CSCI5211 HWI
Ann Nick Wang wang9205，5578858
Question Ii
a A protocol is a rule or standard that defines the format and
how to process the data like http protocol which what the
defines
request or response should look like it has a header and payload
which related to application layer It can also be a standard how
of
network sends and receives t data like Tyco protocols each proto
has its own rules to define how to send receiveand heck the data or
packets
b Else While pdt switch can handle multiple users and has more
flexibility it can experience ddg and we need to add extra headers
to packets Circuit switch on the other hand gives a Stable and
consistent connection And usually it has a fixed bandwidth and low
delay
C The disadvantage could be that he are redundant Services the error
check in different layers that check t [Link] the upper Layers
need to wait
for the lower lagers to tan suit formation so they can
work on them
d Transmission delay is 㘩 total time that takes for all packages
push from those to t transmission medium
e Queuing delay is the time a process or fame or a
job h wait
in the queue to be forwarded on executed
Question 2
a Time to send one pad ti t
5t. i
Therefore the toed the 2 听 t 1000x
It loomsf 5 335
5.535
b Total time 擶 ⼗听 xlooo [Link] 2肵
5.33St lost looms
105.43S
C Total time 听 2听
⼆
[Link]
252x looms 5.2 s
d 20 z't22 23 24 t25t d t P 281 29 10232Go
Total time lo RTT t212⾏
12X100MS 1.2S
Question 了
The
a advantage is that it reduces the time of fly the DNS to
the global server and it reduces the network traffic by just
searching 圸 local DNS Server Thedisadvantage is that 㘩 stored
DNS might be expired or changed before the TameTo toe The mitigated
method could be let the local DNS Server check the stored IP address
and related information he expired time and update the regularly to
refresh t information on time
b Pros
for DHT to implement domain name system 在 sdabdog is
well because the DHT can manage and adapt the ground of antenna
really well It has a good load balancingwhich distribute domain names
to different
modesty DHT also has efficient data IP address
retard typically logN he where N is number ofNodes on t network
Cons
for DHT to implement domain A situation could
name system
han
where node is not separate in the ring which may lead to
gag
one node has large keys domain name than other nodes and some
eating
nodes have way less keys Also maintenance consistency is another challenge
which means
f weneed to update the domain names to IP addresses it
is complicated to change all informations a different nodes whendata is
replicated across multiple nodes
Question 4
a b gender receiver C sender receiver
Frame
Frau
点
㲼 呲
剑
⼀
ii F
ACK
d sender receiver 知⼼
Tune Fame
喈
肶
浝意
a .fi Ad
Act
Frame
i
Add
i
Question 5
a The length field can be used to duk the dataintegrity when
collision happens or other data lose situation to club of recedes the
whole dna Also frame has minimum size
if the small messages
need to be sent they need to be padded
b
If two hosts on same Ethernet Share t same hardware address
host uses hardware address to distinguish
because
ft frame belongs
to it or not
If the address are the same the frames will be mistakenly
received and cause the frame den belongs to those get received
cause wrong result Because switch use hardware address to sendframe
same hardware address may lead swth send frames to wrong destination
C huge the minimum packet size can waste the bandwidth since
the packets must be padded and useless information is transmitted
In a network dd small packets are prudent this increase the latency
g
and increase the bandwidth Besides
paddy the pants increase the
of network padded information needs to be create at
because
complexity
the beginning and remove on the end
Question 6
a Hidden terminal problem the situation where A and B are on same
range Bad care in the same range but A and Care not in the
Therefore when A to send nightalso
same range [Link] [Link]
sends information to B because A and C eat date transmission from
eachother this shell cause collisions in Band leads to data loss and
B not receive messages efficiently
Exposed Terminal Problemi B wants to communicate with A C wants to
Communicant with D Since B can hear C's transmission Bmight think
it should avoidfrom sending information to A to cause collusion eventhough
B communicates with A would not influence Communicates with
b
The main reason is that 8023 uses wore cable that can transmit
and listen at the same time whereas 80211 uses wireless medium and
can't do the transmission and listen ⽐ the same time Because80211
uses radio signals its own signal is much stronger than the received signal
Therefore it needs to use collision avoidance Strong
C
If a device wants to senddata of [Link] will
instead
send a RTS to indicate how long the devise will need
forupcoming
transmission The receiving device receives the RTS if the medium is free
it will send back US to the
sandy device say okyou can send
information The CTS will also be overheard other nearby devices
by
to avoid the collision
for given amount of time
This method does not prevent all collisions Two dances might send RTs
at the same time which can lead to RTS collision and cause data
my
loss or other situation
d Ethernet uses to addresses because deuces uses worecable between each
other or we switch to connect eachother Thereforethey only need to know
the source address and the destination address For 80211 Since it is
wireless connection wireless deviceneeds to send data to access
point
then access point sends data to other network segment or death thisway
Theaddress has actual sending dude's address the access point's address
other network segments address and the end receiving his address
Therefore there are a least threeaddresses
Question 7
a Since 128 96.39.10 AND 255，255.255 128 128 96 39.0
Therefore [Link] goes to interface 0
b Sme 128.96 Go 12 AND 255v55.255.1⽇ [Link]
Therefore 128 9640.12 goes to 122
C Since 128.96.40，151 AND 255，55.55.14⼆ 的 96⽐ 128 and with
any Mask and Can't findSubnet
subnet NumTherefore 128.96.40，151 goes to 124
d Since 192 4.153 17 AND 255 55255.192 192.4 153.0
Therefore 192.4 53.17 goes to 123
e Since [Link] AND 255.255.255，192 192.4153.64 andwith
any
SubnetMask can't match any SubnetNumber Therefore 1924.153.9 goesto R
Question 8
a In areliable channelwhere majority
of the packets can be received
and a small number
of packets Ǘfiǚse receiver shall
send small number
dm Aa
of NACKs sending NACK is more efficient
sending
b If we chang to NACK du protocol still work But in this
situation the timeout needs to be shorter so it is more sufficient
In the NACK situation Sender only can move on
by not needing
NAck when tim is out Therefore shorter timeout can send
more packets in the same time Also to prevent the sending
packet loss situation and NACK packet Gss situation we can
use NACK with serene so sender knows white packet losses Mora
we send multiple same NACK to sender to prevent NACK
may
packet loss
C Company to NAK Ack gives posit confirmation to sender which
reduce the ambiguity If packet is loss it t also more clear to
sender because after timeout sender can read the packet The
design using Ack is nah simpler than using NACK