OOP USING JAVA REVISION NOTES

Module I – OOP and Introduction to Java

Introduction to OOPs
• OOP is a programming approach based on objects
• Objects represent real-world entities
• Combines data and methods in one unit
• Improves security, reusability, maintainability

Object Oriented Programming: Classes and Objects

• Class
• Blueprint or template
• Defines variables and methods
• No memory allocation
• Object
• Instance of a class
• Occupies memory
• Represents real-world entity

Encapsulation
• Wrapping data and methods together
• Achieves data hiding
• Improves security
• Implemented using classes and access specifiers

Abstraction
• Hides internal implementation
• Shows only essential features
• Reduces complexity
• Achieved using abstract classes and interfaces

Polymorphism
• One method, many forms
• Improves flexibility
• Types:
• Compile-time (method overloading)
• Run-time (method overriding)

Inheritance
• One class acquires properties of another class
• Promotes code reusability
• Implemented using extends keyword

Introduction of Java
• High-level programming language
• Object-oriented
• Platform independent
• Secure and robust

History of Java
• Developed by James Gosling
• Developed at Sun Microsystems
• Initially named Oak

How Java is Different from C++

• Java is platform independent
• C++ is platform dependent
• Java uses JVM
• C++ does not use JVM
• Java has automatic garbage collection
• C++ uses manual memory management

JDK Tools
• JDK stands for Java Development Kit
• Used to develop Java applications
• Contains compiler, JVM, and libraries

Class File
• Java source file compiled into .class file
• Contains bytecode
• Executed by JVM

Java Bytecode
• Intermediate code
• Platform independent
• Enables Java to run on any system

JVM
• JVM stands for Java Virtual Machine
• Executes bytecode
• Converts bytecode into machine code
• Provides platform independence

Identifiers
• Names given to variables, methods, and classes
• Cannot start with digit
• Cannot be Java keywords
• Case-sensitive

Data Types
• Define type of data stored in variable
• Primitive data types:
• int
• float
• double
• char
• boolean

Operators
• Used to perform operations
• Types:
• Arithmetic
• Relational
• Logical
• Assignment
• Unary

Control Statements
• Control flow of program
• Decision statements:
• if
• if-else
• switch
• Looping statements:
• for
• while
• do-while

Arrays
• Store multiple values of same data type
• Fixed size
• Index starts from 0
• Supports 1D and 2D arrays

Inheritance in Java
• Supported types:
• Single
• Multilevel
• Hierarchical
• Multiple inheritance not supported using classes

Multilevel Hierarchy
• One class derived from another derived class
• Forms inheritance chain

Method Overriding
• Same method name and parameters
• Different implementation
• Occurs at runtime
• Supports runtime polymorphism

Abstract Classes
• Cannot be instantiated
• May contain abstract and non-abstract methods
• Used for abstraction

Final Classes
• Declared using final keyword
• Cannot be inherited
• Improves security

OOP concepts range from concrete to abstract.

Concrete Abstract

Object Class Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism Abstraction

Instance of a class, Blueprint for objects, Wraps data and Acquires properties, One method, many Hides
occupies memory no memory methods, improves promotes reusability forms, improves implementation,
allocation security flexibility shows essential
features

Module II – Package and Exception in Java

Defining, Implementing and Applying Packages

A package is a collection of related classes and interfaces. It is used to organize large
programs, avoid name conflicts, and support access control.
Packages help in:
• Code reusability
• Better maintenance
• Logical grouping of classes

Importing Packages
Packages are accessed using the import [Link] a package is not imported, the fully
qualified name must be used.
Examples:
• Importing a specific class
• Importing all classes using wildcard *

Types of Packages
Built-in Packages
Provided by Java [Link]:

• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
User Defined Packages
Created by programmers to group their own classes and interfaces.

User Defined Package

A user defined package is created using the package [Link] must be written at the top
of the source file.
Benefits:
• Improves modularity
• Avoids class name duplication
• Makes large projects manageable

Exception Handling in Java

An exception is an abnormal condition that occurs during program execution and disrupts
the normal flow of the program.
Examples:
• Division by zero
• Array index out of bounds
• File not found

try Block
The try block contains code that may cause an [Link] must be followed by at least one
catch block or a finally block.

catch Block
The catch block handles the exception thrown in the try [Link] exceptions can be
handled using different catch blocks.

finally Block
The finally block is always executed whether an exception occurs or [Link] is used for
cleanup operations such as closing files or releasing resources.

throw Keyword
The throw keyword is used to explicitly generate an [Link] can throw predefined or
user-defined exceptions.

throws Keyword
The throws keyword is used in method [Link] passes the responsibility of exception
handling to the calling method.

Uncaught Exceptions
If an exception is not handled using try-catch, it becomes an uncaught [Link] JVM
terminates the program and displays an error message.

Multiple Catch Blocks

Multiple catch blocks can be used with a single try block to handle different exceptions.
Rule:
• More specific exceptions must be caught before general exceptions.

Java’s Built-in Exceptions

Common built-in exceptions include:
• ArithmeticException
• NullPointerException
• ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
• NumberFormatException
• IOException
• ClassNotFoundException

Packages and Exceptions Impact Java Programs

Better Maintenance Logical Grouping

Easier to update code Classes are grouped

logically

Code Reusability Exception Handling

Reuse classes across Gracefully handle abnormal

projects conditions

Packages

Organize related classes

Module III – Constructor, Wrapper, String and

StringBuffer Class in Java

Constructors
• Special method used to initialize objects
• Constructor name same as class name
• No return type
• Automatically called when object is created

Various Types of Constructor

• Default Constructor
• Provided by Java if no constructor is defined
• Initializes object with default values
• Parameterized Constructor
• Accepts parameters
• Initializes object with specific values
• Copy Constructor
• Initializes object using another object
• Not directly supported, implemented manually

Role of Constructors in Inheritance

• Constructors are not inherited
• Parent class constructor executes first
• super() is used to call parent constructor
• Default super() is called automatically

Introduction to Wrapper Classes

• Wrapper classes convert primitive data types into objects
• Required for collection framework
• Present in [Link] package

Primitive to Wrapper Mapping

• int → Integer
• char → Character
• float → Float
• double → Double
• boolean → Boolean

String in Java
• String is a sequence of characters
• Stored as an object
• Part of [Link] package

Immutability of String
• String objects cannot be changed once created
• Any modification creates a new object
• Improves security and memory efficiency

Creating Strings
• Using string literal
• Using new keyword
• Stored in string constant pool or heap memory

String Operations
• length()
• charAt()
• equals()
• compareTo()
• substring()
• toUpperCase()
• toLowerCase()

StringBuffer Class
• Mutable sequence of characters
• Allows modification without creating new object
• Thread-safe

String vs StringBuffer
• String is immutable
• StringBuffer is mutable
• String is slower for modifications
• StringBuffer is faster for modifications

Creating and Initializing StringBuffer

• Created using StringBuffer class
• Supports append, insert, delete operations

Key Exam Points

• Constructor initializes object
• super() calls parent constructor
• Wrapper classes are objects
• String is immutable
• StringBuffer is mutable and thread-safe

Java Module III Challenges

String vs StringBuffer

Immutable vs mutable,
performance differences
StringBuffer Mutability

Allows modification
without new objects
String Operations

Various methods for

string manipulation
String Immutability

Cannot change strings

after creation
Wrapper Classes

Primitive to object
conversion
Inheritance Role

Constructors not
inherited, `super()` needed
Constructor Types

Default, parameterized,
and copy constructors
Constructors

Special methods for

object initialization

Module IV – Interface and Threads in Java

Interface

Defining Interfaces
• Interface is a blueprint of a class
• Contains abstract methods and constants
• Defined using interface keyword
• Methods are public by default

Abstract Methods in Interfaces

• Methods without body
• Must be implemented by implementing class
• Provide full abstraction

Implementing Interfaces
• A class implements interface using implements keyword
• Class must implement all abstract methods of interface
• Supports multiple inheritance in Java

Extending Interfaces
• One interface can extend another interface
• Uses extends keyword
• Supports multiple inheritance between interfaces

Interface References
• Interface reference can refer to object of implementing class
• Used to achieve runtime polymorphism
• Only interface methods can be accessed

Default Methods in Interfaces

• Introduced in Java 8
• Have method body
• Used to add new methods without breaking existing code

Static Methods in Interfaces

• Belong to interface itself
• Called using interface name
• Cannot be overridden

Constants in Interfaces
• All variables are public, static, and final by default
• Must be initialized at declaration
• Used to define constant values

Thread

Thread Life Cycle

• New
• Runnable
• Running
• Waiting / Blocked
• Terminated

Creating and Implementing Thread

• By extending Thread class
• By implementing Runnable interface

Multithreaded Programming
• Multiple threads execute simultaneously
• Improves CPU utilization
• Increases program performance

Thread Priorities
• Priority determines execution order
• Range: 1 (MIN) to 10 (MAX)
• Default priority is 5

Synchronization of Thread
• Controls access to shared resources
• Prevents data inconsistency
• Achieved using synchronized keyword

Resuming and Stopping Threads

• Used to control thread execution
• Methods: suspend(), resume(), stop()
• These methods are deprecated

Master interfaces and threads for robust Java

applications.

Advanced Java programming with

interfaces and threads

Confident in building concurrent, abstract

Java applications

Basic understanding of interfaces and

threads

Limited knowledge of Java concurrency

Module V – Applet and Graphics Programming

Applet Class
• Applet is a Java program that runs in a browser
• Part of [Link] package
• Does not use main() method
• Uses JVM inside browser

Life Cycle of Applet

• init() – called once, initialization
• start() – starts execution
• paint() – displays output
• stop() – stops execution
• destroy() – applet removed from memory

Creating an Executable Applet

• Applet class extends Applet
• Compiled using javac
• Executed using browser or appletviewer

Adding Applet to HTML File

• Applet embedded using <applet> tag
• Specifies class name, width, height
• HTML file loads applet in browser

Graphics Class
• Used for drawing shapes
• Part of [Link] package
• Object obtained in paint() method

Drawing Shapes Using Graphics

• drawLine()
• drawRect()
• drawOval()
• drawArc()
• drawPolygon()
• fillRect()
• fillOval()

Using Control Loops in Applet

• Loops used to repeat drawing
• Common loops: for, while
• Used for patterns and animations

Introduction to AWT Package

• AWT stands for Abstract Window Toolkit
• Provides GUI components
• Includes buttons, labels, text fields

Layout Managers
• Control component placement
• Types:
• FlowLayout
• BorderLayout
• GridLayout
• CardLayout

How to create and manage applets and graphics in Java?

Graphics Class
AWT Package
Learn how to use the
Applet Class
Graphics class to Explore AWT for GUI
Understand the draw various shapes. Control Loops components and
basics of applets, layout managers.
their lifecycle, and Use loops to repeat
how to create them. drawing operations
for patterns and
animations.

MCQ-FOCUSED QUICK REVISION (ALL MODULES

COMBINED)

OOP & Java Basics

• OOP focuses on objects
• Four pillars: Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, Polymorphism
• Class = blueprint
• Object = instance
• Java is platform independent
• Java uses JVM
• .java → source file
• .class → bytecode file
• JVM executes bytecode

Inheritance & Polymorphism

• extends keyword used for inheritance
• Java does not support multiple inheritance using classes
• Method overriding supports runtime polymorphism
• Final class cannot be inherited
• Abstract class object cannot be created

Packages
• Package = group of related classes
• package keyword creates package
• import keyword accesses package
• [Link] imported by default
• User-defined packages improve modularity

Exception Handling
• Exception = runtime error
• try block contains risky code
• catch handles exception
• finally always executes
• throw explicitly throws exception
• throws passes responsibility
• Uncaught exception terminates program

String & Wrapper

• String is immutable
• StringBuffer is mutable
• Wrapper classes convert primitive to object
• Wrapper classes in [Link]

Interface & Thread

• Interface supports multiple inheritance
• Interface methods are public by default
• Default methods introduced in Java 8
• Thread created by extending Thread or implementing Runnable
• Thread priority range: 1 to 10
• Synchronization prevents data inconsistency

Applet & Graphics

• Applet does not use main()
• Applet lifecycle methods are important MCQs
• Graphics class used for drawing
• AWT used for GUI
• Layout managers control component arrangement

ALL THE BEST! You Got It.