Physics Investigatory project
To Study of the Concept
Self-Designed Transformer
NAME :
RISHAB G.S
CLASS AND SECTION: XII -E
TABLE OF CONTENTS
[Link] Title
1 INTRODUCTION
2 CONSTRUCTION
3 WORKING
FACTORS AFFECTING
4
PERFORMANCE
5 APPLICATION
6 EXPERIMENT
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage
or a high alternating voltage into a low alternating
voltage. It is a static electrical device that transfers
energy by inductive coupling between its winding
circuits. Transformers range in size from a
thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside
a stage microphone to huge units weighing
hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or
to interconnect portions of the power grid. All
operate on the same basic principles, although the
range of designs is wide. While new technologies
have eliminated the need for transformers in some
electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
many electronic devices.
INTRODUCTION
Transformers are essential for high-voltage
electric power transmission, which makes long
distance transmission economically practical.
A transformer most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit. In a transformer,
the electrical energy transmits from one circuit
to another circuit takes place without use of
moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is
called a step-up transformer.
A transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.
CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made
of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two
coils p1 & p2 and S1 & S2 are wound on the same core, but
are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the
coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating
e.m.f is connected to pip2, the primary coil and a load
resistance R is connected to S1 S2, the secondary coil
through an open switch S. thus there can be no current
through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open. For an
ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of primary &
secondary winding is negligible. Further, energy loses due to
magnetic the iron core is also negligible. For operation at low
frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is
insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to
insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The
input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called
secondary.
CONSTRUCTION
WORKING
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2. an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turnof the secondary is equal to
that induced in each turn of the primary.
Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.'s induced in the primary and the secondary and N,
and N, are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils
of the transformer and, Dь / d₁ = rate of change of flux in
each turn of the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np Dфь/d+ .....(1)
Es = -N, Dфь/d+ ......(2)
WORKING
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns/Np .....(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in
the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E - Ep) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f.
further if Rp is the resistance o, Pip2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
I =E - Ep /Rp
E-Ep = Ip Rp
hen the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore
E - Ep = O or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
WORKING
Hence equation 3 can be written as E5 / Ep = E5 / E =
output e.m.f / input e.m.f = N /N = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
In a step up transformer:
E > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
In a step down transformer:
Es<E so K<1,hence Ns<Np
If I=value of primary current at the same instant t And Is
=value of sec. current at this instant, then Input power at
the instant t = Ep Ip and Output power at the same
instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
Es / Ep = Ip/ Is = K
WORKING
In a step up transformer:
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in
voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain
in current in the same ratio. Thus a step up
transformer in reality steps down the current & a
step down transformer steps up the current.
WORKING
WORKING
EFFICIENCY :
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio
of output power to the input power i.e.
n = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no
power losses, n = 1. But in actual practice, there
are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of
transformer is less than one.
FACTORS AFFECTING
PERFORMANCE
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is
always less than the input energy, because energy
losses occur due to a number of reasons as
explained below.
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between
the coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the
magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is not
linked up with the secondary coil.
2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of
lamination, Eddy currents are produced. The
magnitude of eddy current may, however be
small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat
produced in the iron core.
APPLICATION
1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner, etc.
2. A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
4. A step up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators
and stabilized power supplies.
6. Transformers are used in the transmissions of
a.c. over long distances.
7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc
EXPERIMENT
AIM:
To investigate the relationship between the ratio of:
Input and output voltage,
The number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-
made transformer.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Iron Rod, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Copper Wire.
EXPERIMENT
Procedure:
[Link] thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of
turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using
A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through sland s2.
5. Now connect sland s2to A.C main and again measure
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
EXPERIMENT
Procedure:
[Link] thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of
turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using
A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through sland s2.
5. Now connect sland s2to A.C main and again measure
OBSERVATION:
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
1
EXPERIMENT t
t
TABULAR COLUMN: 2
n
s
3
Turns Input Input Voltage
S. No.
Primary Secondary
Ratio (Np Voltage Vp Voltage Vp Ratio (Vp A
Turns (Np) Turns (Ns)
Ns) (Volts) (Volts) Vs)
1 300 250 0.83 6 4.9 0.82
2 300 200 0.67 6 3.9 0.65
3 300 150 0.5 6 2.9 0.48
4 300 100 0.33 6 1.9 0.32
CALCULATIONS:
Trial 1 (Ns = 250)
Turns Ratio ({Np}/{Ns}): {300}/{250} = {1.20}
Voltage Ratio ({Vp}/{Vs}$): 6 V/4.9V={1.22}
Percentage Error: The difference between the two ratios results in an error of approximately 1.67%.
Trial 2 ($N_s = 200$)
Turns Ratio ({Np}/{Ns}): {300}/{200} = {1.50}
Voltage Ratio ({Vp}/{Vs}):6 V/3.9 V= 1.54
Percentage Error: The error increases slightly to approximately 2.67%
1
EXPERIMENT t
t
CALCULATIONS: 2
n
Trial 3 (Ns = 150) s
Turns Ratio ({Np}/{Ns}): {300}/{150} =2.00 3
Voltage Ratio ({Vp}/{Vs}):6 V/2.9 V=2.07 A
Percentage Error: The error is approximately 3.50%
Trial 4 (Ns = 100)
Turns Ratio ({Np}/{Ns}): {300}/{100} = 3.00
Voltage Ratio ({Vp}/{Vs}):6 V/1.9V=3.16
Percentage Error: This trial shows the highest discrepancy, with an error of approximately 5.33%
RESULT
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the
ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the
ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.
PRECAUTION:
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain constant.
1
BIBLIOGRAPHY t
t
2
n
s
3
A