new ideas today, of course, but Licklider, who was trained
we were kids! Actually, I wish we had all been more educated
in psychology, not computer science, wrote these words in 1960.
about the amount of waste we produced.
Amazingly, he had come very close to describing today’s Internet.
Joseph: Come on, Hector! Back in those days they were just
thinking about using, not conserving! I think if our parents That’s all we have time for today. Next time, we will talk about
had been aware of the damage they were doing, they would how Licklider’s vision became the reality of today’s Internet.
have done things differently.

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 Page 190, Listen, Exercises A and B old daughter gave me a little language quiz . . . And I failed
Michelle Allen: Good afternoon, Dr. Knowles, and welcome to miserably. As I pointed out to her, however, it wasn’t really a
Technology Today. fair quiz, since it was in a foreign language—sort of. Foreign,
Dr. Knowles: Thank you, Michelle. It’s nice to be here. that is, to a middle-aged not-as-up-to-date-as-he-thought-
Michelle Allen: So, Dr. Knowles, lately we’ve been hearing a lot, he-was kind of guy. What I’m talking about, if you haven’t
both positive and negative, about the effects that the Internet guessed already, is the language for sending text messages, or
has had on human communication. Let’s start with the positive. “texting,” as they call it.
Dr. Knowles: Well, there are many positives. We all know that Now, I’m not talking about the shorthand that has been used
the Internet has made it incredibly easy for people to stay for years in business—things like ASAP (as soon as possible),
in touch with family, friends, and business contacts who or FYI (for your information). Those abbreviations are still
are far away. With the Internet, we can also reconnect with used, and even old guys like me know what they mean. I’m
people from our past. And we’re able to make new friends talking about something much newer than that.
and contacts with people we would never have even met To help me here, I’ve brought along a native speaker, my
before. For example, the Internet has given people who live thirteen-year-old daughter Tiffany. Actually, I should say
in isolated areas the chance to communicate with others who native writer; this language is mostly a written one at the
share their interests and concerns. For people with disabilities moment, although more and more expressions are making
that prevent them from going out and meeting others face their way into the spoken language.
to face, the Internet has opened a whole new world. And, of Nick: Hey, Tiff, ‘sup?
course, the Internet has made it possible for scientists to share Tiffany: NM.U?
information instantaneously. The sharing of scientific ideas Nick: AAS . . . Did you understand that? Well, neither did I
was the original reason for the creation of the Internet. It yesterday, but as you can see, I’m a fast learner. Tiff, can you
remains one of its most important uses today. translate that for our audience, please?
Michelle Allen: That’s a pretty impressive list . . . Tiffany: Sure, Dad. You asked me ‘sup’, which means “What’s
Dr. Knowles: Yes, it is . . . up?” Then I answered NMU—which means “Not much. How
Michelle Allen: Why, then, are there so many warnings about about you?” And you answered AAS, which means “Alive and
the Internet harming human communication? smiling.”
Dr. Knowles: First of all, let me say that I strongly believe that Nick: Alive and smiling indeed . . . OK, so Tiffany has agreed to
the Internet has done more good than harm. However, I give me a second chance on my quiz, and I’ve been up all night
do have some concerns about heavy Internet use, especially studying. So . . . here goes.
among young people. Tiffany: Okay, Dad, the first one is easy: BFF
Michelle Allen: Such as? Nick: No problem! BFF means “best friends forever.”
Dr. Knowles: Well, when young people use online Tiffany: WTG, Dad! Oh, sorry, that means “Way to go!” OK,
communication to replace or avoid face-to-face interaction, number 2: P911.
I think that’s a problem. For example, a naturally shy person Nick: Parent emergency? Like if your father is having a heart
who spends all of his or her time online won’t develop the attack or something?
social skills he or she needs to feel comfortable communicating Tiffany: No, Dad. It means “Parent alert,” like when your parents
in person. Humans are sociable by nature. We need emotional, come into the room, and you have to stop texting . . . Okay,
intellectual, and physical contact to be truly happy. Although here’s another easy one: H&K.
you might be able to get the emotional and intellectual contact Nick: Hugs and kisses.
you need online, you can’t hug a computer or see the effect Tiffany: Yes! Now you’re going to translate the shorthand, OK?
that your words and actions have by looking into its eyes. Nick: K. (That means OK, for anyone over 20 in the audience
Body language and eye contact are a huge part of human today.)
communication, but they don’t exist in online communication. Tiffany: How do we write “sleepy”?
Michelle Allen: Well, people do use emoticons, you know, Nick: Hmmmm . . . let me think . . . ah . . . S . . . no, no, CP, right?
smiling faces, and so on . . . Isn’t that a form of body language? Tiffany: Yes! Here’s one you’ll like: How do we write “Do not be
Dr. Knowles: Oh, I don’t think you can compare the two. People late?”
express hundreds, even thousands of emotions with their eyes Nick: DNBL8 . . .
and bodies. There are only a handful of emoticons. Tiffany: I knew you’d remember that one! OK, just one more.
Michelle Allen: Very interesting . . . well, let’s bring some What does “gratz” mean?
callers into the conversation . . . Our first caller is Mike from Nick: Congratulations!
Ontario . . . Tiffany: Gratz, Dad. You did XLNT!
Nick: THX, Tiff. For What’s on Your Mind, I’m Nick Amado . . .
Page 196, Listen, Exercises A and B
ADBB, my friends!
Nick: I’ve always thought of myself as an up-to-date kind of guy. Tiffany: That means “All done, bye-bye!”
And as a writer, I was also pretty certain that I understood the
English language. Until yesterday, that is, when my 13-year-

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