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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is one of the significant global

health issue that affects millions of individual. It is characterized by elevated blood pressure

levels, which can lead to severe health complications if left untreated. It is particularly

challenging because it is an asymptomatic, silent killer and often remains hidden until caught

during monitoring or evidenced in a hypertension-associated disease such as heart failure or

stroke. Undiscovered and untreated, hypertension significantly increases the risk of developing

cardiovascular, brain, and kidney diseases. Traditional management typically involves lifestyle

modifications and pharmacological interventions. However, there is increasing interest in

alternative treatments, including herbal teas, which are believed to offer therapeutic benefits

with fewer side effects. This study explores the potential of three herbs — Peperomia pellucida

(Shiny Bush), Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree) as an Alternative

Anti-Hypertensive Herbal Tea

On a global scale, hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the

leading cause of stroke, kidney disease, and preventable deaths. In 2017, approximately 1.13

billion people had high blood pressure, and more than 136 million new cases are expected

within the next decade. According to the World Health Organization (2023) the number of adults

with hypertension increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase

seen largely in low- and middle-income countries. This rise is attributed to various risk factors,

including unhealthy lifestyles, poor diet, and lack of physical activity, making hypertension one

of the world’s leading risk factors for death and disability.

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Meanwhile, in the Philippine context, hypertension remains one of the primary causes of

mortality. In line with the global trend, Dela Ros et al. (2024) reported that only 27% of Filipinos

with hypertension have their condition under control, while nearly half are still unaware that they

have it. Over 80% of patients in the Philippines have received monotherapy over the last ten

years. The Philippines' most common consequences of hypertension were ischemic heart

disease (7.7%), stroke (11.6%), hypertensive retinopathy (2.30%), and chronic renal disease

(6.30%). The financial burden of hypertension treatment and complications is particularly severe

for middle-class and lower-class families, making affordable treatment options essential.

Moreover, at the local level, the situation is equally concerning. Balita (2024) said that

hypertension is a major health problem in the MIMAROPA region of the Philippines. It is one of

the top causes of illness in the region. Many people in the region suffer from high blood

pressure. It highlights that hypertension is a significant contributor to health issues in the

MIMAROPA region.

Citing the findings of Felis and Triyanto (2024), hypertension remains a pressing global

health challenge, projected to affect approximately 1.5 billion individuals by 2025. In response,

the researchers investigated the potential of traditional herbal remedies as an alternative

treatment approach. A systematic review of studies conducted between 2019 and 2024

revealed that herbal interventions, particularly pegagan leaves, demonstrated significant

efficacy in reducing blood pressure among hypertensive patients. Notably, administering these

treatments 1-2 times daily over a period of 3-14 days yielded substantial improvements, with

pegagan leaves emerging as the most effective option. Moreover, this study underscores the

promising role of herbal remedies in managing hypertension. This research is closely related to

the study. as it examines the effectiveness of herbal tea in lowering hypertension and it is

revealed that herbal teas are effective in lowering blood pressure. However, the study did not
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investigate the potential antihypertensive effects of an herbal tea formulation combining multiple

herbs, such as Peperomia Pellucida, Garlic, and Moringa Oleifera.

As outlined by Hassan Khalil and Roman Zeltser (2023), hypertension is recognized as a

leading contributor to the global burden of cardiovascular disease. Evidence demonstrates that

lowering blood pressure significantly reduces cardiovascular risks, with maintaining systolic

blood pressure below 130 mmHg effectively preventing complications in patients with conditions

such as heart failure, diabetes, and etc. Their study explores guidelines for selecting appropriate

antihypertensive medications, providing a comprehensive overview of first, second, and third-

line treatment options. Additionally, it highlights the indications, benefits, and potential side

effects associated with each class of antihypertensive medication. Furthermore, this research is

closely related to the study, as it examines how to lower hypertension.. However, this study also

mentions that they select an appropriate antihypertensive medication, which has different

classes of treatment for hypertension, and it also outlines the indications and side effects of

these medications on the body.

Recent research has identified several natural plant compounds with potential

antihypertensive properties, suggesting that they could be effective in lowering blood pressure.

It has shown that the enzyme that transforms (ACE)-inhibitory activity is present in the plant's

flavonoid-rich extract of Peperomia Pellucida, which may have hypotensive effects (Saputri F

[Link], 2021). Garlic contains a powerful compound called allicin that helps lower blood pressure.

Allicin works by preventing the production of a hormone that tightens blood vessels and raises

blood pressure (Santana, 2024). Moringa Oleifera leaves have compounds like nitrile and

glycosides that help stabilize blood pressure. Specific compounds found in Moringa Oleifera

leaves, such as niazinin A and B, have been shown to lower blood pressure (Vergara-Jimenez

et al., 2017). It has been discovered that the components in Peperomia Pellucida, garlic, and

Moringa oleifera, such as ACE-inhibitory action, allicin, and nitrile and glycosides, can help
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decrease blood pressure. A natural and efficient method of stabilizing and lowering blood

pressure may be provided by combining these substances into an effective herbal tea.

Considering the widespread prevalence of hypertension and its associated

complications there is a growing need to explore alternative treatments. Given the rising interest

in herbal alternatives, this study investigates the potential of three herbs - Peperomia Pellucida,

Garlic. and Moringa Oleifera as alternative anti-hypertensive herbal tea. By exploring the

efficacy of these herbs, the study aims to provide insights into the feasibility of herbal tea as a

complementary treatment for hypertension, offering a more affordable, accessible, and

potentially safer option for managing this prevalent condition.

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Conceptual Framework

Before After

Level of the blood pressure Level of the blood pressure of

of respondents before taking the respondents after 10

minutes, 20 minutes, 30
the herbal tea
minutes of taking the herbal tea

Propose Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush), Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa
oleifera (Drumstick tree) as an Alternative Anti-Hypertensive Herbal Tea for blood
pressure control

Figure 1 - Conceptual framework of the study

This conceptual framework presents the study examining the effect of herbal tea

containing Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush), Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera

(Drumstick tree) on blood pressure in hypertensive patients. As you can see, the “Before”

section measures blood pressure prior to herbal tea consumption, serving as the baseline.

Then, in the "After" section, it records blood pressure following a period time of tea

consumption. Comparing these measurements allows researchers to assess the tea's potential

effect on lowering blood pressure. A significant reduction in blood pressure would indicate the

tea's possible therapeutic benefit.

Statement of the Problem

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This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush),

Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree) as an Alternative Anti-

Hypertensive Herbal Tea for hypertensive patients. Specifically, the study seeks to answer the

following questions;

1. What is the blood pressure level of the hypertensive patient before taking Anti-

Hypertensive Herbal tea?

2. What is the blood pressure level of the hypertensive patient after taking Anti-Hypertensive

Herbal Tea?

3. Is there a significant difference between the blood pressure level before and after taking

herbal tea?

Statement of Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in blood pressure levels before and after consuming

the herbal tea in hypertensive individuals.

Scope and Delimitation

This study aimed to investigate the potential of Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush),

Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree) as ingredients for a new herbal

tea formulation designed to help manage hypertension. The research focused on hypertensive

residents from three Barangays in Baco, Oriental Mindoro (Bayanan, Dulangan II, and

Mayabig). Participants consumed the formulated herbal tea, and their blood pressure was

monitored at specified intervals to assess its potential antihypertensive effects.

The delimitations of this study include its focus on hypertensive adults from the selected

barangays, excluding individuals from other locations or those with severe hypertension

requiring medical supervision. Additionally, the study evaluated only the effects of Peperomia

pellucida (Shiny Bush), Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree) and did
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not consider other herbal alternatives or different modes of intake (e.g., capsules, tinctures).

This specific scope allowed for a detailed assessment of these three herbs as a cost-effective,

natural approach to hypertension management within the Oriental Mindoro.

Significance of the Study

There are various reason why researcher conduct Pepalsamol herbal tea as it is

important. This study promotes the use of herbal tea that could help manage hypertension. This

study is beneficial to the following individuals and groups:

Respondents. They may benefit from the possible effects of Pepalsamol herbal tea, as it may

help in managing their blood pressure levels. Their involvement will also contribute valuable

data for assessing its potential.

Hypertensive Individuals. The Pepalsamol herbal tea may serve as a potential natural option

that could help them manage their blood pressure levels.

Healthcare Professionals. The findings of this study may serve as a reference for them when

advising hypertensive patients interested in herbal remedies.

Pharmacies. It may help pharmacies consider Pepalsamol herbal tea as a potential product for

people with hypertension. They could also benefit from stocking the tea.

Market. The study may open opportunities for local businesses to explore and develop herbal

tea products that could be marketed as a possible option for blood pressure management. It

could also help improve health outcomes and support local economic growth.

Future Researcher. This study may serve as a reference for future researcher interested on

herbal-based hypertensive management, encouraging further innovation in this field.

Definition of Terms
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For better understanding, the following terms are defined conceptually and operationally.

Blood Pressure Levels. The pressure of blood on the walls of your arteries as your heart

pumps blood around your body. In this research context, it is the level of blood pressure

measured before and after drinking the herbal tea.

Herbal tea. A drink made by steeping herbs, flowers, leaves, seeds, or roots in hot water. In this

study, it is formulated with specific herbs which is intended to assess for its effects on blood

pressure.

Pepalsamol Herbal Tea. It refers to the specific formulation used in this study, containing

Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush), Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick

tree), a herbal tea that may be suitable for hypertensive person.

Peperomia Pellucida (Shiny Bush). A common fleshy annual herb, growing by roadside and in

wasteland. In this study, the dried leaves of Peperomia Pellucida are one of the main

ingredients of the herbal tea to assess its impact on blood pressure regulation.

Allium sativum (Garlic). Used in culinary dishes and has been studied for its potential

medicinal properties, including effects on blood pressure levels in hypertension. In the study,

dried garlic are used as part of the herbal tea formulation for possible anti-hypertensive effects.

Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree). A perennial plant species of the Moringaceae family known

as the “miracle tree” since practically all of its parts can be utilized as food. In this study,

Moringa Oleifera refers to the dried and processed leaves of the Moringa Oleifera plant, utilized

as herbal ingredient in the experimental anti-hypertensive tea formulation.

Chapter II
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the through and in-depth

search done by the researchers. The included words in this chapter helps the researchers in

familiarizing the information that are relevant and similar to the present studies.

Related Literature

As noted in the recent review by Sleiman et al. (2024) it was found that Garlic powder

consumption was shown to decrease the cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as blood

pressure. Garlic powder consumption lowered systolic blood pressure by an average of 0.41

mmol/L (15.83 mg/dL) and diastolic blood pressure by an average of 0.21 mmol/L (8.11 mg/dL).

However, the use of garlic should not be considered a substitute for conventional

antihypertensive medications for it needs further research including the optimal dosage and

formulation.

These findings was supported by Soliman (2024), garlic is safe consuming to lower

blood pressure with its minimal side effects, garlic appear to help lower blood pressure.

Effective dosages range from 12.3–2,400 mg per day for 2–24 weeks, depending on the form

taken. However, powdered garlic nutritional values significantly decrease compared to aged

garlic due to its drying process

Furthermore, Kamyab et al., (2021), Garlic (Allium sativum) both garlic and Moringa

oleifera exhibit remarkable efficacy in reducing blood pressure. Garlic supplement has

demonstrated their efficacy in HTN treatment by reducing BP approximately 10 mm Hg systolic

and 8 mm Hg diastolic, similar to conventional BP medication. In addition, Moringa oleifera

extract induces a decreasein SBP, DBP, and MBP in dose-dependent fashion through reducing

vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress and activating endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation.

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In addition to garlic, Moringa oleifera has gained attention for its potential in managing

hypertension. Acuram and Chichioco Hernandez (2019) the study shows that M. Oleifera

extracts are effective in the inhibition of two major pathways in hypertension study that are

correlated to ACE inhibition and to nitric oxide synthesis. The results of this study support that

M. Oleifera extracts can be developed as a potential anti-hypertensive health product.

This aligns to the review by Okorie et al. (2019) Moringa oleifera is an angiosperm plant

belonging to the Moringaceae family, which thrives in tropical and subtropical regions

worldwide. It was suggested that exploring alternative complementary approaches, such as M.

oleifera, could be valuable in blood pressure management.

Furthermore, Zelman (2024), Intake of moringa powder is confirmed to be safe for

human consumption. But before ingesting it as a supplement, it is recommended to be referred

to a health care practitioner. The daily dose should not exceed the value of 70 grams of moringa

leaves a day or 11 teaspoons of moringa powder.

Moreover, Ahmad et al. (2019), explained that two active angiotensin-converting enzyme

inhibitors were successfully isolated and purified from Peperomia pellucida which is used as an

antihypertensive in traditional medicine, and support its use as an angiotensin-converting

enzyme-inhibiting drug. It is said that the usage of Peperomia pellucida as an angiotensin-

converting enzyme-inhibiting medication is supported by the successful isolation and purification

of two active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors from the plant, which is utilized in

traditional medicine as an antihypertensive.

Further review by Adeoye, Joel, Igunnu, Arise, and Malomo (2022), reveals that

peperomia pellucida with its bioctive phytochemical profile, bioactive constituents occurring, and

pharmacological uses of peperomia pellucida it was used traditionally in Africa to treat

hypertension. Which was found to have significant plasma angiotensin ‐I‐converting enzyme
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(ACE) reduction. Toxicological, histological, and hematological analysis indicated that acute and

chronic use of peperomia pellucida is safe. Investigations have also shown that this medicinal

plant may be used as complementary therapy in addition to standard antihypertensive drugs.

Inaccurate blood pressure readings can result from various external factors, such as

caffeine intake, alcohol, smoking, and physical activity. Fogros (2023) advised avoiding these

factors at least 30 minutes prior to recording blood pressure, as resting during this period offers

a more precise measure.

This advice is consistent with Young (2021), who reports that physicians advise taking

the blood pressure 30 minutes after waking, but not before consuming food or beverages,

especially caffeine, because this may create temporary shifts that will compromise the accuracy

of the reading.

Related Studies

Garlic extract inhibits the development of CAC (coronary artery calcification), reduces IL-

6, glucose levels and blood pressure in patients at increased risk of cardiovascular events

(Wlosinska et al., 2020).

Furthermore, investigation by Kwak and Kim (2021), argues that although garlic powder

showed initial effectiveness, the duration of the intervention period was negatively correlated

with the pooled effects of garlic powder on systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p= 0.019) and

diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p= 0.019). It was reveal that the effectiveness of garlic powder

depends on both dosage of garlic powder and the stage level of hypertension.

In terms of dosage, Matsumoto (2016) as cited in Drugs. com (2024), recommended that

the daily doses of dried garlic powder should range from 0.4 to 1.2 g. Furthermore, for blood

pressure management, doses of garlic powder ranged from 300 to 2,400 mg/day for 2 to 24

weeks (Wang, 2015, as cited in [Link], 2024).

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Hang and Giang (2021) Temperature significantly increased the contents of protein,

lipids, fibers, non-fiber carbohydrate, calcium, and iron, but reduced vitamin C level of fresh leaf.

It was found that drying at 55° was the ideal temperature to produce moringa leaf powder,

resulting in a product with low moisture content at (4.45%) and high nutritional value. The

powder obtained at this temperature had potential physicochemical properties, including:

Protein: 29.2%, Lipids: 6.64%, Fiber: 5.97%, Non-fiber, carbohydrate: 43.2%, Ash: 10.5%,

Calcium: 894 mg/100g, Iron: 21.3 mg/100g, and Vitamin C: 144 mg/100g.

Supporting to this Gbandoko et al. (2019) recommends that Moringa oleifera leaves may

be possibly useful as a natural product to lower hypertension. As this is an angiotensin

converting enzymes ACE inhibitors are commonly prescribed to manage hypertension. As a

result of studies, it was tested that there is NO harm found for human use.

However, it contradicts the study by Islam et al. (2021), which states that moringa

oleifera has minimal side effects and emphasizes that pregnant women should avoid consuming

moringa powder as it is unsafe. The study also mentioned that it could interact with medications

used to treat hypertension.

Silahis (2022) identified two active angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in

Peperomia pellucida, supporting its use as an antihypertensive agent. This plant functions as an

ACE inhibitor by competing with the substrate's active site, contributing to its hypotensive

effects.

This argue to the study by Xiang NG (2021), found that the biochemical activities and

consumer acceptance for P. pellucida tea were generally weaker than the other species and it is

anti-inflammatory activities as well as the organoleptic characteristic of P. pellucida.

Studies suggest that peperomia pellucida, Garlic, and Moringa oleifera have potential

antihypertensive properties. Standardized aged garlic extracts may serve as an adjunct therapy
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for hypertension, particularly in patients with SBP >140 mmHg, though evidence for its role in

dyslipidemia remains limited (Joanna H. et al., 2020). Garlic has been historically used for

medicinal purposes due to its rich Phytochemical profile (Christopher S., 2024). Similarly, M.

oleifera extracts have been found to inhibit ACE and NO synthesis, supporting their potential as

natural antihypertensive agents (Lovely K. & Christine H., 2019). Its various plant compounds

contribute to multiple medicinal benefits, making it a promising alternative therapy for

hypertension (Z.F. Ma et al., 2019; Okorie et al., 2019). Additionally, peperomia pellucida has

been identified as a natural ACE inhibitor, reinforcing its traditional use for managing

hypertension (Ahmad et al., 2019).

Further studies confirm the antihypertensive effects of these natural remedies.

Peperomia pellucida has demonstrated ACE-inhibiting, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, and

antioxidant properties, making it a potential nutraceutical (Silahis M., 2022). Garlic extract has

been shown to reduce blood pressure, IL-6, glucose levels, and coronary artery calcification,

highlighting its cardiovascular benefits (Wlosinska et al., 2023). Research also supports the

safety and effectiveness of Moringa oleifera as an ACE inhibitor for hypertension management

(Gbandoko et al., 2019). However, P. pellucida tea has shown weaker biochemical activity and

consumer acceptance compared to other medicinal plants (Xiang NG et al., 2021).

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Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

The goal of this chapter is to present the research design, participants of the study,

research instrument, data gathering procedure, and the data analysis procedure.

Research Design

The researchers employed Interrupted Time Series (ITS) design in this study. According

to Turner et al. (2021), ITS involves collecting data at multiple time points before and after an

intervention to assess changes over time. In this study, the blood pressure of patients with

hypertension will be compared before and after ten (10) minutes, twenty (20) minutes, and thirty

(30) minutes taking the anti-hypertensive Herbal Tea.

Respondents of the Study

A total of thirty (30) out of one-hundred eighty-six (186) high blood patients in Barangay

Dulangan ll, Barangay Bayanan, and Barangay Mayabig in Baco Oriental Mindoro. This is

composed of eight (8) out of fifty-eight (58) in Barangay Bayanan, fourteen (14) out of sixty (60)

high blood patients in Barangay Dulangan ll, and in Barangay Mayabig is composed of eight (8)

out of sixty-eight (68) in Baco Oriental Mindoro will be the respondents of the study.

Table 1. Total respondents of the study

Barangay Population Sample

Dulangan 2 60 14

Bayanan 58 8

Mayabig 68 8
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Total 186 30

Sampling Procedure

The respondents of this study was a sample chosen from the total population with

hypertension from the three barangay of Baco which are, Bayanan, Dulangan II, and Mayabig.

All hypertensive patient from this group will be taking the herbal tea to test the effectiveness of

Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush), Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick

tree) as an Alternative Anti-Hypertensive Herbal Tea.

The researchers used stratified sampling technique in which researchers divide a

population into homogeneous subpopulations called strata (the plural of stratum) based on

specific characteristics (e.g., race, gender identity, location, etc.). Every member of the

population studied should be in exactly one stratum Lauren Thomas (2020). The researchers

used stratified sampling method to ensure that the sample was representative of the population,

by dividing it into distinct subgroups based on geographic location, and then randomly selecting

participants from each subgroup. All selected respondents consumed the formulated herbal tea,

and their blood pressure was monitored to evaluate the potential antihypertensive effects of

Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush), Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick

tree).

Research Instrument

The main instrument of the study is sphygmomanometer which is used to measure blood

pressure. This will be used on the same patient to determine how high the patient’s blood

pressure is before and after 10, 20, and 30 minutes’ drinking Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush),

Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree) as an Alternative Anti-
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Hypertensive Herbal Tea. This will serve as the basis for assessing whether the blood pressure

of the patient who drank the herbal tea decreased.

The level of mmHg blood pressure of the patients is described using the scale adopted

from "Prevalence of hypertension, and related factors among adults in Wolaita, southern

Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study by Kumma, Lindtjorn and Loha (2021). The

scale was originally adapted from National Library of Medicine.

Level of mmHg blood pressure Description Remarks

Systolic Diastolic

Less than 120 Less than 80 Healthy Effective

120 to 129 Less than 80 Elevated Partially Effective

130 to 139 80 to 90 Stage 1 Hypertension Not Effective

140 higher 90 or higher Stage 2 Hypertension Not Effective

Over 80 Over 120 Hypertension Crisis Not Effective

Research Intervention

The study utilized a sphygmomanometer to measure the blood pressure of hypertensive

patients. The intervention involved an antihypertensive herbal tea, Pepalsamol, which was

formulated with Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush), Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera

(Drumstick tree). Based on Matsamuto (2016) as cited in ([Link], 2024), the recommended

garlic dosage ranged from 0.4 to 1.2g. According to Zelman (2024), the recommended dosage

for Moringa oleifera was less than 70 grams. To ensure consistency, the researchers sourced

the ingredients from a controlled environment and used standardized tea bags.

Before consuming 1 cup of Pepalsamol tea, patients' blood pressure was recorded as a

baseline measurement. Their blood pressure was then monitored 10, 20, and 30 minutes after

consumption to assess any changes. Since the researchers were not professionally trained in
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using the sphygmomanometer, they sought assistance from experts to ensure accurate and

reliable blood pressure readings.

Data Gathering Procedure

First, the researchers prepared a sphygmomanometer to measure the blood pressure of

hypertensive patients. They also prepared a letter for the Barangay Captain to obtain

permission to conduct the study.

Before taking the anti-hypertensive herbal tea, measured the patients' blood pressure.

Then, they provided the herbal tea for the patients to consume. Afterwards, the researchers

recorded the patients' blood pressure again after ten (10) minutes, twenty (20) minutes, and

thirty (30) minutes to determine any differences before and after consuming the herbal tea.

Data Analysis

Mean systolic and diastolic millimeters of mercury (mmHg) was used to assess the

effectiveness of the herbal tea in reducing blood pressure levels among hypertensive patients. A

paired t-test was conducted to compare the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure before

and after consuming the herbal tea. The statistical analysis was performed at 1% and 5% levels

of significance to determine whether the observed differences were statistically significant.

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CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the gathered data, along with its analysis and interpretation. The

information is organized clearly to provide a better understanding of the study’s findings.

1. Blood pressure level before taking the Herbal Tea

The average systolic blood pressure (SBP) before taking the herbal tea was 139 mmHg,

with a standard deviation of 7.58 mmHg. The average diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 104.3

mmHg, with a standard deviation of 11.04 mmHg. This provides the baseline blood pressure for

participants before the intervention.

The recorded blood pressure values highlight the severity of hypertension among

participants prior to any intervention. The mean systolic and diastolic pressures exceeds on the

limit for Stage 2 hypertension, emphasizing the need for effective management strategies. The

standard deviations suggest a moderate spread in blood pressure readings, indicating some

variability among individuals. This baseline data is essential for comparative analysis to assess

any significant changes resulting from the intervention.

Table 2. Pre-Intervention of blood pressure level of hypertensive patients

Time Point Number of Average Standard Average Standard Description

participants Systolic Deviation Diastolic Deviation
BP (Systolic BP (Diastolic
(mmHg) BP) (mmHg) BP)

Pre- 30 139 7.58 104.3 11.04 Stage 2

Intervention Hypertension
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2. Blood Pressure Level Changes After Taking Herbal Tea

The table shows how blood pressure measurements change over time following an

intervention. It presents systolic and diastolic blood pressure averages, along with their standard

deviations, at three different time points: 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes’ post-

intervention.

Based on the table, the average of systolic blood pressure at 10 minutes after the

consumption of the tea is found to be 132 mmHg, with a standard deviation of 8.05, indicating

moderate variation among participants. The average diastolic blood pressure is 100 mmHg, with

a higher standard deviation of 9.46, suggesting that diastolic pressure varies more widely

across individuals. This means that 7 mmHg of systolic, were reduced These values represent

the initial effects of the intervention, with blood pressure still relatively high.

Meanwhile, after 20 minutes, the average systolic blood pressure drops to 123.6 mmHg,

showing a notable decrease of 8.4 mmHg compared to the 10-minute mark. The standard

deviation slightly decreases to 7.64, indicating more consistent responses among participants.

The average diastolic blood pressure also drops to 91.6 mmHg, with a smaller standard

deviation of 8.74, reflecting a more uniform effect of the intervention.

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Lastly, after 30 minutes, the average systolic blood pressure further reduces to 117.6

mmHg, with a lower standard deviation of 6.26, suggesting even more consistent responses.

The diastolic pressure declines significantly to 81 mmHg, accompanied by a reduced standard

deviation of 6.07. That synchronized to the study of Ramirez (2023), that suggested that blood

pressure should be measured both before and after taking medication for hypertension. Since

consuming food and medications can reduce blood pressure, it is recommended to wait for 30

minutes after taking herbal before taking the measurement of blood pressure level.

Furthermore, it aligns with the study of Kamyab et al. (2021), it was found that Garlic powder

and Moringa oleifera extract possess therapeutic properties that provide antihypertensive

effects, making them beneficial for managing hypertension.

Table 3. Post-Intervention of blood pressure level of hypertensive patients

Time Point Number of Average Standard Average Standard Deviation

participants Systolic BP Deviation Diastolic BP (Diastolic BP)
(mmHg) (Systolic BP) (mmHg)

Post- 30 132 8.05 100 9.4

Intervention
10 mins

Post- 30 123.6 7.64 91.6 8.7

Intervention
20 mins

Post- 30 117.6 6.26 81 6.0

Intervention
30 mins
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3. Progressive Changes in Blood Pressure Level Post-Intervention

The graph depicts a continuous decline in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure

measurements over a 30-minute period. This trend suggests a progressive reduction in blood

pressure levels, potentially indicating the effectiveness of an intervention or natural physiological

adjustment.

Figure 2: Progressive Changes in Blood Pressure Level Post-Intervention

The line graph illustrates the progressive changes of blood pressure level

measurements of 30 participants over three time points: 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30

minutes’ post-intervention. The blue line represents the average systolic blood pressure, while

the red line shows the average diastolic blood pressure. Both lines exhibit a downward trend,

indicating that the intervention effectively lowers blood pressure over time. The steeper decline

in diastolic blood pressure suggests that the intervention has a more pronounced effect on

diastolic measurements. Additionally, the consistent decrease in both systolic and diastolic

pressure highlights the intervention's progressive impact in stabilizing blood pressure.

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Table 4: Comparative Analysis Before and After 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes

The statistical analysis presented in the table compares pre-intervention and post-

intervention blood pressure measurements at different time points. The results indicate that

systolic blood pressure (SBP) showed a significant reduction at 10 minutes (p = 0.0004) and 20

minutes (p = 0.033) after the intervention. Moreover, the decline in SBP at 30 minutes was

highly significant (p < 0.0001), suggesting a sustained and pronounced effect. In contrast,

diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at 10 minutes did not exhibit a statistically significant change (p =

0.115), but significant reductions were observed at 20 minutes (p = 0.00003) and 30 minutes (p

< 0.0001), with the latter being highly significant.

These findings suggest that the intervention led to a progressive and substantial

decrease in both SBP and DBP over time, with the most pronounced effects observed at 30

minutes. The highly significant reductions in both SBP and DBP at 30 minutes indicate strong

evidence of the intervention’s effectiveness in lowering blood pressure. Additionally, the

decreasing standard deviations over time imply a more consistent response among participants

as the intervention progresses. Overall, the data supports the hypothesis that the intervention is

effective in reducing blood pressure, particularly at later time points.

Comparison Standard t-statistic Degrees of p-value Interpretation

Deviation freedom
(Post) (df)
Systolic BP: Pre 8.05 - 3.96 29 0.0004 Significant
vs. 10 mins (p<0.005)
Diastolic BP: Pre 9.4 1.62 29 0.115 Not Significant
vs. 10 mins (p>0.005)
Systolic BP: Pre 7.64 2.24 29 0.033 Significant
vs. 20 mins (p<0.005)
Diastolic BP: Pre 8.7 4.75 29 0.00003 Significant
vs. 20 mins (p<0.005)
Systolic BP: Pre 6.26 6.75 29 <0.0001 Highly Significant
vs. 30 mins (p<0.001)
Diastolic BP: Pre 6.0 9.00 29 <0.0001 Highly Significant
vs. 30 mins (p<0.001)
 23

Chapter V

Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

This chapter summarizes the summary, findings, conclusions, and recommendations of

the study.

Summary of Findings

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush),

Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree) as an alternative anti-

hypertensive herbal tea for hypertensive patients. The results of the study showed that:

1. Before consuming the herbal tea, participants had an average systolic blood pressure of

139 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure of 104.3 mmHg, with standard deviations of

7.58 mmHg and 11.04 mmHg, respectively. These values indicate Stage 2 hypertension,

highlighting the need for effective management, while the standard deviations reflect

moderate variability in individual blood pressure levels, serving as a crucial reference for

evaluating intervention outcomes.

2. After consuming the herbal tea, blood pressure measurements of the patients change

over the three time points: 10, 20, and 30 minutes. It presents the systolic and diastolic

blood pressure averages, along with their standard deviations.

3. The results indicate a progressive and significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic

blood pressure over time, with the most substantial decreases observed at 30 minutes,

where both measures reached highly significant levels (p < 0.0001). This suggests that

the intervention was effective in lowering blood pressure, with a more consistent

response amon.
 24

Conclusion

This study examined the effectiveness of Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush), Allium

sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree) as an alternative anti-hypertensive

herbal tea. Based on the findings, the combination of these three herbs herbs – Peperomia

pellucida (Shiny Bush), Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree)

significantly reduced blood pressure levels.

1. The blood pressure of hypertensive patients before taking the anti-hypertensive herbal

tea was significantly higher than the normal range of blood pressure.

2. After taking the herbal tea, the systolic blood pressure decreased significantly after 10

and 20 minutes, and even more so after 30 minutes. On the other hand, the diastolic

blood pressure did not change much after 10 minutes, but it did decrease significantly

after 20 and 30 minutes. The blood pressure of hypertensive patients decreased

significantly, with a significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

3. The results of the paired t-test showed a significant difference in the blood pressure

before and after taking the herbal tea, means that the herbal tea was effective in

lowering blood pressure.

4. The study suggests that Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush), Allium sativum (Garlic), and

Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree) herbal tea may be a useful alternative treatment for

lowering high blood pressure.

 25

Recommendations

After gathering the valid and enough data, the researchers would like to recommend this

following statement:

1. For Healthcare Professionals. Since the study found that hypertensive patients had

significantly elevated blood pressure before the intervention, healthcare professionals

may consider Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush), Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa

oleifera (Drumstick tree) as potential complementary treatments for managing

hypertension. Their natural properties and observed effectiveness could be integrated

into alternative or adjunctive treatment plans.

2. For the Market. Given that the study demonstrated significant reductions in systolic and

diastolic blood pressure after consuming the herbal tea, developing and marketing

Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush), Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera

(Drumstick tree) herbal tea products specifically designed for blood pressure

management could be beneficial. Emphasizing their natural benefits and effectiveness

could encourage wider adoption among hypertensive individuals seeking herbal

alternatives.

3. For Hypertensive Patients. Since the paired t-test results confirmed a significant

difference in blood pressure before and after tea consumption, indicating its

effectiveness, hypertensive patients are encouraged to consume Peperomia pellucida

(Shiny Bush), Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera (Drumstick tree) herbal tea

for at least 30 minutes to achieve meaningful reductions in blood pressure levels.

4. For Future Researchers. It is advisable for them to explore the optimal dosage of the

herbal tea required to achieve significant reductions in blood pressure and investigate

potential side effects or adverse reactions associated with the long-term consumption of
 26

Peperomia pellucida (Shiny Bush), Allium sativum (Garlic), and Moringa oleifera

(Drumstick tree) herbal tea.

 27

References

Acuram, L.K., & Chichioco Hernandez, C.L. (2019). Anti-hypertensive effect of Moringa Lam.
Cogent Biology, 5(1), 1596526.
[Link]
needAccess=true

Adeoye, R. I., Joel, E. B., Arise, R. O., Igunnu, A., & Malomo, S. O. (2022). A review of some
common African spices with antihypertensive potential. Journal of Food Biochemistry,
46(1), 14003. [Link]
as_ylo=2021&q=peperomia+pellucida+bioactive+compounds+for+hypertension+&hl=en
&as_sdt=0,5#d=gs_qabs&t=1741405207634&u=%23p%3D0AF71i3x0hEJ

[Link]. (2024). Garlic. [Link]. [Link]

Fogros, R. N. (2023). When and how to take your blood pressure? Verywell Health.
[Link]
pressure-1764102

Giang, N. T., & Hang, L. T. T. (2021). Effect of drying temperature on physicochemical

properties of Moringa oleifera leaf. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 33(11).
[Link]
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR1YAjsTxJzaa5S2zOZ_W42aAbsp_-b-
BQ5mfK8zt5nHpisbjRcg-B2SOGg_aem_1X1T3wj5Q9MinaAOWq2d8g#:~:text=The
%20current%20study%20was%20conducted,but%20also%20in%20livestock
%20feeding

Kamyab, R., Namdar, H., Torbati, M., Ghojazadeh, M., Araj-Khodaei, M., & Fazljou, S. M. B.
(2021). Medicinal plants in the treatment of hypertension: A review. National Library of
Medicine, 11(4), 601–617. [Link]

Kumma, W. P., Lindtjørn, B., & Loha, E. (2021). Prevalence of hypertension, and related factors
among adults in Wolaita, southern Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study.
PLOS ONE, 16(12).
[Link]

Kwak, J. S., & Ki, J. Y. (2021). Effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as a functional food on blood
pressure: A meta-analysis of garlic powder, focused on trials for prehypertensive
subjects. Journal of Nutrition and Health, 54(5), 459-473.
[Link]
as_ylo=2021&q=dried+or+dehydrated+garlic+for+hypertension&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5#d=g
s_qabs&t=1741406668502&u=%23p%3D4ItQg0Nys9AJ
 28

Nikolopoulou, K. (2023). What is convenience sampling? Scribbr.

[Link]

Ramirez, E. (2023). How does eating (or not eating) affect your blood pressure? Healthline.
[Link]
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR0PuGJp5JhDb4jHA8o-eCm3TwccgcNJr_Bjyuv-
Br7UdQj86XhcyTb5h_M_aem__Q9HmG07hzNNv5xG7EaW_Q

Samson, M. (2025). Hypertension. Heart of Medscape.

[Link]
_gl=1*1t3sbji*_gcl_au*ODM5Nzk3Mzk2LjE3NDEzMDcxNjU.&form=fpf

Sleiman, C., Daou, R.-M., Al Hazzouri, A., Hamdan, Z., Ghadieh, H. E., Harbieh, B., & Romani,
M. (2024). Garlic and hypertension: Efficacy, mechanism of action, and clinical
implications. Nutrients, 16(17), 2895. [Link]

Turner, S. L., Korevaar, E., Karahalios, A., Forbes, A. B., & McKenzie, J. E. (2025). Interrupted
time series datasets from studies investigating the impact of interventions or exposures
in public health and social science: A data note. National Library of Medicine.
[Link]

Wlosinska, M., Nilson, A., Hlebowicz, J., Hauggaard, A., Kjellin, M., Fakhro, M., & Linsdstedt, S.
(2020). The effect of aged garlic extract on the atherosclerotic process – a randomized
double-blind placebo-controlled trial. National Library of Medicine.
[Link]

Young, C. (2021). What is the best time of day to take your blood pressure? Healthline.
[Link]
pressure

Zelman, K. M. (2024). Health benefits of moringa powder. WebMed.

[Link]
 29

APPENDICES
 30

APPENDIX A

HON. NITOY REMNAYON

Barangay Chairman
Bayanan, Baco, Oriental Mindoro

Sir:

Greetings!

We, the Grade 12 students of Baco National High School, are writing to formally request your permission
to gather information and conduct data collection activities in Barangay Bayanan as part of our research
study. This study is being conducted as a requirement for our subject during the second semester.

Our research, entitled "Peperomia Pellucida, Garlic, and Moringa Oleifera as an Alternative Anti-
Hypertensive Herbal Tea for Hypertensive Patients," aims to explore the potential health benefits of
combining these herbal plants into a tea for use in managing hypertension. We believe this research could
offer valuable insights into alternative treatments for individuals suffering from high blood pressure.

We guarantee that all data collected, including blood pressure readings of hypertensive patients, will
remain strictly confidential and be used solely for academic purposes within the scope of our research.

Your support and approval are essential to the success of this study, and we kindly request your assistance
in facilitating the data collection process in your community.

Thank you so much for your time, attention, and consideration. We look forward to your positive
response and hope to receive your approval soon.

Sincerely,

Trisha De Roxas Mark Anthony Linubuan

Researcher Researcher

Monique Aquino Daison Hernandez

Researcher Researcher

Noted by: Approved by:

Mrs. Claudine C. Populi Hon. Nitoy Remnayon

Subject Teacher Barangay Captain

 31

HON. TEODOLO BINAY

Barangay Chairman
Mayabig, Baco, Oriental Mindoro

Sir:

Greetings!

We, the Grade 12 students of Baco National High School, are writing to formally request your permission
to gather information and conduct data collection activities in Barangay Mayabig as part of our research
study. This study is being conducted as a requirement for our subject during the second semester.

Our research, entitled "Peperomia Pellucida, Garlic, and Moringa Oleifera as an Alternative Anti-
Hypertensive Herbal Tea for Hypertensive Patients," aims to explore the potential health benefits of
combining these herbal plants into a tea for use in managing hypertension. We believe this research could
offer valuable insights into alternative treatments for individuals suffering from high blood pressure.

We guarantee that all data collected, including blood pressure readings of hypertensive patients, will
remain strictly confidential and be used solely for academic purposes within the scope of our research.

Your support and approval are essential to the success of this study, and we kindly request your assistance
in facilitating the data collection process in your community.

Thank you so much for your time, attention, and consideration. We look forward to your positive
response and hope to receive your approval soon.

Sincerely,

Trisha De Roxas Mark Anthony Linubuan

Researcher Researcher

Monique Aquino Daison Hernandez

Researcher Researcher

Noted by: Approved by:

Mrs. Claudine C. Pupoli Hon. Tedolo Binay

Subject Teacher Barangay Captain

 32

HON. RENATO PASTRANA

Barangay Chairman
Dulangan II, Baco, Oriental Mindoro

Sir:

Greetings!

We, the Grade 12 students of Baco National High School, are writing to formally request your permission
to gather information and conduct data collection activities in Barangay Dulangan II as part of our
research study. This study is being conducted as a requirement for our subject during the second semester.

Our research, entitled "Peperomia Pellucida, Garlic, and Moringa Oleifera as an Alternative Anti-
Hypertensive Herbal Tea for Hypertensive Patients," aims to explore the potential health benefits of
combining these herbal plants into a tea for use in managing hypertension. We believe this research could
offer valuable insights into alternative treatments for individuals suffering from high blood pressure.

We guarantee that all data collected, including blood pressure readings of hypertensive patients, will
remain strictly confidential and be used solely for academic purposes within the scope of our research.

Your support and approval are essential to the success of this study, and we kindly request your assistance
in facilitating the data collection process in your community.

Thank you so much for your time, attention, and consideration. We look forward to your positive
response and hope to receive your approval soon.

Sincerely,

Trisha De Roxas Mark Anthony Linubuan

Researcher Researcher

Monique Aquino Daison Hernandez

Researcher Researcher

Noted by: Approved by:

Mrs. Claudine C. Pupoli Hon. Renato Pastrana

Subject Teacher Barangay Captain

 33

APPENDIX B
 34

APPENDIX C

I. PERSONAL DATA

Researcher: Trisha Nicole D. De Roxas

Age:17
Birthplace: Dulangan II, Baco, Oriental Mindoro
Birthdate: January 05, 2008
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Mother's Name: Rechel D. De Roxas
Father's Name: Nemesio A. De Roxas
Address: Dulangan II, Baco, Oriental Mindoro

III. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary
Name of school: Benito R Villar Memorial School / Dulangan II Elementary
School
Inclusive Year: 2018-2019
High School
Name of school: Anastacio Dela Chica High School
Inclusive Year: 2022-2023
Senior High School
Name of school: Baco National high school
Inclusive Year: 2024-2025
 35

I. PERSONAL DATA

Researcher: Daison Jr B. Hernandez

Age: 17
Birthplace: Provincial Hospital
Birthdate: July 19 2007
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Mother's Name: Dhorotea Bejer Becbec
Father's Name: Daison Romero Hernandez
Address: Green hills Mayabig Baco Oriental Mindoro

III. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary
Name of school: Felix V Aceveda MS
Inclusive Year: 2018-2019
Honors Received: with honor
High School
Name of school: Baco National high school
Inclusive Year:2022-2023
Senior High School
Name of school: Baco National high school
Inclusive Year: 2024-2025
 36

I. PERSONAL DATA

Researcher: Monique M. Aquino

Age: 17
Birthplace: Baco, Oriental Mindoro
Birthdate: August 19 2007
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Mother's Name: Agnes M. Aquino
Father's Name: Norberto R. Aquino
Address: Dulangan II, Baco, Oriental Mindoro

III. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary
Name of school: Borol 2nd Elementary School
Inclusive Year: 2018-2019
High School
Name of school: Balagtas National Agricultural High School
Inclusive Year: 2022-2023
Senior High School
Name of school: Baco National high school
Inclusive Year: 2024-2025
 37

I. PERSONAL DATA

Researcher: Mark Anthony D. Linubuan

Age: 17
Birthplace: Naujan, Oriental Mindoro
Birthdate: March 20, 2007
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Mother's Name: Mary Jane D. Linubuan
Father's Name: Arnel G. Linubuan
Address: Dulangan II, Baco, Oriental Mindoro

III. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary
Name of school: Bayanan Elementary School
Inclusive Year: 2018-2019
High School
Name of school: Baco National High School
Inclusive Year: 2022-2023
Senior High School
Name of school: Baco National high school
Inclusive Year: 2024-2025