CHAPTER -3

MATRICES
A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions. The

numbers or functions are called the elements or the entries of the matrix.

Order Of a matrix
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n or simply m × n

matrix (read as an m by n matrix).

Types of Matrices

(i) COlumn matrix

A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column.

is a column matrix of order 4 × 1.

In general, A = [aij] m × 1 is a column matrix of order m × 1.

(ii) rOw matrix

A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row

(iii) Square matrix

A matrix in which the number of rows are equal to the number of columns, is

said to be a square matrix. Thus an m × n matrix is said to be a square matrix if

m = n and is known as a square matrix of order ‘n’.

(iv) diagOnal matrix

A square matrix B = [bij] m × m is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non

diagonal elements are zero, that is a matrix B = [bij] m × m is said to be a diagonal

matrix if bij = 0, when i ≠ j.

(v) SCalar matrix

A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal,

that is, a square matrix B = [bij] n × n is said to be a scalar matrix if

bij = 0, when i ≠ j

bij = k, when i = j, for some constant k.

(vi) identity matrix

A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal are all 1 and rest are all zero

is called an identity matrix. In other words, the square matrix A = [aij] n × n is an

(vii) ZerO matrix

A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
For example, [0],[ ],[ ], [0, 0] are all zero matrices. We denote
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
zero matrix by O.

equality Of matriCeS
Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal if

(i) they are of the same order

(ii) each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, that is aij = bij for

all i and j.

Worked out examples

1. Consider the following information regarding the number of men and women workers
in three factories I, II and III

Men workers Women workers

I 0 25

II 25 31
 III 27 26

Represent the above information in the form of a 3 × 2 matrix. What does the
entry in the third row and second column represent?

2. If a matrix has 8 elements, what are the possible orders it can have?

𝟏
3. Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟐 |𝒊 − 𝟑𝒋|

𝒙+𝟑 𝒛+𝟒 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟕 𝟎 𝟔 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐
4. If [ −𝟔 𝒂−𝟏 𝟎 ] = [ −𝟔 −𝟑 𝟐𝒄 + 𝟐 ]
𝒃 − 𝟑 −𝟐𝟏 𝟎 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟒 −𝟐𝟏 𝟎
Find the values of a, b, c, x, y and z.
5. Find the values of a, b, c, and d from the following equation:
𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒂 − 𝟐𝒃 𝟒 −𝟑
[ ]=[ ]
𝟓𝒄 − 𝒅 𝟒𝒄 + 𝟑𝒅 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟒

EXERCISE 3.1
𝟐 𝟓 𝟏𝟗 −𝟕
𝟓
1. In the matrix 𝑨 = [𝟑𝟓 −𝟐
𝟐
𝟏𝟐 ], write:
√𝟑 𝟏 −𝟓 𝟏𝟕
(i) The order of the matrix,

(ii) The number of elements

(iii) Write the elements a13, a21, a33, a24, a23.

2. If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What, if it has 13
elements?
3. If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What, if it has 5
elements?

4. Construct a 2 × 2 matrix, A = [aij], whose elements are given by:

(𝟏+𝒋)𝟐 𝒊 (𝒊+𝟐𝒋)𝟐
(i)𝒂𝒊𝒋 = (ii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒋 (iii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
𝟐 𝟐

5. Construct a 3 × 4 matrix, whose elements are given by:

𝟏
(i) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟐 |−𝟑𝒊 + 𝒋| (ii) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟐𝒊 − 𝒋

6. Find the values of x, y and z from the following equations:

 𝒙+𝒚+𝒛 𝟗
𝟒 𝟑 𝒚 𝒛 𝒙+𝒚 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐
(i) [ ]=[ ] (ii) [ ]=[ ] (iii) [ 𝒙 + 𝒛 ] = [𝟓 ]
𝒙 𝟓 𝟏 𝟓 𝟓+𝒛 𝒙𝒚 𝟓 𝟖 𝒚+𝒛 𝟕

7. Find the value of a, b, c and d from the equation:

𝒂 − 𝒃 𝟐𝒂 + 𝒄 −𝟏 𝟓
[ ]=[ ]
𝟐𝒂 − 𝒃 𝟑𝒄 + 𝒅 𝟎 𝟏𝟑

8. A = [aij]|m × n| is a square matrix, if

(a) m < n (b) m > n (c) m = n (d) None of these

9. Which of the given values of x and y make the following pair of matrices equal
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕 𝟓 𝟎 𝒚−𝟐
[ ]=[ ]
𝒚 + 𝟏 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 𝟖 𝟒
 −𝟏
(a) 𝒙 = ,𝒚 = 𝟕 (b) Not possible to find
𝟑

−𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟐
(c) 𝒚 = 𝟕, 𝒙 = (d) 𝒙 = ,𝒚 =
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

10. The number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is:

(a) 27 (b) 18 (c) 81 (d) 512

OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

ADDITION OF MATRICES: Two matrices A and B can be added or subtracted if they are of
same order.

MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX BY A SCALAR

In general, we may define multiplication of a matrix by a scalar as follows: if

A = [aij] m × n is a matrix and k is a scalar, then kA is another matrix which is obtained

by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k

PROPERTIESOF MATRIX ADDITION

(i) Commutative Law : If A = [aij], B = [bij] are matrices of the same order, say

m × n, then A + B = B + A.

(ii) Associative Law : For any three matrices A = [aij], B = [bij], C = [cij] of the

same order, say m × n, (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).

(iii) Existence of additive identity: Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and

O be an m × n zero matrix, then A + O = O + A = A. In other words, O is the

additive identity for matrix addition.

(iv) The existence of additive inverse :Let A = [aij]m × n be any matrix, then we

have another matrix as – A = [– aij]m × n such that A + (– A) = (– A) + A= O. So

– A is the additive inverse of A or negative of A.

Properties of scalar multiplication of a matrix

If A = [aij] and B = [bij] be two matrices of the same order, say m × n, and k and l are
scalars, then

(i) k(A +B) = k A + kB, (ii) (k + l)A = k A + l A

(ii) k (A + B) = k ([aij] + [bij])

(iii) ( k + l) A = (k + l) [aij]

= [(k + l) aij] + [k aij] + [l aij] = k [aij] + l [aij] = k A + l A

Worked out examples:

6. Given and 𝑨 = [√𝟑 𝟏 −𝟏] and 𝑩 = [ 𝟐 √𝟓 𝟏

𝟏 ], find A + B
𝟐 𝟑 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟑 𝟐

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟑
7. If𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ], then find 2A – B.
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟐

𝟖 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟐
8. If 𝑨 = [𝟒 −𝟐] and 𝑩 = [ 𝟒 𝟐 ], then find the matrix X, such that 2A + 3X = 5B.
𝟑 𝟔 −𝟓 𝟏

𝟓 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
9. Find X and Y, if 𝑿 + 𝒀 = [ ] and 𝑿 − 𝒀 = [ ].
𝟎 𝟗 𝟎 −𝟏
10. Find the values of x and y from the following equation:
𝒙 𝟓 𝟑 −𝟒 𝟕 𝟔
𝟐[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
𝟕 𝒚−𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟒

MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

The product of two matrices A and B is defined if the number of columns of A is

equal to the number of rows of B. Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and B = [bjk] be an

n × p matrix. Then the product of the matrices A and B is the matrix C of order m × p.

Examples
𝟔 𝟗 𝟐 𝟔 𝟎
11. Find AB, if 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ].
𝟐 𝟑 𝟕 𝟗 𝟖
 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑
12. If 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [𝟒 𝟓], then find AB, BA. Show that AB ≠ BA.
−𝟒 𝟐 𝟓
𝟐 𝟏

𝟎 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
13. Find AB, if 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ].
𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎

Properties of multiplication of matrices

The multiplication of matrices possesses the following properties:

1. The associative law : For any three matrices A, B and C. We have

(AB) C = A (BC), whenever both sides of the equality are defined.

2. The distributive law: For three matrices A, B and C.

(i) A (B+C) = AB + AC

(ii) (A+B) C = AC + BC, whenever both sides of equality are defined.

3. The existence of multiplicative identity : For every square matrix A, there

exist an identity matrix of same order such that IA = AI = A.

worked out examples:(5 marks)

𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟒
14. If 𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 ] , 𝑩 = [ 𝟎 𝟐] and 𝑪=[ ], find A(BC),
𝟐 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟒
(AB)C and show that (AB)C = A(BC).
 𝟎 𝟔 𝟕 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
15. 𝑨 = [−𝟔 𝟎 𝟖 ] , 𝑩 = [𝟏 𝟎 𝟐] , 𝑪 = [−𝟐]
𝟕 −𝟖 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟑
Calculate AC, BC and (A + B)C. Also, verify that (A + B)C = AC + BC

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
16 . If 𝑨 = [𝟑 −𝟐 𝟏], then show that A3 – 23A – 40 I = O
𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
 EXERCISE 3.2
𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟓
1. Let 𝑨 = [ ],𝑩 = [ ],𝑪 = [ ]
𝟑 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟓 𝟑 𝟒
Find each of the following:

(i) A + B (ii) A – B (iii) 3A – C (iv) AB (v) BA

2. Compute the following:

 𝟐 𝟐
(i) [
𝒂 𝒃
]+[
𝒂 𝒃
] (ii) [𝒂 𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ] + [ 𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝟐𝒃𝒄
]
−𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒂 +𝒄 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 −𝟐𝒂𝒄 −𝟐𝒂𝒃
−𝟏 𝟒 −𝟔 𝟏𝟐 𝟕 𝟔 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 ] + [ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙]
(iii) [ 𝟖 𝟓 𝟏𝟔 ] + [ 𝟖 𝟎 𝟓] (iv) [𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝟐 𝟖 𝟓 𝟑 𝟐 𝟒

3. Compute the indicated products.

𝟏
𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 −𝒃 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
(i) [ ][ ] (ii) [𝟐] [𝟐 𝟑 𝟒] (iii) [ ][ ]
−𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝟑
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟓 𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
iv) [𝟑 𝟒 𝟓] [𝟎 𝟐 𝟒] (v) [ 𝟑 𝟐] [ ]
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟑 𝟎 𝟓 −𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 −𝟑
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟑
(vi) [ ] [𝟏 𝟎]
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟐
𝟑 𝟏
 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟑 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
4. If 𝑨 = [𝟓 𝟎 𝟐 ] , 𝑩 = [ 𝟒 𝟐 𝟓 ] and 𝑪 = [ 𝟎 𝟑 𝟐], then compute
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑
(A + B) and (B – C). Also, verify that A + (B – C) = (A + B) – C.
 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝟑 𝟑 𝟓 𝟓
𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
5. If 𝑨 = and 𝑩 = 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓
, then compute 3A – 5B.
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟕 𝟐 𝟕 𝟔 𝟐
[𝟐 𝟐 [𝟔 𝟔]
𝟑] 𝟐

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

6. Simplify 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 [ ] + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 [ ]
− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
7. Find X and Y, if
𝟕 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎
(i) 𝑿 + 𝒀 = [ ] and 𝑿 − 𝒀 = [ ]
𝟐 𝟓 𝟎 𝟑
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 −𝟐
(ii) 𝟐𝑿 + 𝟑𝒀 = [ ] and 𝟑𝑿 + 𝟐𝒀 [ ]
𝟒 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟓

𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
8. Find X, if 𝒀 = [ ] and 𝟐𝑿 + Y = [ ]
𝟏 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟐
 𝟏 𝟑 𝒚 𝟎 𝟓 𝟔
9. Find x and y, if 2 [ ]+[ ]=[ ]
𝟎 𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟖

𝒙 𝒛 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
10. Solve the equation for x, y, z and t, if 2[𝒚 𝒕 ] + 𝟑 [𝟎 𝟐
] = 𝟑[
𝟒 𝟔
]

𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏𝟎
11. If 𝒙 [ ] + 𝒚 [ ] = [ ], find the values of x and y.
𝟑 𝟏 𝟓

𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝟔 𝟒 𝒙+𝒚
12. Given 3[ ]=[ ]+[ ], find the values of x, y, z and w.
𝒛 𝒘 −𝟏 𝟐𝒘 𝒛+𝒘 𝟑
 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟎
13. If 𝑭(𝒙) = [ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝟎], show that F(x)F(y) = F(x + y)
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

14. Show that

𝟓 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟓 −𝟏
(i) [ ][ ]≠[ ][ ]
𝟔 𝟕 𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔 𝟕

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
(ii) [𝟎 𝟏 𝟎] [ 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏] ≠ [ 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏 ] [𝟎 𝟏 𝟎]
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
15. Find A2 – 5A + 6I, if A= [𝟐 𝟏 𝟑]
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎

𝟏 𝟎 𝟐
16. If 𝑨 = [𝟎 𝟐 𝟏], prove that A3 – 6A2 + 7A + 2I = 0
𝟐 𝟎 𝟑
 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
17. If 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑰 = [ ], find k so that A2 = kA – 2I
𝟒 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟏

𝜶
𝟎 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐
18. If 𝑨 = [ 𝜶 ] and I is the identity matrix of order 2, show that
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐 𝟎

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶
𝑰 + 𝑨 = (𝑰 − 𝑨) [ ]
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶
19. A trust fund has ₹30,000 that must be invested in two different types of bonds. The
first bond pays 5% interest per year, and the second bond pays 7% interest per year. Using
matrix multiplication, determine how to divide ₹30,000 among the two types of bonds. If
the trust fund must obtain an annual total interest of:

(a) ₹1,800 (b) ₹2,000

20. The bookshop of a particular school has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8 dozen physics
books, 10 dozen economics books. Their selling prices are `80, `60 and `40 each
respectively. Find the total amount the bookshop will receive from selling all the books
using matrix algebra.

Assume X, Y, Z, W and P are matrices of order 2 × n, 3 × k, 2 × p, n × 3 and p × k,

respectively. Choose the correct answer in Exercises 21 and 22.

21. The restriction on n, k and p so that PY + WY will be defined are:

(a) k = 3, p = n (b) k is arbitrary, p = 2

(c) p is arbitrary, k = 3 (d) k = 2, p = 3

22. If n = p, then the order of the matrix 7X – 5Z is:

(a) p × 2 (b) 2 × n (c) n × 3 (d) p × n

TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

If A = [aij] be an m × n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging

the rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is

denoted by AI or (AT). In other words, if A = [aij]m × n, then AI = [aji]n × m.

Properties of transpose of the matrices

For any matrices A and B of suitable orders, we have

(i) (AI)I = A, (ii) (kA)I = kAI (where k is any constant)

(iii) (A + B)I = AI + BI (iv) (A B)I = BI AI

Examples

17. If 𝑨 = [𝟑 √𝟑 𝟐] and 𝑩 = [𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐
], verify that
𝟒 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
(i) (AI)I = A (ii) (A + B)I = AI + BI

(iii) (kB)I = kBI , where k is any constant.

−𝟐
18. If 𝑨 = [ 𝟒 ] , 𝑩 = [𝟏 𝟑 −𝟔], verify that (A B)I = BI AI (5 m)
𝟓
SYMMETRIC AND SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRICES

A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be symmetric if A′ = A, that is,

[aij] = [aji] for all possible values of i and j.

A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew symmetric matrix if AI = – A, that is aji = –

aij for all possible values of i and j.

Theorem 1:

For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A′ is a symmetric

matrix and A – A′ is a skew symmetric matrix.

Theorem 2:
Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a

skew symmetric matrix.

𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟒
Eg19 . Express the matrix 𝑩 = [−𝟏 𝟑  𝟒 ] as the sum of a symmetric and a
𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟑
skew symmetric matrix.

Exercise 3.3

1. Find the transpose of each of the following matrices:

𝟓 −𝟏 𝟓 𝟔
𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
(i) [ ] (ii)[ ] (iii)[ √𝟑 𝟓 𝟔]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏
 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟒 𝟏 −𝟓
2. If [ 𝟒 𝟕 𝟗] and 𝑩 = [ 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 ], then verify that
−𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
(i) (A + B)I= AI + BI, (ii) (A – B)I = AI – BI

𝟑 𝟒
 If 𝑨𝑰 = [−𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
3. 𝟐] and 𝑩 = [ ], then verify that
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟎 𝟏
(i) (A + B)I= AI + BI (ii) (A – B)I = AI – BI
 −𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟎
4. If AI = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ], then find (A + 2B)I
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐

5. For the matrices A and B, verify that (A B)I = BI AI where

𝟏 𝟎
(i) 𝑨 = [−𝟒] , 𝑩 = [−𝟏 𝟐 𝟏] (ii) 𝑨 = [𝟏] , 𝑩 = [𝟏 𝟓 𝟕]
𝟑 𝟐
 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶
6. If (i) 𝑨 = [ ], then verify that AI A = I
− 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶
(ii) If 𝑨 = [ ], then verify that AI A = I
− 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶

𝟏 −𝟏 𝟓
7. (i) Show that the matrix 𝑨 = [−𝟏 𝟐 𝟏] is a symmetric matrix.
𝟓 𝟏 𝟑

𝟎 𝟏 −𝟏
(ii) Show that the matrix 𝑨 = [−𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 ] is a skew symmetric matrix.
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎
 𝟏 𝟓
8. For the matrix 𝑨 = [ ], verify that
𝟔 𝟕
(i) (A + AI) is a symmetric matrix

(ii) (A – AI) is a skew symmetric matrix

𝟎 𝒂 𝒃
𝟏 𝑰 𝟏 𝑰
9. Find 𝟐 (𝑨 + 𝑨 ) and 𝟐 (𝑨 − 𝑨 ), when 𝑨 = [−𝒂 𝟎 𝒄]
−𝒃 −𝒄 𝟎
10. Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric
matrix:
𝟔 −𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 −𝟏
𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝟓
(i)[ ] (ii) [−𝟐 −𝟏] (iii) [−𝟐 −𝟐 𝟏] (iv) [ ]
𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 −𝟒 −𝟓 𝟐
Choose the correct answer

11. If A, B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB – BA is a

(a) Skew symmetric matrix (b) Symmetric matrix (c) Zero matrix (d) Identity matrix

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶
12. If 𝑨 = [ ], and A + AI = I, then the value of 𝜶 is
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶
𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
(a) 𝟔 (b) 𝟑 (c) π (d) 𝟐

INVERTIBLE MATRICES

Definition : If A is a square matrix of order m, and if there exists another square

matrix B of the same order m, such that AB = BA = I, then B is called the inverse

matrix of A and it is denoted by A-1. In that case A is said to be invertible

Theorem 3 :

(Uniqueness of inverse) Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.

Theorem 4 :

If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1.

Mcq 1. Matrices A and B will be inverse of each other only if

(a) AB = BA (b) AB = BA = 0 (c) AB = 0, BA = I (d) AB = BA = I

Eg1. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then show that AB is
symmetric if and only if A and B commute, that is AB = BA.

Choose the correct answer in the following questions:

 𝜶 𝜷
Mcq2. If 𝑨 = [ ] is such that A² = I, then
𝜸 −𝜶

(a) 1 + 𝜶² + 𝜷𝜸= 0 (b) 1 – 𝜶² + 𝜷𝜸 = 0

(c) 1 – 𝜶² - 𝜷𝜸 = 0 (d) 1+ 𝜶² - 𝜷𝜸 = 0

Mcq3. If the matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric, then

(a) A is a diagonal matrix (b) A is a zero matrix

(c) A is a square matrix (d) None of these

Mcq4. If A is square matrix such that A2 = A, then (I + A)³ – 7A is equal to

(a) A (b) I – A (c) I (d) 3A