Geometry Review

Day 1: Inductive Reasoning, Basic Geometry Terminology, and Angle Relationships

Chapter 1: Inductive Reasoning, Basic Geometry Terminology, Midpoint and Distance
Formulas
1. Inductive Reasoning to Describe and Predict Patterns:
Problem Set:
1. The sequence is 2, 4, 8, 16, ... What is the next number in the sequence?
2. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ... What is the next number?
3. A pattern shows that the sum of consecutive even numbers is always a perfect square.
Verify this for the first 5 cases (2 + 4, 6 + 8, 10 + 12, etc.).
4. Identify the next shape in this sequence of figures: Square, Triangle, Pentagon,
Hexagon, ...
5. The pattern of a sequence follows this rule: Start with 1, then double the previous term,
then subtract 1. What is the next term in the sequence?
6. A sequence of numbers follows the pattern: 1, 5, 9, 13, 17. What is the 10th term in the
sequence?
7. If a pattern of shapes alternates between a circle and a square, predict the 8th figure in the
sequence.
8. The sum of the interior angles of a polygon follows the rule 180(n−2)180(n−2). Use this
formula to find the sum of the angles of a 6-sided polygon.
9. Use induction to prove that the sum of the first n odd integers is always n2n2.
10. If the pattern shows the number of sides of a regular polygon increasing by 1 (triangle,
square, pentagon, etc.), what is the name of the 10th polygon in the sequence?
2. Basic Geometry Terminology:
 Terms to know: point, line, segment, ray, angle, parallel lines, perpendicular lines, skew
lines, etc.
Problem Set:
1. Define the difference between a line and a line segment.
2. Label all the parts of an angle (vertex, sides, etc.).
3. Given a figure with two intersecting lines, identify the angles formed.
4. Name three pairs of opposite rays in a given diagram.
5. Label the parts of a triangle (vertices, sides, angles).
6. Determine if two lines are parallel in a given diagram with a transversal.
7. How do you classify an angle of 45°? (acute, right, obtuse, or straight?)
8. If a line intersects two parallel lines, how many pairs of alternate interior angles are
formed?
9. How many perpendicular bisectors does a triangle have?
10. Identify the midpoint in a given line segment.
3. Midpoint and Distance Formulas:
Problem Set:
1. Use the midpoint formula to find the midpoint between the points (3, 4) and (7, 10).
2. Calculate the distance between the points (1, 1) and (4, 5) using the distance formula.
3. Find the midpoint of a segment with endpoints (-5, 2) and (3, -6).
4. Find the distance between the points (-2, 3) and (1, -4).
5. Using the midpoint formula, find the midpoint between the points (-3, -2) and (5, 6).
6. Calculate the distance between the points (0, 0) and (6, 8).
7. Find the length of the diagonal of a rectangle with vertices (0, 0), (6, 0), (6, 4), and (0, 4).
8. Determine the coordinates of the midpoint between (7, 8) and (1, 6).
9. Use the distance formula to calculate the distance between (2, -1) and (-3, 3).
10. Find the distance between the points (4, -2) and (-1, 5).
Day 2: Conditional Statements, Parallel and Perpendicular Lines, Triangle Congruence
Chapter 2: Logical Statements and Proving Statements about Line Segments and Angles
1. Conditional, Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive Statements:
Problem Set:
1. Write the converse of the statement: "If it rains, then I will bring an umbrella."
2. Write the inverse of the statement: "If I study, then I will pass the test."
3. Write the contrapositive of the statement: "If a figure is a square, then it has four right
angles."
4. Given the conditional: "If a number is divisible by 4, then it is divisible by 2," write the
converse.
5. Determine if the following statement is true or false: "If a quadrilateral is a rectangle,
then it has four right angles."
6. Is the contrapositive of the statement: "If a number is odd, then it is not divisible by 2"
true or false?
7. What is the converse of the statement: "If an angle is acute, then it is less than 90°"?
8. If the conditional statement "If the figure is a parallelogram, then opposite sides are
congruent" is true, write its inverse.
9. Write the contrapositive of the statement: "If the angle is greater than 90°, then the
triangle is obtuse."
10. Determine the truth value of the following: "If a shape has equal sides, then it is a
square."
2. Prove Statements about Line Segments and Angles (Using Theorems from 2.6):
Problem Set:
1. Prove that the vertical angles formed by two intersecting lines are congruent.
2. Prove that if two angles are supplementary and adjacent, they form a straight line.
3. Prove that if two angles are complementary, their measures add up to 90°.
4. Prove that the sum of the angles in any triangle is 180°.
5. Prove that if two lines are parallel, the corresponding angles formed by a transversal are
congruent.
6. Prove that if two lines are parallel, alternate interior angles are congruent.
 7. Prove that opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.
8. Prove that the sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
9. Prove that if two angles are vertical angles, they must be congruent.
10. Prove that the sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is always 360°.

Chapter 3: Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

1. Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines:
Problem Set:
1. Find the slope of a line passing through the points (1, 2) and (3, 4).
2. Determine the slope of the line parallel to y=2x+3y=2x+3.
3. Find the slope of a line perpendicular to the line with equation y=−3x+1y=−3x+1.
4. If two lines are parallel, and one has a slope of 55, what is the slope of the other line?
5. If two lines are perpendicular, and one has a slope of 1221, what is the slope of the other
line?
6. Write the equation of a line that passes through the point (2, -1) and is parallel to the
line y=3x+2y=3x+2.
7. Write the equation of a line that passes through the point (-3, 4) and is perpendicular to
the line y=4x+5y=4x+5.
8. Given two lines with equations y=−2x+1y=−2x+1 and y=12x+3y=21x+3, are these lines
parallel, perpendicular, or neither?
9. Find the slope of the line passing through points (5, -1) and (-2, 7).
10. If a line has the equation y=−x+4y=−x+4, what is the slope of a line perpendicular to it?
2. Theorems of Parallel Lines and Transversals:
Problem Set:
1. Use the corresponding angles postulate to prove that two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal.
2. Prove that alternate interior angles formed by parallel lines and a transversal are
congruent.
 3. Use the alternate exterior angles theorem to show that if two lines are parallel, the
alternate exterior angles are congruent.
4. Prove that if two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the consecutive interior
angles are supplementary.
5. Show that if two lines are perpendicular to the same line, they are parallel to each other.
6. Prove that if a transversal intersects two parallel lines, the angles on the same side of the
transversal are supplementary.
7. Prove that if two lines are parallel, and a third line cuts them, then the alternate interior
angles formed are congruent.
8. Use the consecutive interior angles theorem to prove that if two lines are parallel, the
consecutive interior angles sum to 180°.
9. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, prove that the corresponding angles are
congruent.
10. Prove that if two lines are perpendicular to the same line, then those two lines are
parallel.

Day 3: Triangles, Triangle Congruence, and Proofs by Contradiction

Chapter 4: Classifying Triangles and Using Triangle Properties
1. Classify Triangles and Use Properties:
Problem Set:
1. Classify the triangle with sides 5 cm, 12 cm, and 13 cm.
2. Given a triangle with angles 30°, 60°, and 90°, classify the triangle.
3. Prove that an equilateral triangle is also an isosceles triangle.
4. Prove that a triangle with two congruent sides is an isosceles triangle.
5. Given an equilateral triangle, find the measure of each angle.
6. Classify a triangle with angles 90°, 45°, and 45°.
7. Prove that the sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180°.
8. Prove that in a right triangle, the Pythagorean theorem holds.
9. Prove that in an isosceles triangle, the base angles are congruent.
 10. Prove that if two triangles are congruent by the SSS postulate, their corresponding angles
and sides are congruent.
2. Write Proofs by Contradiction:
Problem Set:
1. Prove by contradiction that the sum of two odd numbers is always even.
2. Prove by contradiction that there is no smallest positive rational number.
3. Prove by contradiction that the square root of 2 is irrational.
4. Prove by contradiction that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
5. Prove by contradiction that if a triangle has two congruent sides, it is isosceles.
6. Prove by contradiction that there is no largest integer.
7. Prove by contradiction that if two lines are perpendicular to the same line, they must be
parallel to each other.
8. Prove by contradiction that the square root of 3 is irrational.
9. Prove by contradiction that a triangle cannot have more than one obtuse angle.
10. Prove by contradiction that no equilateral triangle can have an angle greater than 60°.

System of Equations

1.

3x+2y=16 x−y=3

Method: Substitution

2.

5x+y=12 4x−2y=−2

Method: Elimination
3.

2x+5y=13 x−3y=−4

Method: Substitution

4.

4x−y=9 3x+2y=7

Method: Elimination

5.

x+3y=14 2x−y=5

Method: Substitution

6.

6x+y=11 x+3y=7

Method: Elimination

7.

5x−3y=7 4x+y=6

Method: Substitution
8.

2x+4y=18 3x−2y=7

Method: Elimination

9.

x+2y=8 3x−y=5

Method: Substitution

10.

2x+3y=10 x−4y=−6

Method: Elimination

11.

3x+4y=20 x+2y=8

Method: Substitution

12.

6x−5y=4 2x+3y=11

Method: Elimination
13.

7x+y=10 5x−3y=67

Method: Substitution

14.

4x−2y=32 x+y=94

Method: Elimination

15.

2x+y=53 x−2y=12

Method: Substitution

16.

5x+2y=17 2x−y=35

Method: Elimination

17.

x−y=43 x+2y=13

Method: Substitution
18.

2x+y=8 3x−4y=22

Method: Elimination

19.

3x+y=9 x+4y=103

Method: Substitution

20.

6x−y=11 2x+3y=76

Method: Elimination
 Answer Key:
Day 1: Inductive Reasoning, Geometry Terminology, Midpoint and Distance Formulas
Inductive Reasoning and Patterns
1. Sequence: 2, 4, 8, 16, ... What is the next number?
o Solution: This sequence doubles each time. Therefore, the next number
is 16×2=3216×2=32.
2. Sequence: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ... What is the next number?
o Solution: The pattern is squares of integers: 12,22,32,42,5212,22,32,42,52. So,
the next number is 62=3662=36.
3. Sum of consecutive even numbers is always a perfect square. Verify:
o 2 + 4 = 6 (Not a perfect square)

o 6 + 8 = 14 (Not a perfect square)

o 10 + 12 = 22 (Not a perfect square)

o Hence, this statement is false based on counterexamples.

4. Alternating shapes: Square, Triangle, Pentagon, Hexagon, ... Next shape?

o Solution: The number of sides increases by 1, so the next shape is a heptagon (7
sides).
5. Start with 1, double the previous term, then subtract 1: What is the next term?
o 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, ... Subtracting 1 from 9 gives 8, so the next term is 8.

6. Pattern: 1, 5, 9, 13, 17. What is the 10th term?

o This is an arithmetic sequence with a common difference of 4. The nth term
is an=1+(n−1)×4an=1+(n−1)×4.
o For the 10th term: a10=1+(10−1)×4=1+36=37a10=1+(10−1)×4=1+36=37.

7. Alternating sequence of shapes (circle, square): What is the 8th figure?

o Solution: The 8th figure is a circle because the sequence alternates, and the 8th
term is even.
 8. Sum of interior angles of a 6-sided polygon:
o Use the formula: 180(n−2)180(n−2), where n=6n=6.

o Sum of angles = 180(6−2)=180(4)=720∘180(6−2)=180(4)=720∘.

9. Induction to prove the sum of the first n odd integers is n2n2:

o Base case: n=1n=1, the sum of the first odd number is 1=121=12.

o Inductive step: Assume it’s true for n=kn=k. The sum of the first k odd integers
is k2k2. The next odd integer is 2k+12k+1, so the sum of the first k+1k+1 odd
integers is k2+(2k+1)=(k+1)2k2+(2k+1)=(k+1)2, which completes the inductive
proof.
10. Pattern of sides of polygons: What is the 10th polygon?
o Solution: The sequence is triangle (3 sides), square (4 sides), pentagon (5
sides), ..., so the 10th polygon is a decagon (10 sides).

Basic Geometry Terminology

1. Difference between a line and a line segment:
o A line extends infinitely in both directions, while a line segment has two
endpoints.
2. Label parts of an angle:
o Vertex: The point where the two sides meet.

o Sides: The two rays that form the angle.

3. Label intersecting lines forming angles:

o Angles formed by intersecting lines are called vertical angles (congruent), and
adjacent angles are called linear pairs (supplementary).
4. Identify opposite rays in a diagram:
o Opposite rays are two rays that share a common endpoint and extend in opposite
directions.
5. Parts of a triangle:
o A triangle has 3 vertices, 3 sides, and 3 angles.
 6. Classify parallel lines with a transversal:
o Two lines are parallel if they never meet, and a transversal is a line that intersects
two lines.
7. Classify angle of 45°:
o A 45° angle is an acute angle (less than 90°).

8. Number of alternate interior angles with a transversal:

o Two pairs of alternate interior angles are formed when a transversal intersects
two parallel lines.
9. Number of perpendicular bisectors in a triangle:
o A triangle has three perpendicular bisectors, one for each side.

10. Identify the midpoint:

o The midpoint is the point that divides a line segment into two equal parts.

Midpoint and Distance Formulas

1. Midpoint of points (3, 4) and (7, 10):
o Midpoint formula: (x1+x22,y1+y22)(2x1+x2,2y1+y2).

o (3+72,4+102)=(5,7)(23+7,24+10)=(5,7).

2. Distance between points (1, 1) and (4, 5):

o Distance formula: (x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2(x2−x1)2+(y2−y1)2.

o (4−1)2+(5−1)2=9+16=25=5(4−1)2+(5−1)2=9+16=25=5.

3. Midpoint of (-5, 2) and (3, -6):

o Midpoint = (−5+32,2+(−6)2)=(−1,−2)(2−5+3,22+(−6))=(−1,−2).

4. Distance between (-2, 3) and (1, -4):

o Distance = (1−(−2))2+(−4−3)2=9+49=58≈7.62(1−(−2))2+(−4−3)2=9+49=58
≈7.62.
5. Midpoint of (-3, -2) and (5, 6):
o Midpoint = (−3+52,−2+62)=(1,2)(2−3+5,2−2+6)=(1,2).
 6. Distance between (0, 0) and (6, 8):
o Distance = (6−0)2+(8−0)2=36+64=100=10(6−0)2+(8−0)2=36+64=100=10.

7. Length of the diagonal of a rectangle with vertices (0, 0), (6, 0), (6, 4), and (0, 4):
o Diagonal = (6−0)2+(4−0)2=36+16=52≈7.21(6−0)2+(4−0)2=36+16=52≈7.21.

8. Midpoint of (7, 8) and (1, 6):

o Midpoint = (7+12,8+62)=(4,7)(27+1,28+6)=(4,7).

9. Distance between (2, -1) and (-3, 3):

o Distance = (2−(−3))2+(−1−3)2=25+16=41≈6.4(2−(−3))2+(−1−3)2=25+16=41
≈6.4.
10. Distance between (4, -2) and (-1, 5):
o Distance = (4−(−1))2+(−2−5)2=25+49=74≈8.6(4−(−1))2+(−2−5)2=25+49=74
≈8.6.

Day 2: Conditional Statements, Parallel Lines, Triangle Congruence

Conditional, Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive Statements
1. Converse of "If it rains, then I will bring an umbrella":
o Converse: If I bring an umbrella, then it rains.

2. Inverse of "If I study, then I will pass the test":

o Inverse: If I don’t study, then I will not pass the test.

3. Contrapositive of "If a figure is a square, then it has four right angles":

o Contrapositive: If a figure does not have four right angles, then it is not a square.

4. Converse of "If a number is divisible by 3, then it is divisible by 6":

o Converse: If a number is divisible by 6, then it is divisible by 3.

5. Inverse of "If a shape is a rectangle, then it has four sides":

o Inverse: If a shape does not have four sides, then it is not a rectangle.

6. Contrapositive of "If a person is studying, then they are preparing for an exam":
o Contrapositive: If a person is not preparing for an exam, then they are not
studying.
 7. Prove: If a triangle is equilateral, then it is isosceles:
o Solution: An equilateral triangle has all equal sides, so it must also satisfy the
definition of an isosceles triangle (at least two equal sides).
8. Prove: If a figure is a rectangle, then it has four right angles:
o Solution: By definition, a rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right angles.

9. Converse of "If it is winter, then it is cold":

o Converse: If it is cold, then it is winter.

10. Contrapositive of "If a number is even, then it is divisible by 2":

o Contrapositive: If a number is not divisible by 2, then it is not even.

1. Prove that an equilateral triangle is also an isosceles triangle

Proof by Direct Argument:
Given: An equilateral triangle has three congruent sides. To Prove: An equilateral triangle is
isosceles.
Proof:

1. Statement: Let △ABC△ABC be an equilateral triangle with

sides AB=BC=CAAB=BC=CA.
o Reasoning: By the definition of an equilateral triangle, all three sides are
congruent.

2. Statement: Since AB=BCAB=BC, △ABC△ABC has at least two congruent sides.

o Reasoning: A triangle with at least two congruent sides is an isosceles triangle,
by the definition of an isosceles triangle.

3. Conclusion: △ABC△ABC is an isosceles triangle.

o Reasoning: By definition, a triangle with at least two congruent sides is isosceles.

Thus, an equilateral triangle is also an isosceles triangle.

2. Prove that the sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180°
Proof by Parallel Lines:

Given: A triangle △ABC△ABC. To Prove: The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
Proof:
 1. Statement: Draw a line parallel to BCBC through vertex AA.
o Reasoning: By the Parallel Postulate, a line can be drawn through AA parallel
to line BCBC.

2. Statement: Label the angles formed at AA as ∠1∠1, ∠2∠2, and ∠3∠3, corresponding
to the angles of the triangle.
o Reasoning: These are alternate interior angles formed by the
transversal ABAB and the parallel lines BCBCand the line through AA.

Theorem, ∠1=∠A∠1=∠A, ∠2=∠B∠2=∠B, and ∠3=∠C∠3=∠C.

3. Statement: By the Alternate Interior Angle

o Reasoning: The alternate interior angles formed between parallel lines are
congruent.
4. Statement: The sum of the interior angles on the same side of a straight line is 180°.
o Reasoning: By the Straight Angle Postulate, the sum of the angles on a straight
line is 180°.

5. Conclusion: Therefore, ∠A+∠B+∠C=180∘∠A+∠B+∠C=180∘.

Reasoning: Since ∠1+∠2+∠3=180∘∠1+∠2+∠3=180∘, and

each ∠∠ corresponds to one of the angles of the triangle, the sum of the angles in
o

a triangle is 180°.
Thus, the sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180°.

3. Prove by contradiction that the square root of 2 is irrational

Proof by Contradiction:
Given: 22. To Prove: 22 is irrational.
Proof:
1. Statement: Assume, for contradiction, that 22 is rational.
o Reasoning: To prove 22 is irrational, we assume the opposite.

2. Statement: Since 22 is rational, we can express it as a fraction abba, where aa and bb are
integers, and aa and bb have no common factors (i.e., abba is in simplest form).
o Reasoning: Rational numbers can be expressed as fractions of integers in
simplest form.
 3. Statement: We have 2=ab2=ba, so squaring both sides gives 2=a2b22=b2a2.
o Reasoning: Squaring both sides of the equation 2=ab2=ba results
in 2=a2b22=b2a2.
4. Statement: Multiply both sides by b2b2, resulting in 2b2=a22b2=a2.
o Reasoning: By multiplying both sides of the equation by b2b2, we eliminate the
fraction.
5. Statement: This implies that a2a2 is even (since it is two times an integer, 2b22b2).
o Reasoning: a2=2b2a2=2b2 is divisible by 2, meaning aa must also be even.

6. Statement: Since aa is even, we can express a=2ka=2k, where kk is an integer.

o Reasoning: Any even integer can be written as twice an integer.

7. Statement: Substitute a=2ka=2k into the equation 2b2=a22b2=a2, resulting

in 2b2=(2k)2=4k22b2=(2k)2=4k2.
o Reasoning: Substituting a=2ka=2k into the equation gives us 2b2=4k22b2=4k2.

8. Statement: Simplify to obtain b2=2k2b2=2k2.

o Reasoning: Dividing both sides of 2b2=4k22b2=4k2 by 2 gives b2=2k2b2=2k2.

9. Statement: This implies that b2b2 is even, and hence bb must be even as well.
o Reasoning: Since b2=2k2b2=2k2, b2b2 is divisible by 2, so bb must also be
divisible by 2.
10. Statement: We have shown that both aa and bb are even, meaning they have a common
factor of 2.
 Reasoning: This contradicts our assumption that abba is in simplest form (because
both aa and bb have a common factor of 2).
11. Conclusion: Therefore, 22 cannot be rational, and must be irrational.
 Reasoning: The assumption that 22 is rational leads to a contradiction, so the original
assumption is false.
Thus, 22 is irrational.

4. Prove by contradiction that a triangle cannot have more than one obtuse angle
Proof by Contradiction:
Given: A triangle △ABC△ABC. To Prove: A triangle cannot have more than one obtuse angle.
Proof:

1. Statement: Assume, for contradiction, that △ABC△ABC has two obtuse

angles, ∠A∠A and ∠B∠B.
o Reasoning: We assume the opposite of what we want to prove, to derive a
contradiction.

have ∠A+∠B+∠C=180°∠A+∠B+∠C=180°.
2. Statement: Since the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is always 180°, we

o Reasoning: This is a fundamental property of triangles.

3. Statement: By the definition of an obtuse angle, both ∠A∠A and ∠B∠B are greater
than 90°.
o Reasoning: An obtuse angle is any angle greater than 90° but less than 180°.

4. Statement: Therefore, ∠A+∠B>90°+90°=180°∠A+∠B>90°+90°=180°.

o Reasoning: Since both ∠A∠A and ∠B∠B are obtuse, their sum must be greater
than 180°.
5. Statement: This contradicts the fact that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is
always 180°.
o Reasoning: If the sum of two angles is already greater than 180°, there is no way
for the third angle to satisfy the angle sum of 180°.
6. Conclusion: Therefore, a triangle cannot have more than one obtuse angle.
o Reasoning: The assumption that a triangle could have two obtuse angles leads to
a contradiction, so it must be false.
Thus, a triangle cannot have more than one obtuse angle.

5. Prove that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180° using parallel lines
Proof by Parallel Lines:

Given: A triangle △ABC△ABC. To Prove: The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
Proof:
1. Statement: Draw a line through vertex AA parallel to side BCBC.
 o Reasoning: By the Parallel Postulate, a line through any point parallel to a given
line can be drawn.

parallel lines as ∠1∠1, ∠2∠2, and ∠3∠3.

2. Statement: Label the angles at AA, BB, and CC formed by the transversal line and

o Reasoning: These are alternate interior angles formed by the transversal and the
parallel lines.

Theorem, ∠1=∠A∠1=∠A, ∠2=∠B∠2=∠B, and ∠3=∠C∠3=∠C.

3. Statement: By the Alternate Interior Angle

o Reasoning: Alternate interior angles formed by a transversal and parallel lines are
congruent.
4. Statement: The sum of the angles on a straight line is 180°.
o Reasoning: By the Straight Angle Postulate, the sum of angles on a straight line
is 180°.

5. Conclusion: Therefore, ∠A+∠B+∠C=180°∠A+∠B+∠C=180°.

Reasoning: Since ∠1+∠2+∠3=180°∠1+∠2+∠3=180°, and each angle

corresponds to one of the angles in △ABC△ABC, the sum of the angles in a
o

triangle is 180°.
Thus, the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.