VERSITOYF

EDUCATI
O UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, LAHORE
* ‫یونیورسٹی آف ایجوکیشن‬
[Link]

No: UE/R 12018/1861 Dated: April 26, 2018

1) All Directors/ Principals

UE Divisions/ Campuses
2) Controller of Examinations
3) Director, Quality Enhancement Cell
4) Director Research

Subject: Thesis Manual

Please find enclosed Manual / "Patterns & Guidelines" for writing Ph.D.

/MS/[Link]. /BS / [Link] (Hons) thesis.

I have been directed to request you to strictly implement/ follow the
enclosed thesis manual.

Dr. Manzoom Akhtar

Registrar

Copy for Information:

1) PS to Vice Chancellor
2) PA to Registrar
3) Deputy Director (Mgt/ Reg)
4) All Assistant Director (Admin)
5) Office File

Registrar Office, University of Education, College Road Township, Lahore Tel: 042-99262207 Fax: 042-99262226
The thesis should include the following chapters:

1. INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 should be at least comprised of the followings:

Background and importance of the Study

Statement of the Problem

Objectives of the Study

Research Design( for Social Science only)
Scope/Limitation/Delimitation of the Study

Significance of the Study

Outline of the Study

2. THE LITERATURE REVIEW

3. RESEARCH MЕTHODOLOGY

The next chapters (i.e. Chapter 4, 5, etc...) comprise of:

• Analyses/Findings/ Results/Discussions

6. CONCLUSION

7. RECOMMENDATIONS/IMPLICATIONS/SUGGESTIONS

8. REFERENCES

9. APPENDICES

Note: Students can use Times New Roman or Arial Font style. Follow the line spacing

as given in the manual or 1.5. Students have to type their names, title of the thesis,
Programme, Division/Campus and degree where applicable.
 Title Cover Specimen
Hard Bound

(After 3 Enter Spaces)

TYPE THESIS TITLE HERE
(16 pt. Bold, Capital Letters, Single Space, Align Centre)
(After 5 enter spaces)

OFE
DUC
Y
SIT
АТ
VER
UNI TR
UT

R
H,

VI
E
MAT
TH

I
ULT
Е

‫یونیورسٹی آف ایجوکیشن‬
(After 4 enter spaces)

TYPE YOUR NAME HERE

(After 6 enter spaces)

NMAE OF DIVISION/CAMPUS

UNIVERISTY OF EDUCATION
LAHORE

2016

MS
 (Inner title page Specimen)
(After 3 enter spaces)

Type Your Thesis Title Here

(14pt. Bold, Capitalized each word, Align Centre)

(After 6 enter spaces)

TYPE YOUR NAME HERE

Ph.D. - 2018
(14pt., Bold, Single Space, Align Centre)
(Enter: 6 times)

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy (Physics)

(Enter: 11 times)

NAME OF DIVISION/CAMPUS

UNIVERISTY OF EDUCATION

LAHORE

September 2016
Copyright A B Ceed, 2016
"I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in
terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Ph.D.
/MS/[Link]./[Link]./BS/[Link].(Hons) <<Type your degree abbreviation>>"

Signature:

Name of Supervisor:

Date:

Signature:

Name of Co-Supervisor:

Date:

MA
 DECLARATION

I declare that this thesis entitled "First Principles Method of Transition Metal Doped
Beta Indium Sulfide for Intermediate Band Solar Cells” is the result of my own research

except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is

not concurrently submitted in candidature for any other degree. At any time if my

statement is found to be incorrect even after award of MS/PhD (Type your degree here),

the university has the right to withdraw my MS/PhD degree.

Signature:

Name: AZHAR KHAN

Date: October 9, 2016

Ms
 II

PLAGIARISM UNDERTAKING

I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis entitled "First Principles
Method of Transition Metal Doped Beta Indium Sulfide for Intermediate Band Solar

Cells" is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person.

Small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete

thesis has been written by me.

I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and University of Education, Lahore

towards plagiarism. Therefore I as an Author of the above titled thesis declare that no

portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly
referred / cited.

I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis

even after award of MS/PhD degree, the University reserves the rights to

withdraw/revoke my MS/PhD degree and that HEC and the University has the right to

publish my name on the HEC/University Website on which names of students are placed

who submitted plagiarized thesis.

Signature:
Name: AZHAR KHAN

Date: October 9, 2016

 III

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

thesis, entitled "First Principles

This is to certify that the research work presented in this
Method of Transition Metal Doped Beta Indium Sulfide for Intermediate Band Solar
Cells" was conducted by Mr. AZHAR KHAN under the supervision of Prof. Dr. ABС.
No part of this thesis has been submitted anywhere else for any other degree. This thesis
is submitted Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore
to the
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Field
of Physics.

Student Name: Signature:

Examination Committee:

1. External Examiner 1

Name: Signature:

(Designation & Office Address)

2. External Examiner 2

Name: Signature:

(Designation & Office Address)

3. Internal Examiner

Name: Signature:

(Designation & Office Address)

Supervisor Name: Signature:

Dean/HOD Name: Signature:

 IV

OFFICE OF THE CONTROLLER OF EXAMINATIONS

NOTIFICATION

No. Date:

Mr./Ms._(Name of Student)_ PhD

It is notified for the information of all concerned that
Scholar of (Name of Department)_of (Name of University) has completed all the
requirements for the award of PhD degree in the discipline of (Name of the
Subject)/Program as per detail given hereunder:

PhD in (Subject name) Cumulative Result

Credit Hours Cumulative
Registration Scholar's Father's Grade
No. Name Name Course Research
Total Point Average
Work Work CGPA

Research Topic:

Supervisor-I Name:

Supervisor-II Name:

Foreign/External Examiners:
a) Name:
University:
Address:
b) Name:
University:
Address:

Detail of Research Articles Published on the basis of thesis research work:

Note: This result is declaration as notice only. Errors and omissions, if any, are subject
to subsequent rectification.
Signed by
Controller of Examinations
CC:
1. abcdefg
2. hijklmno
 V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It should not exceed one page.

 VI

ABSTRACT

A good abstract explains in a few lines what was actually done and why the work was
important. The maximum number of words should not be more than 1000 words. The
abstract page may include the following:
Background
Objectives/Aim of study
Research Methodology
Findings
Conclusion

Implications
Limitations
 VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE No

DECLARATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF SYMBOLS

LIST OF APPENDICES

Example:

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Вackground of the Research

1.2 Solar Cells

1.2.1 Intermediate Band Solar Cells

1.2.2 Concepts and Definitions

1.3 Background of the Study on ẞ-phase In2S3

1.4 Statement of the Problem

1.4.1 Need for Highly Accurate Method

1.4.2 Insufficient Study on Transition Metal Substitution in B-In2S3

1.4.3 Lack of Intermediate Band Thin Film Study on the

B-phase In2S3
1.5 Objectives of the Study
1.6 Scope of the Study

1.7 Significance of the Study

1.8 Organization of the Thesis

MR
 VIII

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Summary

Example: The last sub-section comprises of summary of the literature review.

3. METHODOLOGY

4. ANALYSES/ FINDINGS/RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.

6.

7.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

MA
 IX

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE No. TITLE PAGE No.

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE No. CAPTION PAGE No.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX No. TITLE PAGE No.

 SUBMISSION OF THESIS

Final Submission of Bound Manuscripts

The submission of thesis shall include one soft and five hard copies (6 copies in case of

co-supervisor) of the thesis and 6 copies of abstract, not exceeding 1000 words, to his/her
supervisor who forward it to HOI (Head of Institute i.e. concerned Director/Principal of
the respective Campus/Division) for further processing.
The formatting and the referencing style for the thesis should be according to the APA
(American Psychological Association) 6th edition.

Electronic Copy of Thesis

The electronic copy should include a scanned copy of the approval page. The electronic
copy should be saved on CD/DVD(W/R) in PDF format and should be saved with the
full name of the candidate, year, degree and the subject.

Example: Azhar Khan-2016-Ph.D. Physics

Chapter Heading: 14 pt., Bold, Capital Letters, Align Centre

Title: 14 pt., Bold, Capitalize each word, Align Centre

Colour of Thesis Binding

Name of the degree program Text Colour Colour of the Binding

[Link]. (Hons)/ BS (Hons) Black with silver script ABC

MA /[Link]. (2 Years Program) Navy Blue with gold script ABC
MS/MPhil. Dark Green with gold script ABC
Ph.D. Dark Maroon with gold script ABC

The spine of the thesis should show Name of the candidate along with degree name on

top across the width of the spine with Year of submission (see the sample given on page
no 3 of this manual). Letters/words on spine should be in 16 pt. and may be in bold face.

MANUSCRIPT FORMАТ

The content, format and style of all elements of your thesis must conform to the APA
(American Psychological Association) 6th edition. APA style should be followed as per
the following example.
Margins (A4 size paper)
Left margin - 1.5 inches to allow for binding.
Top margin - 1.0 inch above the first line of type.
 2

Right margin - should be at least 1.0 inch.

Bottom margin- 1.0 inch below the last line of type.
Page No. 0.5 inch at the right upper corner.

Page Limit for Ph.D. Thesis

For Arts & Social Sciences For Science & Technology

Minimum Limit 175 pages Minimum Limit 120 pages

Maximum Limit 300 pages Maximum Limit 300 pages

Page Limit for [Link]./MS Thesis

For Arts & Social Sciences For Science & Technology

Minimum Limit 125 pages Minimum Limit 75 pages

Maximum Limit 200 pages Maximum Limit 125 pages

Page Limit for [Link]. (2-Years)/BS/[Link]. (Hons) Thesis

For Arts & Social Sciences For Science & Technology

Minimum Limit 75 pages Minimum Limit 50 pages

Maximum Limit 100 pages Maximum Limit 75 pages

REFERENCES

The references should appear in APA (American Psychological Association) 6th

edition format; attached herewith.

The information/examples quoted herewith are taken from different sources

(Reference needed)
 3

APPENDIX

USING APA STYLE MANUAL

What is the APA Style?

APA is a Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

1) General Guidelines

One should type print on one side only and the size of the paper should be 8½
or

X 11 inches. The pages number should be consecutive and be at the top right corner. The
page number should begin from the title page but there shouldn't be page number on
title page.

The font size of the text should be 12-point and Times Roman or Courier typefaces. Use
only black toner. There should be indent paragraphs 5-7 spaces. The maximum number
of line per page should not be more than 27.

2) Headings

There are five levels of heading as given below.

CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING

Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading, ending with a
period, with the following text starting on the same line.

3) Numbers

From one to nine, write all numbers in words e.g. one, two, three, ....nine. From
10 and over use numerals for all numbers and never starts a sentence with a
number.

4) Seriation

For Seriation, always use the lowercase letter in parentheses.

Seriation within paragraph or sentence: For instance, the response of participants
was different (a) passive response, (b) confused response, and (c) the active one.
 4

Separate paragraphs: Each paragraph should be numbered with an Arabic

numeral (1, 2, 3..), and add a period. Example

1. Start with paragraph indent and type second and succeeding

lines flush left.
2. The new item starts a new paragraph.
5) Tables
Tables should be plotted as shown below;

Table
Percentage Contribution from RU and non RU universities

Authors Publication Citation

Research universities 80 1898(83.3%) 11519 (%81.4)

Non-research universities 20 381 (16.7%) 2628 (18.6%)

Total 100 2279 14147

Numbers. Number all tables with Arabic numerals sequentially. Do not use suffix letters
(e.g. Table 3a, 3b, 3c); instead, combine the related tables. If the manuscript includes an
appendix with tables, identify them with capital letters and Arabic numerals (e.g. Table
A1, Table B2).

Titles. Like the title of the paper itself, each table must have a clear and concise title.
When appropriate, you may use the title to explain an abbreviation parenthetically.

Example: Comparison of Median Income of Adopted Children (AC) v. Foster Children

(FC)

Headings. Keep headings clear and brief. The heading should not be much wider than the

widest entry in the column. Use of standard abbreviations can aid in achieving that goal.
All columns must have headings, even the stub column (see example structure), which
customarily lists the major independent variables.

MA
 5

6) Figures
Draw figures as shown below;

25
h-Index vs. CPP
Fig.3c
20

15

10

5 y= 2.39x0.52
R2 = 0.3699
0

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00

Figure 5. Box plot illustration of AI and OII

7) Citations

The following information is required for citation

i) Author or Authoring Body
ii) Publication's date
iii) Title of the research work

iv) Publisher of the work & place of publication

v) Ssource's title (journal, book, talk, encyclopaedia, website etc.
vi) Source's volume number, issue number, page or paragraph numbers etc.
vii) In the case of electronic source (website, DOI,) date of retrieval date
should be mentioned. For examples, see the relevant part given below.

In-text citation: It is also known as parenthetical citation e.g. author-date

reference. Details are given below. The in-text citation should be listed in the
Reference list
Author's Name in Sentence

Bornmen et al. (2008) used greater than 0.6 cut-off threshold for the
categorization of the indices between the factors (p. 743).
Author's Name in Parentheses

Scientometric data are symmetrically distributed and skewed (Egghe,

usually not

2006a; Bornmann et al, 2008; Moed, 2005). Therefore, we applied Egghe (2005a;
2005b) assumption that the relationship between any two indices is nonlinear and
can be described as a power function.
 6

8) Verbatim copying/Short Quotations

Always put the double quotation in the running text for verbatim copying of text
or short quotations of less than 40 words. Make sure to add the author's last

name, publication number(s) of quoted text e.g. h-index is defined

year, and page
as "a scientist has index h if h of his /her Np papers has at least h citations each

and the other (Np h) papers have no more than h citations each" (Hirsch, 2005a,
-

p. 16569)

The traumatic response commonly involves “delayed, repetitive

the uncontrolled
appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena" (Caruth, 1996, р.
11).
9) Long Quotations

For 40 or more than 40 words, write the text in a block form. Text should be
indented 5-7 spaces and no need to put the quotation marks. If the quotation has
internal paragraphs, indent the internal paragraphs further 5-7 spaces. Use single
space to write the block quote and cite the source after the end punctuation of the

quoted text. Here is an example of Long Quotations

Haider (1969) stated that:

The report, submitted by Key in 1956, suggested the need for strengthening
scientific libraries to the chain of laboratories of Pakistan Council of Scientific
and Industrial Research (PCSIR). The report emphasized the need for
maintenance of up to date libraries through a regular flow of scientific literature in
a country like Pakistan, where personal contacts with international scientists are

rather limited. Realizing the poorcondition of science & technology libraries,

PANSDOC sponsored a symposium on the "Development of scientific and
technical libraries" held from 14th to 16th March in
Karachi. It provided a
1963 at

platform to the scientists, educationists, librarians & publishers for presenting

their problems, complaints and appreciations based on their experiences. The
PCSIR was established in 1957 with the technical & financial assistance of

UNESCO. Its purpose is to help Pakistani scientists keep abreast of current

scientific literature through its document procurement, translation, bibliography &
compilation services (pp.38-41).
How to cite Secondary Reference
World Health Organization proposed in 1947 the following definition of health.
"Health is a complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
state of

merely the absence of disease and infirmity" (World Health Organization, as cited
in Potter & Perry, 2001, р. 3).
10) Multiple Authors (Parenthetical Citations)
In case of two authors, cite both names and separated then by symbol & for
instance: (Saeed & Maryam, 1969, p. 137)
 7

In case of 3 to 5 authors, first time cite all the authors and then use et al. For
example: (Willium et al., 2003)
For six or more authors, one has to cite first author's name and then et al. e.g:
(Pervaiz al., 1998)
et
11) Single author (Multiple Citations)
In case of multiple sources from a single author, citation should be put in
chronological order, separated by comma, for instance: (Burken, 1996, 1998, in

press)
When all publication are in the same year the same year: (Ali, 1997a, 1997b,
1997c, in press)
12) Multiple authors (Parenthetical Citations -Multiple Citations)
For multiple sources, authors should be separated by a semicolon, and should be
put in alphabetical order. For example: (Buker, 1968; Pervaiz, 1995; White, 2011)
13) Personal communication (not included in references)
Personal communication should also cite in the text. Example: (T.K. Aamer,
personal communication, October 14, 2011)
14) Handling Parenthetical Citations
Sometimes additional information is necessary... for instance;
When there is more than one author with the same last name

(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)

Two or more works in the same parentheses
(Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975; Showalter, 1997)
Specific part of a source; (Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title:
Full Title: "California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers"
Citation: ("California," 1999)

Example of parenthetical citations

Afza (1975) investigated the information needs of scientists working in the Oil,
Fats and Waxes Division of the PCSIR laborites at Lahore using interview
method.

Recently, in a reviewing article, Anwar concluded that "land has barren since
1983" (2007, р. 28).
However, it is no more barren. Lately the research on information needs of

various communities has been explored by Muneera (2007) in her PHD study,
Khurum (2007) and Nazli (2001) in their master studies.
Another example when text is taken from the same source but not continue text
(in parts). Add ... for the missing text e.g. According to Evans (2000) "people
seek information from formal and informal system. Informal system provides the
bulk of individual's every day, or common, information". He pointed out that
"two important factors 'accessibility' and effort' is governed by law of least

M M A L
 8

effort"...It means people required information which needed least effort both in
terms of time and money (e.g. material at hand; a person accessible; colleague
etc.)"(p. 33).
15) Reference List

The reference list of all cited sources should be placed at the end.
References should start on a new page and starts each entry flush with the
left margin, indent subsequent lines five to seven spaces (hanging indent).
Use double space both within and between entries and Italicize the title of
books, magazines, etc.

Capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word after a colon or
dash, and proper nouns in titles of books, articles, etc.
Capitalize all major words and all words of four letters or more in
periodical titles.
Order of the Reference List
Sources should be arranged alphabetically starting with author's last name
If author has more than one source, arrange entries by year, earliest first
When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation as the

first author of a group, list the one author entries first

If no author is given, begin entry with the title and alphabetize without
counting a, an, or the
Do not underline, italicize or use quote marks for titles used instead of an

author name

Examples - the Oder of the Reference List

✓
Babar, J. R. (2000a). Organize
☑
Babar, J. R. (2000b). Classify the...
✓
Kamran, K. L. (1999). Issue ...

✓
Kamran, K. L. (2003). Preservation of...
☑ Kamran, K. L., Ali, R., Smooth, P.,...
☑
Yasir, H. (1994). Preclusion ...

Group Author
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Book with one author

Abels, E. (2004). Information seekers perspectives of libraries and librarians In

D.A. Nitecki (Ed.). Advances in Librarianship, (pp.151-167).Amsterdam:
Elsevier.
Book with two authors

M&
 9

Case, D. O. & White, Е. В (2007). Looking for information: A survey of research

on information seeking needs and behaviour (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Book with six or more authors

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,
et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation of...
Book with no author

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, МА:

Merriam-Webster.
Book with editors

T., & Schneider, I. E. (Eds.). (2000). Diversity and the recreation

Allison, M.
profession: Organizational perspectives. State College, PA: Venture.
Chapter in Book
Stern, J. A., & Dunham, D. N. (1990). The ocular system. In J. T. Cacioppo & L.
G. Tassinary (Eds.), Principles of psychophysiology: Physical, social, and
inferential elements (pp. 513-553). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Multivolume book

Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New

York: McGraw-Hill.
Journals with Continuous Pagination
Chan, L. (1999). Electronic journal and academic libraries. Library Ні Тес, 17(1),
10-16.
Journals with Pagination by Issue
Chatman, E. A. (1996). The impoverished life-world of outsiders. Journal of the
American Society for Information Science, 47 (3), 193-206.
Article in press
Adcs, R. (in press). The new trends in fashion. Journal offashion.
Abstract

Misumi, J., & Fumita, M. (1982). Effects of PM organizational development in

supermarket organization. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,
21, 93-111. [Abstract] Psychological Abstracts, 1982, 68, Abstract No. 11474
Magazine
Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673-674.
Newspaper
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The
Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
Encyclopedia
Blaser, L. (1996). Relativity. In Gale encyclopedia of science (Vol. 15, pp. 82-
86). New York, Gale Encyclopedia Co.
Videotape
National Institute on Mental Health. (1980). Drug abuse [videotape]. Bethesda:

M
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Author.
Thesis
Bokhari, (1976). Information needs of the engineers of the Heavy
S. A.
Mechanical Complex, Texila. Unpublished Master's thesis, University of the
Punjab, Lahore.
.Electronic sources

Fidel, R. & Petersen, A. M. (2004). From information behavior research to the

design of information systems: the cognitive work analysis framework.

Information Research, 10(1). Retrieved April 3, 2008 from
[Link]
Web page
Choo, C. W., Detlor, seeking on the Web:
B., & Turnbull, D. (2000). Information
An integrated model of browsing and searching. Retrieved on April 3, 2008 from
[Link] 2/choo/.
Professional paper from the Internet

Jacob, B. & Shoemaker, N. (n.d.). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: An

interpersonal tool for system administrators. Retrieved October 19, 2003 from
[Link]
Stand-Alone Web Document with no author or date

GVU'S 8th WwW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved January 17, 2003, from
[Link]

Sample Reference List

References
Abels, E. (2004). Information seekers' perspectives of libraries and librarians in D.A.
Librarianship, (pp.151-167). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Nitecki (Ed.). Advances in
Afza, N. (1975). Information needs of scientists working in the Oils, Fats and Waxes
Division of the PCSIR Laboratories. Unpublished master's thesis, University of
Punjab, Lahore.
Allen, B. L. (1996). Information tasks: Towards a user-entered approach to information
systems. USA: Academic Press.
Belkin, N. J. (1980). "Autonomous states of Knowledge as a basis for information
retrieval" The Canadian Journal of Information Science.5, 133-143.
Blake, C. & Pratt, W. (2006).Collaborative information synthesis: A model of
information behaviour of scientists in medicine and public health. Journal of the

American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(13), 740-1749.

Brown, C. M. (1999). Information seeking behaviour of scientists in the electronic
information age: Astronomers, chemists, mathematicians, and physicists. Journal
of the American Society for Information Science, 50(10), 929-943.
 11

Case, D. O. (2007). Looking for information: A survey of research on information

seeking needs and behaviour (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Chakrabarti, A. & Mark, R. (2003). Changing Roles of Universities in Developing
Entrepreneurial Region: The Case of Finland and the US. Retrieved March 4,
2008, from[Link]
Dervin, B. (1983, May). An overview of Sense-Making research: Concepts, methods, and
results to date. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International
Communication Association, Dallas, TX. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from
[Link]
[Link].

Dervin, B. (1992). From the mind's eye of the user: the sense-making qualitative-
quantitative methodology. In J. D. Glazier & R. R. Powell (Eds.), Qualitative
research in information management. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited.

Education & Research Network (n. d.). Retrieved May23, 2006, from
[Link]

Subramanyam, K. (1981). Scientific and technical information resources. New York and
Basel: Marcel Dekker.

Talja, S., & Maula, H. (2003). Reasons for the use and non use of electronic journals and
databases: A domain analytical study in four scholarly disciplines. Journal of
Documentation, 59(6), 673-691.
UNISIST (1971). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNESCO press.
University of the Punjab Lahore (n. d.). Retrieved on January 5, 2007 Retrieved from
[Link]
Vinckler, Р. (2002).The institutionalization of scientific information: A scientometric

model. Library trends, 50(3) 309-574.

Whitelegg, K. & Milne, J. (1996). Report on the survey on the use of computer based
information sources and access to journal papers in Engineering & Science.
Retrieved October 8, 2007 from [Link]
Wilson, T. D. (1981).On Users studies and information needs. Journal of Documentation,
37, (1), 3-15.
Wilson, T.D. (2004). Information seeking behaviour and the digital information world
European Science Editing, 30(3).
Wilson, T. D. (2005). Evolution in information behavior modeling. Wilson's model. In

Fisher, K. E., Erdelez, S. & McKechnie, L. (Eds.). Theories of information

behavior (pp. 31-36).Medford, NJ: Information Today.
Wilson, T. & Walsh, C. (1996). Information behaviour. an interdisciplinary perspective.
Retrieved on April 3, 2008 from [Link]
 12

Yang, H. W. (1998). Information seeking behavior of the scientists. Bulletin of Library

and Information Science, 25, 24-43.

For More Information APA Manual Website: [Link]

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