PTER OUTLINE introduction~Climate of ingig Ora and Fauna ing/Learning aids: ie ete Pearse and Values to be developed, Jiop pointing flow chart, pictures, atlas. jiaaate biosphere reserves and national parks on map of rks on map of India, , INTRODUCTION-CLIMATE OF INDIA The climate of a country is based on the detaile dy ofits temperature, rainfall aa Bi direction of the winds The climate of India i 08: (a) The Tropic of Cancer (23%2N) ~ It divides India into two halves ~ north temperate zone and south tropical zone. , atmospheric pressure reatly influenced by two (b) The Great Himalayan range from northwest , to northeast direction — It separates India from the rest of Asia, thus preventing the, country from the bitter cold winds from Central Asia. r The vast north-south extent of India 8°N to 37°N covers a distance of about 3214 km from north south. While one can observe the unique climatic wrasts from north to south. One factor which unifies climate of India is the fact of monsoons with mation of seasons and reversal of winds. Therefore, climate of India is called Tropical Monsoons FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE OF INDIA India experiences great variation In temperature raphy Class-8 and rainfall due to various factors They are: affecting its climate. (a) Latitude and topography (b) Influence of the Himalayas (c) Altitude (d) Distance from the sea (c) Western disturbances and tropical cyclones: (f) Upper air currents and jet streams (a) Latitude and topography: The Tropic of Cancer divides India into temperate or sub-tropical north and tropical south. Thus, northern India experiences continental or extreme type of climate whereas the southem |. part experiences tropical climate tng ~The southern peninsula experiences moderate 45 ‘limate as it is enclosed on three sides by Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal. Coastal regions experience marine or equable climate. (b) Influence of Himalayas: The great Himalayan ranges obstruct the bitter cold winds fron Siberia from entering the Indian subcontinen The Himalayas intercept the moisture lad uthwest monsoon winds forcing, them Ctaunting sho toe hang — | Wiwd®shed their moistui + Fesulting in heavy rainfall in the northeast and Indo-Gangetic plains Altitude: Temperature increasing altitude at the every 166 m higher altitude are cooler as compared to places in the plains, e.g., Na aS compared to Agra (d) Distance from the sea: The places situated in the interior experience extreme or continental {ype of climate, whereas places situated at the coast experience marine type of climate, e. coast experience Lucknow experienc (©) decreases with rate of 1°C for Hence, places situated at the ital is cooler or equable &., Mumbai situated at the equable climate, whereas -xtreme type of climate. Western disturbances and tropical cyclon Western disturbances or temperate cyclones originate in Mediterranean Sea during winter and bring rainfall in Northwest India and snowfall in the Himalayas, (e) During summer the whole of eastern coast of India comes under the influence of tropical cyclones. They cause heavy loss to life and property. (f) The upper air currents or jet streams: The upper air currents or jet streams affect the onset and departure of the monsoon. ng Climate change is causing Western Disturbances to weaken leading to abnormal winter seasons since 2020-21. The last time the storm visited India in all ts glory was in 2019. Since then, their arrival has ther been delayed or weakened. , THE CLIMATIC CONTRASTS Due to its vast north-south extent. India experiences rp climatic contrasts. e The places to the north of the Tropic of Cancer experience continental type of climate, i.e. very hot during summer and very cold temperature rises upto during winter, the temperature may go down e The places along the eastern coast experience equable or climate, ¢ Mumbai and CHENRA, Here ye range of temperature is very low being yy to the Equator 7 © The annual rainfall varies from The annual ; U87@m in the stay of Meghalaya to eae perience heavy snowfall durin winter, while inthe south, even in winter ye places at high altitude do not receive any fall, being nearer to the Equator 4. CHANGE OF SEASONS IN INDIA India’s tapering peninsular topography, surroundey oon three sides by water, plays an important role iq determining the course of monsoon winds and resulting in unique climate of India consisting of four seasons, © Monsoons — The word monsoon owes ity origin to an Arabic word Mausim meaning season. The Monsoon winds reverse theip directions seasonally. They blow from for six months and from northeast to southwest for another six months. Hence, they are called southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon respectively, © On the basis of monsoon variations the year may be divided into four main seasons: (a) The hot dry season (March to May), (b) The rainy season or the season of southwest monsoon (June to September), (c) The season of the retreating southwest monsoon (October and November), (d) The cold season or the season 0 the northeast monsoon (December February). (a) The hot dry season (March to May) This season is characterised by dry weather af excessive heat practically all over the country. Temperature conditions over the land e During the summer solstice the sun shit directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer e The mainland of India experiences inte heat during the months of March wo M conditions deve pressure prev Geography Clmoe as we hest in the int peru lerior, Rajast the highest temperature bere ngesPerienees i betwee ) central Indi 4 32°@over the temperature is above St Of th an © interior, wh Basi hereas in remains, 268%nast ng, averse temperature pressure Conditio: @ The y est are rea shift from De during N ne Pressure trough develes (ogee? desert and the an to PS between the Thos @ Since the surroundi and develop high pres southeast trade winds low pressure area & eas are cooler sure, the prevailin ds the are attracted towards the and blow fron to northeast, known ee as southwest monsoy Here hot season ends _ iv and southwest ‘est monsoo! sets in the month of June. " Storms during hot season ng May, the winds surrounding the low trough area are drawn into circulation, © Thes with strong dusty winds often causing a shower of rain in Pradesh. Local winds during hot season Kaal Baisakhil: In West Bengal or ASSim the local winds are called Kaal Baisakhi (calamity of Baisakh month) Loo are hot dusty winds and are also called sandstorms which blow between the months of May and June in the northern plains e Dur ¢ local winds give rise to thunderstorms © Mango showers: These occur in South India during April/May. They bring a little rain Which is important for mango, tea, coffee crops. Hence, they are called mango showers aracteristic features of hot season 43 This season is markedsby dry weather and ive heat) : In this season the sur at the Tropic of Cancer) » The range of temperature 1S vel n shines directly overhead ry high graphy Class-8 The brief spel ef spell of shower b) The rainy se. (b) Th 'y Season or the se: monsoon (from June is Sens ane September) Onset of the monsoon over th; _ Malabar coast it Kerala is @ spectacular event. There is change in the general scenario of the coun landscape seems suddent ith lush gree la is suddenly transformed with lush gr fields and overflowing rivers. hess Fig 9.1 in Kerala on the western coast of India, Arrival of southwest monsoon e Origin of Monsoons ~ Monsoons are basically land and sea breezes on a large scale, During hot season, because of the excessive heat, a low pressure develops over the land mass of India while the surrounding water bodies remain relatively cool and a high pressure develops over the seas. ‘© The intense low pressure over the land attracts the trade winds blowing in the ‘Southern . These winds, after crossing the equator, are deflected towards right in the and blow towards the ‘mainland of India from southwest to northeast. These are called southwest monsoon. ‘e The southwest monsoon divides into two branches due to tapering topography of peninsular Indi (i) The (ii) The (i) TheThe current f finally menges Sea branch and sheds rey in the Arabian at the foothills of Himatayan ® MO'tUEC * On its way “ along th of Ben rl al branch Malyas, the Bay b. The season of retreat reati monsoon (October Nowe suthwest o ” lovember) he-retreating southwe T™ eieatng thwest monsoon signifies thdrawal of monsoon from India + By 23rd September, high pr to build over mainland over the sea ssure begins inland with low pressure © southwest mons: aoa s st monsoon begins to withdraw from the mainland ar Indi: vet @ Since the southwest monsoon winds are Permanent winds they widhdraw along the same path from which they came. They blow from northeast to southwest. On their withdrawal in October and November, the retreating monsoons pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and give maximum rainfall to Tamil) Nadu. ) The celd seasen or the season of the nertheast monsoen (December - February) The celd weather season commences at the end Jovember and continues till February. ‘© Clear sky, pleasant weather, low temperature and humidity, high range of temperature and slow northern winds are the chief characteristics of this season. Temperature conditions (i) The temperatures in this season are generally low and decrease from south towards north, The mean temperature In the north is below 20°C and much lower i The night temperature fall point in the hilly areas w! common. (ii) Southern India, s remains warm wi here snowfall is uth of the Tropic of Cancer, ith average temperature phy Class-8 Fig 9.3 : India : North-east monsoon and retreating monsoon, ranging from 21®@/t6!25°C. January temperature recorded at Thiruvananthpuramis “IMC Coastal regions? average temperatures remain wroughout the year. © Pressure conditions and wind direction — Because of the apparent migration of the sun towards south, shining directly over Tropic of Capricorn, Indian subcontinent receives oblique rays of the sun during winter. As a result, high pressure builds up on the land with low pressure centred on the water bodies surrounding the peninsula, e As such offshore winds start blowing towards the low pressure areas in the Bay of Bengal ‘winds are called Northeast Monsoons. (See Fig. 9.3) s below freezing ental duri Ad @ Co wi wibranch of southwest monsoon generally strikes the on Ist June. It gives very heavy rainfall along the windward side of Western Ghats as these winds are unable to cross over the Westem Ghats. © This rainfall is called orographic or relief rainfall. E Fhe Deccan #2. lying in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats receives very little rainfall, e.g., Mumbai situated on the western side of the Western Ghats receives heavy rainfall (more than 200 cm) whereas Pune only a little distance away, receives little rainfall. e The duratio” ANd mous, rainfall goes On decent! Of the Arabian Sea branch 8 northward, ee The Arabian Sea DIANCH gives jy infall to Rajasthan AUC to the foJoyy, ons: 7 fe The southwest Monsoon winds ran | parallel to the not give rainfall in they #y maf get a from the Aravalis. ©The moistute laden winds passing over Rajasthan do not give much rainfall because the heat in the desert increases their capacity 19 hold moisture. Hence, they do not shed any moisture in Rajasthan, The Arabian Sea branch gets exhausted by the time it reaches Punjab and sheds its remaining moisture there, (i) The Bay of Bengal branch: The Bay of Bengal branch of southwest monsoon advances towards northeast after picking moisture from the Bay of Bengal. * The Bay of Bengal branch proceeds towards a low pressure area in of it is intercepted b: while a part gets the heaviest annual rainfall in the world (118713 em). This is relief rainfall. Shillong, on the other hand, lying in the rainshadow area of ‘Khasi hills, gets litle rainfall. The remaining portion of the Bay of Bengal branch is deflected towards west along the Himalayas, as they cannot cross over the Himalayas. However, the rainfall(i) rig. 9.4 : india — AVETayge ame tae cross the Bay of Bengal, they gather enough moisture. As they strike the Coromandel coast i eastern India, they give heavy rainfall to Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu accompanied by stormy winds) They cause heavy damage to crops and means of transport. The rainfall is highest at Nagapaitinam nearly 100vem, Winter rainfall in northwest India — During winter, northwest India including Punjab, and Haryana get light rainfall (10-15 cm) from the westerly depressions originating in Mediterranean Sea. This rainfall is good for wheat crop. Winter rainfall is good for the rabi crop in northwest India and for rice in Tami Hence, it is of great economic i for the country. The cold weather s generally marked humidity and larg BO ey @ Tamil Nadu received historic rainfall of 133 my, January 2021. " Distribution of Rainfall Areas with over 200 cm of rain North of Tropic of Cancer — (i) Areas: (i) Southern slopes of eastern Himalayas The Garo, Khasi, Jaintia and Lushat hills commonly known as the Assait hills. eography Class?he total plant rT ihe world. => oF sts, mewabl 4 — Fo 1 are seiing ecological balance: T areas with 100- 0 t \} state of Forest Report 20a the tn the North oe recent 3 P rcas: Middle Ga pr papinptacioarbaymedr ee pote giates: Bihar, West Bengal An ere ational policy has laid down a target of {p) In the South 1d Mad raising the area covered by for ede fpfees: Northern part of A sg Oe a eee aoareoe eek of pe erg are oC Anien Preset the total area, (Si oe ee thern parts of Tamil Nadu. Parts “ as (See EM St ae Western Gha states: Madhya Pradesh and Odi ee Areas with 50-100 cm rainfall {o In the North Upper Ganga Valley and eastern Rajasth astern Rajasthan Areas: et > States: Parts of Punjab, Haryana and Kashmir v very short rainy season. eRe al (a) In the South- a ne South- senbland prareas: Southern Deccan comprising the plateau : Open rest Moderate danse oes regions of Kamataka. States: Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. & Boos ess than 50 em rainfall Fig 9.5 : Total forest cover of the country is In the North— ‘Areas: Western Rajasthan, southern Punjab and eB Onimately 21.53% of, the, ‘alam a raph + of Kashmir. area as in year 2021. Areas with I northern most par In the South ~ ‘as: Regions of the Deccan ‘of Western Ghat: On the whole, annual rain! in the rainshadow Tall Emergent Trees ¢ north Dense Canopy fall deere; ‘of the subcontinent. and westward in northern parts Over peninsular India, the rainfall decreases towards hort Trees the interior. RCES OF INDIA — shrubs 5, FOREST RESOU! FLORA Herbs Introduction ‘The flora of India is one of the richest in the world due to 2 wide range of climatic conditions, Seography Class-8Fig. 9.7 : Natural vegetation of India e Unfortunately, due to unprecedented growth rate of population rate, much of our natural vegetation cover has been removed for the purpose of cultivation to feed the millions. 6. TYPES OF NATURAL VEGETATION IN INDIA The natural vegetation of India can be classified into the following categories: (a) Forests based on variation in rainfall (i) Tropical evergreen forests or tropical rainforests (ii) Deciduous monsoon forests (iii) Desert vegetation or thorny forests | (b) Forests based on variation in relief | (i) Mountain forests or mixed forests. | (ii) Mangrove or tidal or littoral forests (a) Forests based on variation in rainfal| | (i) Tropical evergreen forests or won J rainforests , Tropical rainforests, as the name indicates are found where the annual temperature 25°C to 27°C. They occur where rainfall is more than 200 em. Area/states: Tropical evergreen forests at found on western parts of Western Ghats, | parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala, Geography Classran © found on the altitude to 1800 m on th windward or western side of W “hats acteristics: @, As they are found in the areas of hy rainfall, they are also known as rainforests « The thick ground cover of forests characterised by climbers and epiphytes Bamboo and ferns are also common. These trees do not shed their leaves at the same time. Hence, they are called evergreen Evergreen forests have not been properly exploited under and lack of transport F 9.6) nher species are tOiigibamib66y|[Link] i Deciduous monsoon forests The deciduous forests are found in the areas of These forests occur erage temperature of about 27°C 200 cm, tthe areas of average rainfall between 150 to Areas/states: Deciduous forests are found in the ‘et running along the Western/Ghats, surrounding the hltof Evergreen forests, both on eastern and western dopes, Another belt of deciduous forests run along 1. Th Sai and parts'of Andaman and Nicobar/Islands Characteristics: « (These forests sh uring the spring and early summer during March/April) when sufficient moisture for leaves is not available, The subsoil water is not enough for the trees to retain their leaves. By April/May the deciduous wet! look almost bare. Forests of north temperate zone shed their leaves in autumn. *haphy Class-8 ed their leaves for about 628% main spocies of deciduous forests | Species Sal Sand: Myrobalan wood Semu Fig. 9.8 : Myrobalan is used for tanning leather and dyeing. Other trees found in this type of forests are These forests are ible. Large areas have been cleared for AC ) Desert vegetation Desert and semi-desert vegetation is found in the area of average temperature of 25°C to 27°C and with a rainfall of less than 25 em. ‘Areas/States: Desert and semi-desert type of vegetation is found in easily acces cultivation,aksy laurels bamboo. poplar. BIFCH, wating, oi p-shore) aie Climate: The tidal forests oceue and ar deltas with average tempenwture sinvfall (more than of about 26°C to 29'¢ and very heavy 00 em Location: The tidal forests occur In and a tin areas flooded by tides, th ial stacey earvive in fest and BEBCKISH types of trees can survive in fre ; Areas/states: Tidal forests occupy @ large BO ene ee bout 21,000 sq km in the Sunderban delta and ato \ a. Godavari, Krishn: the eastermcoasty Mahanadi delta andein- Andaman Islands. They are b) Forests based on variation in relief also found in th () Mountain forests (mixed forests — based on relief) or Alpine vegetation western region Climate : These forests are found in the areas of _ Characteristics: rove vegetation is characterised average temperature less than 20°C or in cool areas a at an altitude of 7500%m10"330 They occur in ig POOLS OF pneumatophores Whi the areas receiving rainfall between 1SOH@)250%em: set as respiratory organs. Areas/states : In the north, they occur in the Its SelM EKE YOO remain submer temperate z of the Himalayas, from Kashmir to underwater but be seen at low tide. Assamat varying md Annamalai Hills at an elevation between in the sh 1000 m to 1500 m. ing mud of coastal region altitude. In the south, they are found tangled mass of root helps the plant to surviv \ These forests are very dense \ Characteristics : The vegetation consists of ixed Deciduous and Coniferous forests with varyi elief and rainfall as it occurs in the transition zone sf the two. Fig. 9.11 : Mangrove forest in Sundarbans Species: Fig. 9.10 : Vegetation, at higher altitudes, — Sundari tree is very important in this area. has poplar thickets of rhododendrons. Sunderban‘delt@ has been named after it. Species : Spruce and cedar are found in the north Its wood is very hard, strong and durable -ucalyptus are found in the -Nilgiris, They form It is used for boat building, out fairly open forests with shrubby undergrowth, Other important species are Gurjan and Hint Geography Cesforest products and their uses They are the storeho, making and use of for house. They provide ployment to thousands of people A «They area source of incom «They provide raw mater ©. paper. Many other products like Seeamgang materials for dyeing and tanning. oj lac j fer ove i, oil and lac are gifts to the government al to many industries, They provide shelrey sanctuary to birds, Forests help balance. for wildlife and a maintaining ecological ¢ Forests prevent soil erosion as the roots of the trees hold the soil together. They also prevent floods Forests provide clean environment, Hence, it is advisable to have forests around the industries as the forests take in the carbon dioxide and provide the surroundings with oxygen. e Forests help to absorb much of the sun insolation and also cause rain. 7, CONSERVATION OF FORESTS IN INDIA The latest reports of the National Remote Sensing Agency:(NRSA) indicate that the country is losing about 13 million hectares of forest cover every year. This will be detrimental to our national interest. Hence the wyent need for conservation of forests. Forest resources of India are facing a serious threat by her own people. The Government of India has taken serious view of this problem and as such has introduced a programme {9 protect, conserve and develop the forest area. This is a called Programme of Forest Conservation. The measures taken under this programme are— ‘Preventive act on destruction of forests. Various research programmes to prevent various diseases of trees and make the forests more productive and useful. @ Prevention of wildlife as many species have — become extinct and many are on the verge of Seography Class-8 extinction. This is bein, Biosphere reserve fore Ht ae To protect both trees forest regi Ht vd ws have been deck forests in Meghalaya. Under Biosphere reserved forests, Reserved forests cover about lakh hectares, wher covers abo protected forest area Planting more trees for development of environmental forestry to maintain ecological balance In various states and Union Territories, Forest Development Corporation has. been established for taking care of forest products and developing new forest resources. To protect the forests from fire, a strip of land between two sections of a forest is cleared to prevent the spread of fire. This is called fire line. : Owing to uncontrolled poaching of the forest reserves, especially the flora and fauna are under severe threat of extinction and to prevent this practice it is very important that the public at large should be properly educated ae the significance of forests in their ° interest. To get a sustained yield of timber, silyi is being practised. Silviculture means timber farming, i.e. the preparation of the soil to grow trees at the same time so that all the trees mature together a e cutting possible, Foresters use information to have and greater resistance to This would stop the trees for timber148 8. INDIA - WILDLIFE @ Lik eats flora, Indi , . Wh 1s more than SRO@Omethaninnal ” than 1,200 species of birds. They consutute IBIpEReEMt of the world’s total, There are 24S500/speete ofifish, which account for neatly I2peneent oof the WOrldSTStOEK 11 also shares between 5 and & per cent of the W6rld'Samphibians reptiles and mammals Fig. 9.12 : India - wildlife (>) The elephants are the most majestic animals mammals. They are found in the among the Kamataka and hot wet forests of Assam, KEG, One-horned rhinoceroses are the other animals, which live in swampy and marshy lands of Assam and West Bengal. ‘Arid: areas of the Rann/of'Kachehh and the Thar desert are the habitat for wild ass and camels respectively. India is the only country has both tigers and lions. T of the Indian lion is the Gir forest in Gujarat. Tigers are found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh, the Sundarbans of West Bengal and the Himalayan region. Leopards too are members of the cat family. They are important among the animals of prey. stale lion is found only in Gir forests. in the world that rhe natural habitat Himalayas harbour aha The ww Ladakh’s treeaing high altitud ceo * re yer to uk, the shaggy horned wil c tpharatcblue sheep), wild sheep and th (Tibetan will ass), Furthermore, bear leopard and very fare red panda are t certain pockets Fig. 9.13 : Snow leopard found in the Himalay Jakes and coastal areas, tut are found. In the rivers, crocodiles and gharials te) Bird life in India is colourful. Peacocks peasants, ducks, parakeets, cranes al pecan ‘are some of the birds inhabiting the fore and wetlands of the country 9. CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE Due to excessive exploitation of the plants 3 animal resources by human beings the ccosystt has been disturbed. About 13300 plant species O endangered and 20 species are extinct, Quite = few animal species are also endangered and some have become extinct. m for this major threat to nature The main cause sommercial purpos hunting by greedy hunters for ¢ Pollution to chemical and industrial waste. deposits cutting of forests 10 bring land wn cultivatil ‘tation are also responsible Geography Clethe imbalance in ow our ecosystem To protect 5 Protect the flora and fauna, several steps have been take : been taken by the government. They are as follows (a) Legal protection act has been provided for safeguarding wild animals against hunting and commercial exploitation under the provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (b) Financial and technical assistance is provided to the state government under the sponsored schemes of integrated development of Wildlife habitats, like Project Tiger and Project Elephant for providing better protection. ) The government has set up a number of (c PAKISTAN (i) A National park is a large area v several not disturbed by human exploitation and nt ems exist freely. They are occupation. It is a reserved area meal station, wildlife for preserving natural veg and natural beauty. No deforestation or commercialisation of plant is allowed Here the plant and animal species, sites and habitats for | scientific education and recreation spec’ are preserved.n Bustard and other eco-de Great India ts have been launched by the govern, almost like @ / taken of Proje’ A wildlife sanctuary nost SU (ii) national park and special care 1S the endangered species. (iii) Project Tiger was launched by (xcailasit Sunkhata in India on TStAprils 97> It ful become one of the 7 es in modern history hi conservation ventur The objectives of Project Tiger + aims at ensuring a viable (a) The Project Ti atural population of Benga habitats. ) forms of /wman It aims at elimination of al exploitation and biotic disturbance from the Fig. 9.15 : A tiger found in Ranthambhor tigers in their mi (b) core area, (c) It aims at tiger conservation in specially constituted tiger reserves which are (iv) Biosphere Reserves in India geographical regions falling within India. Protection of the animals and plants is among the important challenges that are being faced by the mankind. The 21st ) ife reservesconser plants S and a ci mals h emment of 18 biosphere reg India has identified —— ole a bala: dr hi im Per ed relationship he biosphere and ba ‘ Further, the res, = all forms of lite ange at conserving evaluating the ch nd also also supervisi and the ecodystems 10. ENDANGERED species (a) Endangered species of pl are those which : that they fants and animals are so rare that it is likely Will soon become extinet, The International Union for the Conservation of were brought by a 9.17 : Bight Cheeta Aiba ~ lat from Ba m # Nature (UENy keeps a watch animals and publish (b) The exploitation of land and forest resour | by humans along with hunting and trappi } for food and sport has led to the extinction — f many species in India in recent t \ Indian/Asiatic Cheetah, Wild Zebu, Javan Rhinoceros and Sumatran Rhinoceros. (©) Any species that are at risk of extineti is known as an endangered species. Some species of birds have gone extent in recent umes, including the pink-headed Duck and Himalayan Quail Endang d_ species Day is observed every year on the third Friday of May. This year it is celebrated on MavOMIPONG, the day was established by David/Robinson and the Endai ed Species Coalition with the aim of celebrating learning, and taking action to protect threatened and endan; (d) The in India in 1952)after Maharaja» Ramanu} Pratap Singh Deo shot the last offspring of red species. Asiatic Cheetah was declared extinct To reintroduce cheetahs back to Indian soil, the African)@heetah introduction project in India was first conceived in 2009pand a plan was made to introduce the big cat by November last year, under “Project Cheetah from Namibia. Fig. 9.18 : Eight Cheetahs Namibia under Conservation of ‘ProjectWild Zebu Pink-headed duck rs ae Warbler from Himachal Asiatic Cheetah Pradesh Fig. 9.19 : Endangered species in India into Madhya Pradesh’s Kuno Nation. 4 h was into ational Pay The Kuno National Park Madhya Prades! on 17th September 2022. chosen as the optimum location to introduce the extinct animal for its good prey base for Cheetahs. Eight Cheetahs were brough from Namibia by a Jumbo jet as part of “Project Cheetah” These Cheetahs were selected based assessment of health, wild disposition, } skills and ability to contribute g: will result in a strong founder populatior Characteristic features of monsoon in India Mind Map 9.1 : Characteristic Features of Depression Western disturbances