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REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO

(RDC)
MINISTERE DES FORMATIONS
PROFESSIONNELLES

CENTRE DE FORMATION
INTERNATIONAL CENTER OF LEARNING
(ICL)

FIRST LEVEL’S
PROGRAM

Written by

Mr. MPUDI ISMAEL (WINNER)

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I. ENGLISH ALPHABET

During this English lesson you will start learning the English alphabet. By the end of
the lesson you will be able to say every letter of the English alphabet.

26 letters make up the English alphabet, which are:

A - b - c - d - e - f - g - h - i - j - k- l - m - n - o - p - q - r - s - t - u - v - w - x - y - and –z

There are 20 consonants (b-c-d-f-g-h-j-k-l-m-n-p-q-r-s-t-v-w-x-z), 5 (a-e-i-o-u) vowels

and 1 semi-vowel (Y)

We call the letter written like this:

• Capital letter : A, B, C, D, …
Large letter
Upper case letter

• Small letter : a, b, c, d, …
Lower case letter
Minute letter

II. GREETINGS

Different ways to greet someone in English. It is important to know how to say “Hello”
but in English there are many formal and informal ways to greet someone when you
see him.

FORMAL GREETINGS

Good morning
Good afternoon
Good evening
Hello
Bow
Let’s shake hand
Pat on the back
Kiss on the cheek
Hail
All hail

INFORMAL
Hi
Hi everyone
Hi everybody
Howdy
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III. DAYS OF THE WEEK AND MONTHS OF THE YEAR

This lesson you will learn how to talk about days in

a week.

How to talk about the days of the week

Yesterday was (-1 day or 1 day ago)
Yesterday was Friday

Today is (the present day)

Today is Tuesday

Tomorrow will be (+1 day or the day after)

Tomorrow will be weekend

THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR

There are twelve months in a year which are: January, February, March, April,
May, Jun, July, August, September, October, November and December.

We say: In January
In March

IV. TELLING THE DATE IN ENGLISH

In American English
If you want to be formal, you write the month and the day, and then you add the year
in numerical format.
For example : May the twentieth, 1981

A less formal way of writing the date is writing only the month and then adding the
day and the year in numerical format.
For example : May 20th,1981
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The least formal way of writing the date is using all numerical formats
For examle : 05/20/1981

Note : you can use a dot (.) or a hyphen (-) instead of a slash (/).
For example: 05.20.1981 or 05-20-1981

In British English
The only difference between American and British English in writing the date is actually
the order of the month and the day. In American English month comes first, however,
in British English day comes first.
American English British English
05/20/1981 20/05/1981
05-22-1986 22-05-1986
May the twentieth,1981 The twentieth of May,1981 the twenty-
May the twenty-second, 1986 second of May, 1986
Note : In both American and British English months are written with an initial capital.
For example: May, June, July

V. HOW TO ASK THE NAME

Q/ What is your name?

A/ My name is ………………
Q/ What is your last name/postname/ middle name?
A/ My last name/ postname/ middle is …………………..
Q/ What is your first name/given name: Christian name?
A/ My first name/ given name/ Christian name is …………….
Q/ What is your nickname?
A/ My nickname is …………………..
Q/ What is your family name/ surname?
A/ My family name/ surname is …………………….

VI. SOME FAREWELLS

Cheerio
So long
See you soon
See you next time
Be seeing you
I take you leave
See you later
See you before dark
See you after
Good bye
Ta-ta
We’ve got to meet
See you tonight
See you tomorrow
Bye

VII. SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT THE HEALTH

Q/ How are you?

A/ I am fine thanks
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Q/ How are you doing?

A/ I am alright
Q/ How are you going?
A/ I am very well
Q/ How have you been?
A/ I was so-so
Q/ How is it?
A/ I’m wonderful
Q/ How could you make it?
A/ I am marvelous
Q/ How does it go?
A/ I am not so bad
Q/ How is the health?
A/ I am just fine, thank you
Q/ Are you fine?
A/ I am okay
Q/ What’s up?
A/ I am like a fish in water
Q/ How is it going?
A/ All goes well
Q/ How is everything?
A/ Quiet a bit
Q/ Is all okay?
A/ Great
Q/ Do you get better?
A/ I am not more than you
Q/ How is the life getting along to you?
A/ I am sick/ ill
Q/ How are you?
A/ Up and down
A/ More or less
A/ Wonder thing couldn’t be better

VIII. SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT THE PLACE

Q/ Where are you?

A/ I am at house
Q/ Where are you going?
A/ I am going somewhere
Q/ Where do you come from?
A/ I come from church
Q/ Where are you from?
A/ I am from Angola
A/ I pray at Catholic Church
Q/ Where do you study?
A/ I study at MBALA FILS school
Q/ Where do you learn English?
A/ I learn English at ASC
Q/ Where have you been?
A/ I have been at the university
Q/ Where were you?
A/ I was about my sister
Q/ Where do you live?
Q/ Where do you reside?
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Q/ Where do you stay?

Q/ Where do you dwell?
IX. WHISHES

• Good morning
• Good afternoon
• Good evening
• Good night
• Good sleeping
• Good day
• Have a good day
• Have a nice day
• Happy new year
• Merry Christmas
• Enjoy your meal / good apetite
• Enjoy your food / good apetite
• Enjoy Your drink
• Good Luck
• Enjoy Your self
• Happy birthday
• Happy wedding
• Have à Nice day
• Go Well
• Return
• Good Works
• Good travel
• Have a good Holiday
• Have a good breakfast
• Sheers
• Good lunch
• Good way
• Congratulations
• Have a safe, trip at home
• Have a good step
X. THE AMERICAN “T”

The American T is influenced very strongly by intonation and its position in a word or
phrase.
There are, however, 4 basic rules: [ T is T ], [ T is D ], [ T is silent ], [ T is held ]

• Top of the staircase [ T is T ]

If the T is at the beginning of a word (or the top p of the staircase), it is a strong, clear
T sound.
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Examples: Table [teibƆl]

Tomorrow
Teacher
• Middle of the staircase [ T is D ]
If the T is in the middle of the word, intonation changes the sound to a soft D
Examples: Letter [ledər]
Water [wƆdər]
Daughter [dƆ:dər]
Lot of, meeting

Practice these sentences

What a good idea
Put it in a bottle
Get a better water heater
Put all the data in the computer

• T is Silent
T and N are so close in the mouth that the [t] can disappear.
Examples: Interview [inne:vyu:]
International [inne:neiʃənƆl]
Advantage [ædvæn’ dȝ]
Percentage [pə:sen’dȝ]
• If the T is at the end of a word, you do not pronounce it at all.
Examples: Put, what, lot, set, hot, sit, shot,
That’s quite right, isn’t it?

• Bottom of the staircase [ Tis held ]

Remember, [t] and [n] are very close in the mouth. If you have [n] immediately
after[t], you do not pop the [t]. Examples: written [rwitn]
Certain [sə:tn]

XI. DIFFERENT WAY TO SAY I DO NOT UNDERSTAND

Here are the different manners in which you can say “I don’t understand” in a nother
hand

• What did you say?

• What did you mean?
• I don’t understand
• Excuse me, can you please repeat it?
• Sorry I didn’t catch that!
• I missed that
• That went right over my head
• Can you speak slowly please?
• I don’t get it
• Do you mind explaining it again?
• I’m afraid it is not clear what you’re saying
• Would you mind clarifying what you said
• I don’t catch what you said, sorry
• Could you be so kind to come back word by word?
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XII. TELLING TIME

There are two common ways of telling the time.

1) Say the hour first and then the minutes. (Hour + Minutes)
• 6:25 - six twenty-five
• 8:05 - eight O-five
• 9:11 – nine eleven
• 2:34 – two thirty-four

2) Say the minutes first and then the hour. (Minutes + PAST / TO + Hour) For
minutes 1-30 we use PAST after the minutes.
For minutes 31-59 we use TO after the minutes.
• 2:35 - twenty-five to three
• 11:20 – twenty past eleven
• 4:18 – eighteen past four
• 8:51 – nine to nine
• 2:59 - one to three

When it is 15 minutes past the hour we normally say: a quarter past

• 7:15 - a quarterpastseven

When it is 15 minutes before the hour we normally say: a quarter to

• 12:45 - a quarter to one

When it is 30 minutes past the hour we normally say: half past

• 3:30 - half past three (but we can also say three-thirty)

O'clock
We use o'clock when there are NO minutes.
• 10:00 – ten o'clock
• 5:00 - five o'clock
• 1:00 - one o'clock

XIII. SAY THANKS AND THANK YOU

Thank you is more formal than thanks.

• Thank you. (not thanks you)
• Thanks a lot. (not thank you a lot)
• Thank you very much.
• Thanks very much.
• Thank God it’s Friday. (not thanks God)
• Thank you very much indeed. (but not thanks indeed)

Thank you for / thanks for can be followed by an – ing form.

• Thank you for coming.
• Thanks for buying it.

We often use thank / thanks to accept offers.

• Would you like some coffee? Thank you.
To refuse offer, you can say no thank you / no thanks.
• Another cake? No, thanks. I have eaten too many already.

Replies to thanks
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British people do not usually answer when they are thanked for small things. If a reply
is necessary, we can say not at all (formal), You are welcome, don’t mention it, that’s
quite all right or that’s (informal).
• Here is your coat. Thanks (no answer).
• Thanks so much for looking after the children. That’s all right. (answer
necessary)

XIV. MAKING AND RESPONDING TO A REQUEST

It’simportant to be polite when you ask for something. You can make a
request by using:
• Can you…………?
• Could you………?
• Will you………….?
• Would you mind………?

Here are some examples of how to make a request

• Can you show me your photo album please?
• Will you lend me your book, please?
• Could you possibly show me the way to the post office, please?
• Would you mind lending me your pen, please?

RESPONDING TO REQUEST
• Sure here you are
• Okay
• No, I’m sorry I need it
• I’m afraid I can’t.

XV. PRONOUNS

A pronoun usually refers to something already mentioned in the sentence

Pronoun singular singular singular Plural Plural
Personal pronoun subject I You He, she, it We, you They

Personal pronoun object me You Him, her, it Us, you Them

Possessive pronouns mine Yours His, hers, Ours, Theirs

its yours
Reflexive pronouns myself Yourself Himself, Ourselves, Themselves
herself, yourselves
itself
Possessive adjective my Your His, her, Our, your Their
its
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XVI. VERB TO BE

1) THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE OF TO BE

AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Full form Contracted form
I am a judge I’m a judge
You are a lawyer You’re a lawyer
He is a boy He’s a boy
She is a girl She’s a girl
It is a flower It’s a flower
We are students We’re students
You are salesmen
You’re salesmen
They are in DRC
They’re in DRC

NEGATIVE FORM
Full form 1St Contracted form 2nd Contracted form
I am not a baby I’m not a baby I ain’t a baby
You are not alone You’re not alone You aren’t alone
He is not a daughter He’s not a son He isn’t a son
She is not a son She’s not a daughter She isn’t a daughter
It is not a doll It’s not a doll It isn’t a doll
We are not wrestlers We’re not parents We aren’t parents
You are not carpenter You’re not husbands You aren’t husbands
They are not with us They’re not wives They aren’t wives

INTERROGATIVE FORM INTERRONEGATIVE FORM

(VERB + SUBJECT + OBJECT) (VERB + SUBJECT + NOT + OBJECT)
Am I an engineer? Am I not an engineer?
Are you an electrician? Are you not an electrician?
Is he a mason? Is he not a mason?
Is she a housewife? Is she not a housewife?
Is it a job? Is it not a job?
Are we painters? Are we not painters?
Are you cashiers? Are you not cashiers?
Are they workers? Are they not workers?

2) SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF TO BE

AFFIRMATIVE FORM
I was a baby
You were in L. A.
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He was a parent
She was at the A.V.C
It was my fault She
We were youngs
You were kids
They were off

NEGATIVE FORM
I was not (wasn’t) with you
You were not (weren’t) alone
He was not (wasn’t) a parent
She was not (wasn’t) my spouse
It was not (wasn’t) my fault
We were not (weren’t) youngs
You were not (weren’t) kind
They were not (weren’t) naught

INTERRONEGATIVE FORM
Wasn’t I a wrestler?
Weren’t you a singer?
Wasn’t he a boxer?
Wasn’t she a runner?
Wasn’t it truth?
Weren’t we racer?
Weren’t you judokas?
Weren’t they karates?

INTERROGATIVE FORM
Was I a mechanic?
Were you an electrician?
Was he electronics?
Was she a painter?
Was it truth?
Were we engineers?
Were you carpenters?
Were they plumbers?

3) THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE OF TOBE

AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Form: S+SHALL/WILL+VERB (-to) +O/C
I shall be a mechanic
You will be an electrician
He will be a mason
She will be a painter
It will be truth
We shall be in London
You will be teachers
They will be a plumber

NEGATIVE FORM
Form: S+SHALL/WILL+NOT+V (-to) +O/C
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I shall not be a pastor

You will not be a pilot
He will not be in Miami
She will not be a housewife
It will not be a job
We shall not be against you
You will not be carpenters
They will not be mechanics

INTERROGATIVE FORM
Form: SHALL/WILL +S+V (-to)
+O/C+?
Shall I be there?
Will you be a maker?
Will he be a waiter?
Will she be a maid of honor?
Will it be truth?
Shall we be womanizers?
Will you be plumbers?
Will they be in Kinshasa?

INTERRONEGATIVE FORM
Form: SHALL/WILL+S+NOT+V (-to)
+O/C+?
Shall I not be a father?
Will you not be a president?
Will he not be a singer?
Will she not be a mother?
Will it not be truth?
Shall we not be masons?
Will you not be painters?
Will they not be in N’djili?

XVII. VERB TO HAVE

AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Full Form Contracted NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM
I have a car I’ve a car I have not a lamp state Have I a car?
You have a radio You’ve a radio You have not fan Have you a friend?
He has a pen He’s a pen He have not a van Has he a van?
She has an orange She’s an orange She have not a rude Has she a bus?
It has fours plats It’s four plates It have not planes Has it planes?
We have trucks We’ve trucks We have not trucks Have we cribs?
You have bikes You’ve bikes You have not bikes Have you bottle opener?
They have trains They have not apples Have they lofts?
They’ve trains

INTERRONEGATIVE FORM
Have I not an orange?
Have you not a beaker?
Have he not a cupboard?
Have she not an avocado?
Have it not a papaw?
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Have we not grapes?

Have you a lemon?
Have they apples?

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF TO HAVE

AFFIRMATIVE FORM
I had
You had
He had
She had
It had
We ha d
You had
They had

NEGATIVE FORM
I had not
You had not
He had not
She had not
It had not
We had not
You had not
They had not

INTERROGATIVE FORM
Had I?
Had you?
Had he?
Had she?
Had it?
Had we?
Had you?
Had they?

INTERRONEGATIVE FORM
Had I not?
Had you not?
Had he not?
Had she not?
Had it not?
Had we not?
Had you not?
Had they not?

THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE OF TO HAVE

AFFIRMATIVE FORM
I shall have
You will have
He will have
He will have
She will have
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It will have
We shall have
You will have
They will have

NEGATIVE FORM
I shall not have
You will not have
He will not have
She will not have
It will not have
We shall not have
You will not have
They will not have

INTERROGATIVE FORM
Shall I have?
Will you have?
Will he have?
Will she have?
Will it have?
Shall we have?
Will you have?
Will they have?

INTERRONEGATIVE FORM
Shall I not have?
Will you not have?
Will he not have?
Will she not have
Will it not have
Shall we not hav
Will you not have?
Will they not have?

XVIII. CONJUGATION OF ORDINARY VERB

1) SIMPLE PRESENT
Form: S+VERB (-to) +O/C
I wash the clothes
You iron the clothes
He brooms the house
She buys loads.
It jumps in the sea
We follow a regular schedul
You blow the nose
They know us very well

NOTE :
• If the verb ends in SS, X, CH, SH or O, we add ES in the third person:
Examples: To kiss = he/she/it kisses
To go = he/she/it goes
• If the verb ends in a consonant +Y, we remove the Y and add IES in the third
person:
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Examples: To study = he/she/it studies

To deny = he/she/it denies
• But if the verb ends in a vowel +Y, we only add S:
Examples: To play = he/she/it plays
To buy = He/she/it buys
• Then in general case, if the verb does not refer to these cases, we only add S
in the end:
Examples: To give = he/she/it gives
To speak = He/she/it speaks

NEGATIVE FORM
Form: S+DO/DOES+NOT+VERB (-to) +O/C
I do not leave home now
You do not like historical movies
He does not brush his teeth
She does not comb hair
It does not play lenis We
do not watch a movie
You do not get up early.
They do not live near vas

INTERRONEGATIVE FORM
Form: DO NOT/ DOES NOT+S+VERB (-to) +O/C+?
Do I not show you the way?
Do you not watch T.V?
Does he not learn English?
Does she not carry an umbrella?
Does the plane not arrive on time?
Do we not remember them?
Don’t you know my name?
Do they not say something?

INTERROGATIVE FORM
Form: DO/DOES+S+VERB (-to) +O/C+?
Do I get up early every morning?
Do you believe in Jesus Christ?
Does he come now?
Does she play basketball?
Does it belong to Winner?
Do we hunt animals?
Do you speak English?
Do they start the reading?

2) SIMPLE PAST

AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Form: S+ VERB (in past) +O/C
I spoke
You played
He gave
She made
It did
We went
You studied
They denied
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NEGATIVE FORM
Form: S+DID+NOT VERB (in bare infinitive) +O/C
I did not speak
You did not play
He did not give
She did not make
It did not fix
We did not go
You did not study
They did not deny

INTERRONEGATIVE FORM
Form: DID+S+NOT+VERB (bare infinitive) +O/C+?
Did I not speak Portuguese?
Did you not play rugby?
Did he not give money?
Did she not make an omelet?
Did it not fix?
Did we not go over there?
Did you not study in ULK?
Did they not deny us?

INTERROGATIVE FORM
Form: DID+S+VERB (bare infinitive) +O/C+?
Did I speak Chinese?
Did you play Tennis?
Did he give money?
Did she make a cake?
Did it fix?
Did we go there?
Did you study in Kinshasa?
Did they deny our love?

XIX. MODAL VERBS

A modal verb is a verb that combines with another verb to indicate the mood or
tense.
Modal verbs are also called as Modal Auxiliary Verbs.

Here's a list of the modal verbs in English:

Can could may Might Will
Would must shall Should ought to

Modals are different from normal verbs:

1: They don't use an 's' for the third person singular. 2: They make questions by
inversion ('she can go' becomes 'can she go?').
3: They are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without 'to').
4: They take negation directly (he may not) 5: They don’t have
the present participle (not Musting, Canning)
6: They are no co-occurrence (not May will)

Here are the uses of them:

Probability:
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First, they can be used when we want to say how sure we are that something happened
/ is happening / will happen. We often call these 'modals of deduction' or 'speculation'
or 'certainty' or 'probability'.
For example: It's snowing, so it must be very cold outside.
I don't know where John is. He could have missed the train.
This bill can't be right. £200 for two cups of coffee!

Ability
We use 'can' and 'could' to talk about a skill or ability.
For example:
• She can speak six languages.
• My grandfather could play golf very well.
• I can't drive.

Obligation and Advice

We can use verbs such as 'must' or 'should' to say when something is necessary or
unnecessary, or to give advice.
For example:
• Children must do their homework.
• We have to wear a uniform at work.
• You should stop smoking.

Permission
We can use verbs such as 'can', 'could' and 'May' to ask for and give permission.
We also use modal verbs to say something is not allowed.
For example:
• Could I leave early today, please?
• You may not use the car tonight.
• Can we swim in the lake?

Habits
We can use 'will' and 'would' to talk about habits or things we usually do, or did in
the past.
For example:
• When I lived in Italy, we would often eat in the restaurant next to my flat.
• John will always be late!

XX. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

FORM: S+BE (conjugated) + Main verb (ING form) +O/C

• How do we spell the present participle of verbs?
We make the present participle by adding – ING to the end of the main verb. But
sometimes we have to change the word a little. Perhaps we double the last letter, or
we drop a letter.

Here are the rules to help you know to spell it

Basic rule: just add –ING to the end of the main verb:
E.g: work = working
Play = playing
See = seeing
Exception 1: if the main verb ends in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant, we
double the last letter and add ING
E.g: Stop = stopping
Run = running
Begin =beginning
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• Note that if that vowel is not stressed, we do not double the last consonant
but we only add ING
E.g: open = opening Happen
= happening
Exception 2: f the main verb ends in “ie”, change “ie” to “y” and add ING
E.g: Lie = lying Die
= dying
Exception 3: If the main verb ends in vowel + consonant + e, we omit “e” and add
ING
E.g.: come = coming

FORM: S + AUX. BE + MAIN VERB (in ing form) + O/C

E. g: I am speaking to you
She is not staying in London
Are they waiting for Akeelah?
Are you not calling your mother?

• How do we use the present continuous tense?

We use the present continuous tense to talk about an action happening now or at the
same time and also to express the near future – if we add a future word!! Such as,
tomorrow, next day, in July, the following week, etc…

E .g: I am taking my exam next month

XXI. GOING TO OR WILL

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true about the
future, we use 'will'.
• The President will serve for four years.
• The boss won't be very happy.
• I'm sure you'll like her.
• I'm certain he'll do a good job.

If we are not so certain about the future, we use 'will' with expressions such as
'probably', 'possibly', 'I think', 'I hope'.
• I hope you'll visit me in my home one day.
• She'll probably be a great success.
• I'll possibly come but I may not get back in time.
• I think we'll get on well.

If you are making a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation, use
'going to'.
• Not a cloud in the sky. It's going to be another warm day.
• Look at the queue. We're not going to get in for hours.
• The traffic is terrible. We're going to miss our flight.
• Be careful! You're going to spill your coffee.

At the moment of making a decision, use 'will'. Once you have made the decision,
talk about it using 'going to'.
• I'll call Jenny to let her know. Sarah, I need Jenny's number. I'm going to call
her about the meeting.
• I'll come and have a drink with you but I must let Harry know. Harry, I'm going
to have a drink with Simon.
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XXII. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIKE and AS

•
LIKE: is a preposition, used before a noun or pronoun, to say that two things
are similar. They behave or operate in the same way.
Here are a few more examples:
He works like a slave
The children swim like fish
The boy runs like a hare
Tom is not at all like his brother Paul
Our new room-mate Akeelah looks like an angel

•
AS: is a preposition, before a noun or pronoun, is used to refer to jobs and
functions.
Here are a few more examples:
He works as an accountant
Ms. The moon was employed as a teacher
Mr. Clever ‘son is respected as a writer
When James was a student, he worked every summer as a waiter
Larry has joined a telephone company as a product manager

XXIII. CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS

A Cardinal Number is a number that says how many of something there are, such
as one, two, three, four, five.

An Ordinal Number is a number that tells the position of something in a list, such as
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th etc.
Cardinal Ordinal
1 One 1st First
2 Two 2nd Second
3 Three 3rd Third
4 Four 4th Fourth
5 Five 5th Fifth
6 Six 6th Sixth
7 Seven 7th Seventh
8 Eight 8th Eighth
9 Nine 9th Ninth
10 Ten 10th Tenth
11 Eleven 11th Eleventh
12 Twelve 12th Twelfth
13 Thirteen 13th Thirteenth
14 Fourteen 14th Fourteenth
15 Fifteen 15th Fifteenth
16 Sixteen 16th Sixteenth
17 Seventeen 17th Seventeenth
18 Eighteen 18th Eighteenth
19 Nineteen 19th Nineteenth
20 Twenty 20th Twentieth
21 Twenty one 21st Twenty-first
22 Twenty two 22nd Twenty-second
23 Twenty three 23rd Twenty-third
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24 Twenty four 24th Twenty-fourth

25 Twenty five 25th Twenty-fifth

30 Thirty 30th Thirtieth

31 Thirty one 31th Thirty-first

40 Forty 40th Fortieth

50 Fifty 50th Fiftieth
60 Sixty 60th Sixtieth
70 Seventy 70th Seventieth
80 Eighty 80th Eightieth
90 Ninety 90th Ninetieth
100 One hundred 100th Hundredth
1000 One thousand 1000th Thousandth

Form
Spelling of Ordinal Numbers
Just add th to the cardinal number:
• four - fourth
• eleven - eleventh
• one - first
• two - second
• three - third
• five - fifth

Exceptions:
• eight - eighth
• nine - ninth
• twelve - twelfth
In compound ordinal numbers, note that only the last figure is written as an ordinal
number:
• 421st = four hundred and twenty-first
• 5,111th = five thousand, one hundred and eleventh Figures
• twenty – sixth=26th
• hundred and first=101st
When expressed as figures, the last two letters of the written word are added to the
ordinal number:

Titles
In names for kings and queens, ordinal numbers are written in Roman numbers. In
spoken English, the definite article is used before the ordinal number:
• Charles II - Charles the Second
• Edward VI - Edward the Sixth
• Henry VIII - Henry the Eighth
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XXIV. SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.

For the plural form of most nouns, add s.
• bottle – bottles
• cup – cups
• pencil – pencils
• desk – desks
• sticker – stickers
• window – windows
For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es.
• box – boxes
• watch – watches
• moss – mosses
• bus – buses
For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.
• wolf – wolves
• wife – wives
• leaf – leaves
• life – lives
Some nouns have different plural forms.
• child – children
• woman – women
• man – men
• mouse – mice
• goose – geese
Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.
• baby – babies
• toy – toys
• kidney – kidneys
• potato – potatoes
• memo – memos
• stereo – stereos
A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.
• sheep – sheep
• deer – deer
• series – series
• species – specie

XXV. QUESTION WORDS

Question words are words which help us to ask questions,

We often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for
example: why, how).
The most common question words in English are the following: (who, where, when,
why, what, which, how ect…)
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- Who: is only used when referring to people or if you want to know the identification
or person
e.g: Who are your best friends?
- Where: is used when referring to a place or location or if you want to know the
place.
e.g. Where is the library?
Where do you learn English?

- When: is used to refer to a time or occasion or, if you want to know the time.
e.g. When are we going to finish?
When is your mother going to have another child?

- Why: is used to obtain an explanation or reason or if you want to know the reason.
[Link] are they always late?
Why do we eat only fish?
- With why, normally the answer begins with “because”.
e.g. why are you late? Because I was busy?

-What: is used to refer to specific information, profession or sex. Or asking

information about something.
[Link] is your name?
What is her favorite color

-Which: is used when a choice needs to be made or if you want to know thing
between alternatives.
[Link] day do you prefer for the meeting, today or tomorrow?
Whichcolor do you like, blue or red?

-Whom: object of the verb

[Link] did you meet? I met the manager

-Whose: possession
e.g. Whose is this book?

-How: is used to describe the manner that something is done or if you want to know
the way
e.g. How do you cook beans?
How does she dance?
-With how there are a number of other expressions that are used in questions:
How much: refers to a quantity or price ( We use it for a uncountable nouns)
[Link] much time do you have to finish the test?
How much costs this pen?

-How many: refers to a quantity. (we use it for a countable nouns)

e.g. how many students are you in your class room?

-How often : refers to frequency

e.g. how often does he study?
• How far: refers to distance.
e.g. how far is the bus stop from here?

• How long: refers to duration.

e.g. how long did you stay in that hotel?

• How old : refers to age

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[Link] old is miss wonder?

• How come: refers to reason.

[Link] did I not see you at the party?

• What kind: refers to description.

e.g. What kind of music do you like?

XXVI. ADVERBS

Adverbs tell us in that way someone does something. Adverbs can modify verbs,
adjectives, or other adverbs.

In most cases, an adverb is formed by adding –ly to an adjective.

E.g: Quick = quickly
Slow = slowly

• If the adjective ends in “Y” we replace the “Y” with “I” and add “ly”:
E. g: Easy = easily

• If the adjective ends in “able”, “ible” or “le”, we replace the “e” with “y”.
E. g: Probable = probably

• If the adjective ends in “ic”, we add “ally”.

E. g: Basic = basically
Economic = economically
Except: Public = publicly

• Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective. Three examples of
such words are Early, Fast, Late.
E. g: The train arrived early (It was an early train.)
Levi drives fast (Levi is a fast driver)
A student is late (There is a late student).

• All words ending in “ly” are not necessary adverbs:

• Adjective ending in “ly”: Silly, lonely, friendly…
• Nouns ending in “ly”: Italy, bully…
• Verbs ending in “ly”: apply, supply…

FUNCTION
Adverbs modify or tell us more about other words, usually verbs:
E. g: The bears ate greedily.
He is driving now.

• Sometimes they tell us more about adjectives

E. g: The campers saw a very beautiful sunset.
• They can also modify other adverbs
E. g: The dog ate very quickly

KINDS OF ADVERBS
We have got several kinds of adverbs. Namely:

• ADVERBS OF TIME
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Adverbs of time describe when something happens. Adverb of time

mainly modifies verbs. They answer to the question “When?”
E. g: I want it now.

• ADVERBS OF PLACE
Adverbs of place tell us the place where something happens. They
mainly modify verbs and are usually placed after the main verb or after
the object. They answer to the question “Where?”
E. g: I looked everywhere.

• ADVERBS OF MANNER
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. Mainly modify verbs.
They are usually placed after the main verb or the object. They answer
to the question “How?”
E. g: Snow swims well.

• ADVERBS OF DEGREE
Adverbs of degree tell us about intensity or degree of an action. They can
modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They are usually placed
before the adjective, adverb or the main verb and they answer to
the question “How much?” or “to what degree?”
E. g: The water was extremely cold.

• ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Adverbs of frequency tell us how often something happens. They are
placed before the main but after the auxiliaries and they answer to the
question “How often?”
E. g: I am always happy to see Playboy
We usually eat breakfast at 7o’clock a. m

POSITION
We put adverbs in different positions in sentences. There are Three main
positions but also a lot of exceptions.
Here are the three main positions:
• Adverb at the beginning of a sentence: E.g:Frankly, I don’t believe
• Adverb in the middle of a sentence: E. g: The office is always open.
• Adverb at the end of a sentence: E. g: God’s light works hard.

As exception:
• we never put adverbs between the verb and the object or complement
E. g: He ate greedily the chocolate cake.

• If there is a preposition before the object, we can place the adverb

either before the preposition or after the object.
E. g: The child ran towards his mother happily.

• If there are more adverbs at the end of a sentence, they are placed
• “manner + place + time”.
E. g: Benlah sang the song happily in the bathroom yesterday evening.

XXVII. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Adjectives and adverbs

• Our holiday was too short - the time went very quickly.
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• The driver of the car was seriously injured in the accident.

Quickly and seriously are adverbs. Many adverbs are made from an adjective + -ly:

Adjective : quick serious careful quiet bad heavy

Adverb : quickly seriously carefully quietly badly heavily

Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in -ly too,
For example: Friendly / lively / elderly / lonely / silly / lovely

B- Adjective or adverb

Adjectives (quick/careful etc.) tell us about a noun. We use adjectives before nouns
and after some verbs, especially be:
• Tom is a careful driver carefully (not a carefully driver)

Adverbs (quickly/carefully etc.) tell us about a verb. An adverb tells us how

somebody does something or how something happens:

W e also use adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs.

For example:
- Reasonably cheap (adverb + adjective)
- terribly sorry (adverb + adjective)
- incredibly quickly (adverb + adverb)

• It's a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good.

• Oh, I'm terribly sorry. I didn't mean to push you. (not 'terrible sorry')
• Maria learns languages incredibly quickly.
• The examination was surprisingly easy.

You can also use an adverb before a past participle (injured/ organized/ written etc.)
• Two people were seriously injured in the accident, (not 'serious injured')
• The meeting was very badly organized.

XXVIII. MUST AND HAVE TO

We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a
logical deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason.

For example: There's no heating on. You must be freezing.

You must be worried that she is so late coming home.
I can't remember what I did with it. I must be getting old.
It must be nice to live in Florida.

We also use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually
means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the
speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.)

For example: I must go to bed earlier.

They must do something about it.
You must come and see us some time.
I must say, I don't think you were very nice to him.

We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this
usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.
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For example: I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.

We have to give him our answer today or lose out on the contract.
You have to pass your exams or the university will not accept you.
I have to send a report to Head Office every week.

In British English, we often use 'have got to' to mean the same as 'have to'.
For example: I’ve got to take this book back to the library or I'll get a fine.
We've got to finish now as somebody else needs this room.

We can also use ' will have to' to talk about strong obligations. Like 'must' this usually
means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary. (Remember
that 'will' is often used to show 'willingness'.)
For example: I’ll have to speak to him.
We'll have to have lunch and catch up on all the gossip.
They'll have to do something about it.
I’ll have to get back to you on that.

As you can see, the differences between the present forms are sometimes very small
and very subtle. However, there is a huge difference in the negative forms.
For example: We use 'mustn't' to express strong obligations NOT to do something.
We mustn't talk about it. It's confidential.
I mustn't eat chocolate. It's bad for me.
You mustn't phone me at work. We aren't allowed personal calls.
They mustn't see us talking or they'll suspect something.

We use 'don't have to' (or 'haven't got to' in British English) to state that there is NO
obligation or necessity.
For example: We don't have to get there on time. The boss is away today.
I don't have to listen to this. I'm leaving.
You don't have to come if you don't want to.
He doesn't have to sign anything if he doesn't want to at this stage

XXIX. MUCH, MANY, LITTLE AND FEW

We use much and little with uncountable nouns:

Much time/ much luck / little energy /little money/

We use many and few with plural nouns:

Many friends / many people / few cars / few countries
We use much/many especially in negative sentences and questions. A lot (of) is also
possible:

• We didn't spend much money, (or we didn't spend a lot of money.)

• Do you know many people ? (Or do you know a lot of people?)
• I don't go out much, (or I don't go out a lot.)

In positive sentences a lot (of) is more usual. Much is unusual in positive

sentences in spoken English:
• We spent a lot of money, (not 'we spent much money')
• He goes out a lot. (Not' He goes out much')

You can use many in positive sentences, but a lot (of) is more usual in spoken
English:
• A lot of people (or many people) drive too fast.
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But note that we use too much and so much in positive sentences:
• We spent too much money.

Little and few (without 'a') are negative ideas (=not much / not many):
• We must be quick. There is little time. (=not much, not enough time)
• He isn't popular. He has few friends. (=not many, not enough friends)

You can say very little and very few:

• There is very little time. • He has very few friends.

XXX. PREPOSITIONS

Are words which show the relationship between a noun or a pronoun object and some
other words on the sentence. They are always followed by nouns or pronouns. They
are called “the biggest little words” in English because they have very important
functions.
Three Groups of Prepositions:
• Prepositions of place, position and direction
• Prepositions of time
• Prepositions for the other relationship

Although prepositions are hard to generalize with separate rules, there is one simple
rule about them. And, unlike most rules, this rule has no exceptions.

Rule:
They are always followed by a “noun, never followed by a verb. By “noun” we
include:
• Pronoun (you, him, us)
• Noun Group (my first car)
• Gerund (swiming)

Prepositions of Time / Place at, in, on

• At for a PRECISE TIME
• In for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURES and LONG PERIODS
• On for DAYS and Dates
At In On
At 4:30 pm in March on Monday
At 3 o'clock In Winter On 6 March
At noon In the summer On 22 Dec.2012
At dinnertime In 1990 On Christmas Day
At bedtime In the nextcentury On your birthday
At the moment In the future On New Year's Eve

Notice that use of prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

In the morning / On the Monday morning
In the mornings / On Sunday mornings
In the afternoon(s) / On Sunday afternoons
In the evening(s) / On Friday evenings

When we say next, last, this, every. We do not use at, in, on.
I went to New York last June (not in last June)
She is looking back next Monday (not on next Monday)
I go home every Easter (not at every Easter)
We’ll call you this afternoon. (Not in this afternoon)
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Place: at, in, on In

General:
• At for a POINT (dog, money, love)
• In for an ENCLOSED SPACE
• On for a SURFACE

At In On
At the bus stop In London On the wall
At the corner In the garden On the ceiling
At the entrance Ina box On the floor
At the crossroads Ina building On the carpet
At the top of the page In a car On a page

Some other common uses of at / on / in

At In On
At home In a car On a bus
At work In a taxi On a train
At school In a helicopter On a plane
At university In an elevator On a bicycle
At the top In the sky On the radio
At the bottom In the street On the left
At the side In arow On a horse
At reception In a boat On a boat

Notice how we can use on a boat or in a boat depending on the type and the size of
the particular boat/ship.

More Prepositions
Prepositions Use Example
during the movie, during
During while in
the flight, during my stay
For for two days, for an hour
from Saturday to Monday,
from / to
from 5 to 9
between 1986 and 2012,
Between …
the time period from one to another between Saturday and
and
monday
until/till before a certain time until/till Sunday,5o'clock
by Tuesday, by next
By at the least
month, by tomorrow
to school, to work, to the
To movementtowards
station
into the cinema, into the
Into Movement towards inside something
car
out of to leave a place/a thing
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out of the theater, out of

the car
LINK stand by me, by the
By near/next to/beside
lake
through the tunnel,
Through through the room