cd,lrKh

o;a; ikaksfõokh yd mß.Kl cd,lrK kshuq fkdjk udOH

;dlaIKhka fN!;slj iam¾Y l< fkdyels"
² o;a; ixfõokh hkq iïfm%aIK udOHhla weig fkdfmfkk"
Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ikaksfõok WmlrK ksYaÑ; wdrïNhla we;s kuqka ksYaÑ;
folla fyda lsysmhla Tiafia o;a; wjidkhla fkdue;s udOHhla fõ'
iïfm%aIKhhs'
Wod ( fláÿr ;rx. (short waves)"
DATA b;d WÉp ixLHd;" (VHF)
w;s WÉp ixLHd; (UHF)"
iïfm%aIlhd o;a;h .%dylhd laIqø ;rx. (Microwaves)

udOHh .=ma;;djh
o;a;hla udOHhla ;=<ska tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a
ix{dj ia:dkhlg .uka lsÍug .;jk ld,hhs'
² ix{djla hkq ld,hg idfmalaIj fjkia jk
fjda,aàh;djhls' l,dm m<, (bandwidth) cd,lrKfha§ wdldr
folls'
² ix{d wdldr folls'
ixLHd; mrdih - hï wjia:djl§ Ndú; jk
m%;siu ix{d ixLHd; mrdih'
Wod - FM Radio
;rx. wdhduh (88MHz-108MHz)
úia;drh
l,dj o;a; iïfm%aIK fõ.h
hï udOHhla ;=<ska 1s § .uka lrk o;a; ìgq
m%udKh oelaùug'
ld,h Wod ( Kbps -kilo bits per sec
mbps - mega bits per sec
wxls; ix{d
o;a; iïfm%aIKfha§ isÿjk ndOd'
² ydhkh$ jeyeÍu
² úlD;sh
² f>daIdj

ydhkh - Yla;sh laIh ùu ydhkh fõ'

² udOH ;=< m%pdrK fõ.h } § we;s udOHhla úlD;sh - ikaksfõok udOH mrK ùfï§ tys
Tiafia ;[Link] m%pdrKh jk fõ.hhs' .=Kd;aulNdjh wvqfõ' .=Kd;aul
Ndjh wvqjk úg o;a; iïfm%aIK
² ix{d iïfm%aIKh lrk udOHhka' fõ.h wvqfõ' tys§ úlD;sh isÿfõ'
³ ksshuq udOH f>daIdj - Yla;s m%Njhla [Link] isÿlrk ndysr
³ kshuq fkdjk udOH Yla;s n,mEuls' fuh isÿúh yels
wdldr folls'
kshuq udOH 1' ;dm Yla;sh [Link] we;s lrk n,mEu'
fN!;slj iam¾Y l< yels" (Thermal Noise)
weig fmfkk" 2' Crosstalk
ksYaÑ; wdrïNhla yd wjidkhla iys;
udOHhla fõ'
Wod ( weUß hq., /yeka (twisted pair)"
iudlaIl /yeka" (coaxial cable)
m%ldY ;ka;=' (fiber optic)

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 cd,lrKh
l,d iSreudrej
M,odhS o;a; iïfm%aIKhla isÿlsÍug Ndú; l< o;a;h iys; ;[Link] l,djg ^msysàu&
yels l%ufõo .e,fmk f,i jdyl ;[Link] msysàu
³ uQ¾ckh (Modulation) ^l,dj& fjkiaùu
³ nyqm: ;dlaIKh (Multiplexing)
ixLHd; iSreudrej
uQ¾ckh - o;a;h iys; ;[Link] Bg jvd m%n, o;a;h iys; ;[Link] ixLHd;hg
jdyl ;[Link] tl;= lr uQ¾cs; .e,fmk f,i jdyl ;[Link] ixLHd;h
;rx. ks¾udKh lrhs' fjkiaùu'
jdyl ;rx.h - o;a;h iys; ;[Link] jvd
m%n, tAldldÍ ;[Link]' nyqm: ;dlaIKh'
fjk fjku ud¾.hka lsysmhla Tiafia
uQ¾ð; ;rx.h - o;a;h iys; ;[Link] yevh .uka lrk ;rx. tla fmdÿ ud¾.hla Tiafia
wkqj fjkia jQ jdyl wdrlaIs;j fõ.j;aj .ukdka;hg .uka lr
;[Link]' .ukdka;fha§ kej; fjka ù .uka lsÍu nyq
m: ;dlaIKh fõ'

² l%shdj,sh (protocol)
o;a; o;a; ikaksfõokfha ikaksfõokh lrkq ,nk
iys; jdyl uQ¾ð; md¾Yjh w;r we;s fmdÿ tl.;dj'
;rx.h ;rx.h ;rx.h
² o;a; iuuqqyq¾;lrKh
uQ¾ckh m%Odk wdldr folls' tla md¾Yjhlska wm hjkq ,nk o;a; wfkla
m%;siu uQ¾ckh - m%;siu ;rx.j, ;rx. j, md¾Yjhg ksjerÈj iïfm%aIKh jQ nj
isÿjk uQ¾ckh ;yjqre lsÍu'

wxls; uQ¾ckh - wxls; ;rx.j, isÿjk - wdfla;kh (Encoding)

uQ¾ckh o;a;hla ix{djka njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu
wdfla;kh fõ'
² m%;siu uQ¾ckh wdldr 3 ls' tA i|yd úúO l%ufõohka Ndú;d lrhs'

úia;dr uQ¾ckh - o;a;h iys; ;[Link] ² uekafpiag¾ wdfla;kh

úia:drhg .e,fmk f,i (Manchester Encoding)
jdyl ;[Link] úia:drh
fjkia ùu' ² kej; fkdhk Y=kH
l,d uQ¾ckh - o;a;h iys; ;[Link] (non-return zero level)
l,djg .e,fmk f,i jdyl
;[Link] NdYdj fjkia ùu' ² kej; fkdhk Y=kH
(non-return zero inverted)
ixLHd; uQ¾ckh - o;a;h iys; ;[Link]
ixLd;hg .e,fmk f,i fodaI md,kh
jdyl ;[Link] ixLHd;h o;a; iïfm%aIKh lrk w;r;=r o;a; fjkia ù
fjkia ùu' we;s nj y÷kd .ekSfï l%shdj,sh fodaI md,kh
fõ' tA i|yd Ndú; lrk l%ufõoh iudkqmd;sl
wxls; uQ¾ck wdldr 3 ls' mÍlaIdj (parity check) f,i ye¢kafõ'

úia;dr iSreudrej iudkqmd;sl mÍlaIdj wdldr folls'

o;a; iys; ;[Link] úia:rhg .e,fmk ³ Odd Parity
f,i jdyl ;[Link] úia:drh fjkiaùu' ³ Even Parity

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 cd,lrKh
Odd parity ³ nia ia:,l (Bus topology)
oaúuh wdldrfhka mj;sk iïfm%aIKh lrk ,o
o;a;fha 1 tAjd Tiafia ixLHdjla mj;So hk j.
fidhhs'
oaúuh ixLHdj 1 ys tAjd iïfm%aIKfha§ T;af;a
ixLHdjla mej;=ko .ukdka;fha§ th brÜfÜ
ixLHdjla úh yel'
túg tu o;a;h iïfm%aIKfha§ fjkia ù we;'

Even Parity
oaùuh wdldrfhka mj;sk iïfm%aIKh lrk ,o
o;a;fha 1ys tAjd brÜfÜ ixLHdjla mj;So hk
j. fidhhs' ³ oe,a ia:,l (Mesh Topology)

fmdÿ iaúÉ ÿrl:k cd,h

(Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN))
;U lïì mokï lrf.k m%;siu Yío
ikaksfõokh i|yd Ndú; lrk wka;¾cd;sl
ÿrl:k moaO;sh'

cd, ia:,l
cd, ia:,lhla hkq mß.Kl cd,hl we;s
mß.Kl tlg iïnkaO jk wdlD;shhs'

m%Odk cd, wdldr'

³ ;re ia:,l (Star topology)

³ .ia wdldrfha ia:,l (Tree Topology)

³ uqÿ ia:,l (Ring Topology)

cd,lrK kdNsh iy cd,lrk iaúph

cd,hla idod .ekSug fmdÿ iïnkaO;djhla
f,i lghq;= lrhs' iaúph [Link] o;a; ,ndf.k
th ksjerÈ .ukdka;h olajd hjhs' kuq;a
kdNsh o;a; ,ndf.k cd,fha ish`Mu
.ukdka;h i|yd o;a; hjhs' cd,lrK
iaúÉph nqoaêu;a [Link]'

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 cd,lrKh
mß.Kl cd, j¾.' o;a; iïfm%aIK l%u
DAN - Desk Area Network
^úisß fmfoia cd,h& 01' tAl m:
³ m%udKfhka l=vdu cd,hhs' ieuúgu tlg ÈYdjlg muKla .uka lrhs'
Wod - Computer - Monitor
LAN - Local Area Network
^ia:dksh fmfoia cd,h& 02' w¾O oaúm:
³ tla [Link].s,a,la fyda 100m muK ÈYdjla 2gu o;a; .uka lrhs'
mrdihl úisÍ we;' tla jrl§ o;a; .uka lrkqfha tla ÈYdjlg
mu‚'
MAN - Metropolitran Area Network Wod ( Walkie - Talkie
^mqrjr fmfoia cd,h&
03' mQ¾K oaúm:
³ LAN j¾.fha mß.Kl cd, lsysmhla tljr ÈYdjla 2gu o;a; .,dhhs'
tlg iïnkaO ùfuka fuu cd,h
ks¾udKh fjhs' ud¾.ldrlh$uxyiqrej (Router)
³ ux yiqrej [Link] mß.Kl cd, 2 la tlg
WAN - Wide Area Network iïnkaO l< yelsh'
^mq¿,a fmfoia cd,h& ³ ux yiqrej u`.ska isÿl< yels oE'
³ m%udKfhka úYd,;u mß.Kl cd,hhs' - cd, tlsfkl iïnkaO lsÍu'
MAN j¾.fha cd, lSmhla tl;=fjka - wka;¾cd, iïnkaO;djh ,nd§u'
ks¾udKh fõ' - fláu ud¾.h fidhd .ksñka o;a;
ikaksfõokh'
CAN- Control Area Network - o;a; melÜgq fmÍu
^md,s; fmfoia cd,h& - cd, folla w;r we;s ;onoh md,kh'
³ cd,h me;sfrk iSudj md,kh lsÍug - Ndrh ix;=,kh lsÍu
yelsh'
fodrgqj (Gateways)
PAN - Personal Area Network ³ tlsfklg fjkia ;[Link] iys;
^mqoa.,sl fmfoia cd,h& mß.Kl cd, folla iïnkaO lsÍug yelshdj
³ DAN g fndfyda fihska iudkh' mj;S'

² MAC - Media Access Control Protocol) fia;= (Bridges)

udOH m%fõY md,l kshudj,sh ³ ;onoh tlsfklg fjkia cd, folla
tlsfkl iïnkaO l< yelsh'
8 Bits
}

fudvuh (Modem)
A8 : A1 : 59 : 9E : A0 : 7B ³ m%;siu ix{d wxls; ix{d njg;a wxls;
ix{d m%;siu ix{d njg;a m;a l< yel'
4 Bits 48 Bits
Layer 3 Switch
iEu ikaksfõok WmlrKhl we;s cd, w;=re ³ mß.Kl cd, lsysmhla tlsfkl iïnkaO l<
uqyqK;g mjrd we;s wkkH jQ ,sms fhduqjla fõ' yelsh'
³ fuys ld¾hNdrh ux yiqrejg iudkh'
ALOHA
/yeka rys; wdldrhg o;a; melÜgq yqjudre mqk¾cklh (Regenerator/Repeater)
lsÍfï ;dlaIKh y÷kajd § we;af;a [Link]' ³ tu`.ska ydks jQ ;[Link] Yla;sh kej;
,nd§ ;rx.h uq,ska ;snQ wdldrhg m;alrhs'

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 cd,lrKh
IP Addressing mka;s uQ,sl fkdjQ l%uh
³ IP ,smskhla hkq mß.Kl tlsfklska fjka lr 192'168'12'15$27
y÷kd .ekSug Ndú;d lrk ;d¾lsl
^;djld,sl& ,smskhls' 192'168'12' 00001111

}
}
³ IP ,smskhl lreKq folla we;=<;a fjhs' N=27 bits H=5 bit
Network ^cd,h&
Host ^iïnkaOl mß.Klh& 200'12'57'03$29

³ IP ,smsk j¾. 2 ls'

}
200'12'57' 00000011

}
01' Ipv4 - [Link] (32 Bits)
02' Ipv6 -2001:0DC8:E004:0001:0100:0000:
F00A:A00B (128 Bits) N=29 bits H=3 bit
iEosh yels cd, .Kk = 229
² Ipv4 tl cd,hlg iïnkaO l, yels Wml%u .Kk
= 23 = 8-2 = 6
8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits

Ip ,smskhl ^bit& [Link] oelaúh yels wju fuys§ cd,hg yd iïnkaOl mß.Kl j,g fjka
w.h 0 o Wmßu w.h 255 o fõ' lrk ìgq ixLHdj iaÓr [Link] fkdjk w;r
wjYH;djh wkqj fjkia lr .; yel'
² Ipv6
Wmcd,kh
16 Bits : 16 Bits : 16 Bits : 16 Bits : 16 Bits ìgq 32l cd, ,sms fhduq mejÍfï l%uh ksid
isÿjk cd, ,sms [Link] ix{d u. [Link]
: 16 Bits : 16 Bits : 16 Bits .ekSug Ndú; lrk ;dlaIKhls'

fmdÿ yd fm!oa.,sl cd, ,smsk'

128 Bits
Public IP
wNHka;r cd,hla msg; cd,h iuÕ
² Ip ,smsk ,nd §fïÈ [Link] lrkq ,nk
ikaksfõokhg fhdod .kS'
l%ufõo folls'
ISP [Link] ,ndfoa'
1' mka;s uQ,sl l%uh'
uqo,a wh lrhs'
2' mka;s uQ,sl fkdjk l%uh' (CIDR)
Private IP
mka;s uQ,sl l%uh
wNHka;r cd,fha Wml%u w;r o;a;
m%Odk jYfhka mka;s 5 la olakg ,efí'
ikaksfõokh Ndú;d lrhs'
Class A - N = 8bits
User fkdñf,a Ndú; l< yel'
(1-127) H = 24 bits
Private IP ranges
Class B - N = 16 bits
10'0'0'1 - 255'255'255'254
(128-191) H = 16 bits
192'168'1'1 - 192'168'255'254
172'6'0'1 - 172'32'255'254
Class C - N = 24bits
(192-223) H = 8 bits
Wmcd, wdjrKh (Subnet Mask)

Class D (1-127) Class E (240-255)
255'255'255'192
}

11111111'11111111'11111111'11000000
m%[Link] Ndú; fkdfõ'
Network + Subnet H - Bits
26 bits

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 cd,lrKh
² mß.Kl cd,hla iïnkaOj ,ndfok o;a;hls' Second Level (sub level) DNS
[Link] mß.Kl cd,hg iy Wmcd,hg we;s ² wod, web wvúfha Ip ,smskh ms<sn| úia;r
ìgq ixLHdj;a iïnkaOl mß.Kl j,g we;s i|ykaj we;'
ìgq ixLHdj;aa bÈßm;a lrhs'
URL (Uniform Resourse Locator)
tAlSh iïm;a ksYapdhlh
DHCP Server - Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol ² wka;¾cd,h we;s iïm;a j,g <Õd ùu i|yd
^.;sl ix.%dyl úkHdi l%shdj,s fiajdodhl Ndú; lrk ,sms fhduqjls' wka;¾cd,fha we;s
mß.Klh& fuu iïm;aj, wkkH;djh ;yjqre jk mßÈ
tA i|yd ,nd § we;s ,sms [Link] tAlSh iïm;a
² fuu fiajd odhl mß.Klh [Link] fjk;a ksYapdhlh URL fõ
mß.Kl j,g iSud iys; ld,hlg
;djld,slj IP ,smsk msßkuhs' fuh ^Server&
tlla f,i yd uDÿ[Link] fiajdjla f,io [Link]
mj;S'
protocol domain name directory resource
DNS - Domain Name Server
^jiïkdu fiajd odhlh& fjí fiajdodhlh Web sever
Web wvú .nvdfldg we;s mß.Kl fõ' wmf.a
² Web ,smskhg wod, Ip ,smskhla" Ip ,smskhhg mß.Klhg wod, Web sever yryd web
wod< web msgqjla fuys .nvd lr we;' wvúfha msgm;la ,nd fohs'

fhojqï fiajd odhlh Application sever

[Link] fuu fiajd odhlh ;=< uDÿ[Link] l%shd;aul
fõ'wm wka;¾cd,h Tiafia fiajdjla ,nd
Third Level Top Level Domain .ekSfï§ fujeks fiajd odhl mß.Klhla we;s
Domain ^m<uq uÜgfï jiu& úg wm ,ndfok request web server g ,nd §
^f;jk uÜgfï tu`.ska application sever ,nd § tu o;a; ilia
jiu& lr kej; wmg tjkq ,nhs'
Second Level Domain
^fojk uÜgfï jiu& ksfhdack fiajd odhlh Proxy sever
[Link]"
DNS fiajd odhl ia:r lsysmhlska hqla;j Web msgq ksys; lsÍu' (web caching)
l%shd;aul fõ' o;a; melÜgq fmÍu'
IP ,smskhlg Web msgq wdjrKh lsÍu' (block)
1. Root DNS wod< web Ip ,smskh fjkia lsÍu'
2. Top Level DNS ,smskh [Link]ï o;a; .=ma;fla;kh lsÍu' (Encrypting)
3. Second level DNS mshjr
kshudj,s'
01. Root DNS mß.Kl cd, yryd úúO md¾Yajhka [Link]
f,dalh mqrd fujeks fiajd odhl mß.Kl ,ndfok fiajdjka ,nd .ekSu i|yd tu wdh;k
13 la úúO ia:dkj, msysgqjd we;' j,ska mkjk kS;s ud,djla cd,lrKfha§
wka;¾cd,fha fldÿ kdráh (Backbone) f,i kshudj,s f,i ye¢kafõ'
ye¢kafõ'
Ip (Internet Protocol) wka;¾cd, kshudj,sh
02. Top level DNS ² mß.Kl folla w;r iïnkaO;djh
.Com 'org 'edu jeks ldKav j,g wod< úia;r [Link]'
.nvd lr we;' ² yqjudre lrk o;a; ms<sn|j [Link]

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 cd,lrKh
² ikaksfõokfha§ ydks jQ o;a; melÜgq kej; ² [Link]ï rys;h'
/f.k fkdhhs' ² IMAP j,g idfmalaIj fõ.j;ah'

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) Email Ndú;fha§ kshudj,s fhdod.; yels

iïfm%aIK md,k kshudj,sh wdldr
copy copy
Pop3/
² ikaksfõokfha§ ke;sjQ o;a; melÜgq kej; SMTP
Imap
iïfm%aIKh lrhs'
² yqjudre lrk o;a; ms<sn|j [Link] orhs' SMTP Google Yahoo
mail mail
² j¾;udkfha § Tcp iy Ip hk kshudj,s fol server server
tlg ixhqla; lr lKavdhula f,i l%shd;aul
fõ' TCP/IP
² tys§ Ip [Link] mß.Kl w;r iïnkaO;djh
[Link];a" TCP [Link] wdrlaIs;j o;a; Gmail Yahoo
mail
yqjudre lsÍu;a isÿlrhs'

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) HTTP (Hyper Text transfer Protocol)

mßYS,l o;a; m‚úv kshudj,sh ² wka;¾cd,h yryd fjí msgq yqjudrejlg
Ndú; lrhs'
² [Link]ï rys;hs' ² wdrlaIdj wvqhs'
² ikaksfõokfha§ ydks jQ o;a; kej; /f.k ^o;a; .=ma; fla;khla isÿ fkdfõ&
fkdhhs'
² videos jeks Odßldj jeä [Link] yqjudrejlg HTTPS = HTTP+ SSL
fhdod .kS' ² HTTP kshudj,sfha wdrlaIdj jeä lsÍu i|yd
ks¾udKh fldg we;'
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) ² SSL ^Protocol& u`.ska o;a; .=ma;fla;lrKh
² Bfï,a m‚úvh fhduq lrkakdf.a lr wdrlaIdj jeä lrhs'
mß.Klfha isg mail sever fj;;a" tla Bfï,a
sever tll isg ;j;a email sever tlla Sender Reciever
fj;;a email m‚úv fhduq lrhs'
@#?
² [Link]ï iys;hs' ABC Ssl Ssl ABC
² msgm;la .nvd lr ;nd .kshs'
² ikaksfõokfha§ ydks jQ o;a; melÜgq kej; Data Hyper Text Data
/f.k ths'
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) [Link] IP ,smskhlg wod, MAC ,smskh fidhd
² Email sever isg ,nkakdf.a mß.Klhg .; yel'
² [Link]ï iys;hs'
² Email mÍlaId lsÍug wka;¾cd, Ethernet
iïnkaO;djh w;HjYH fõ' ³ LAN j¾.fha cd,j, Ndú; lrk kshudj,s
² ,enqKq email m‚úv mail sever ys .nvd ù lKavdhula y÷kajk kduhls'
we;' ³ fuu lKavdhug wh;a kshudjñ"
² Pop3 g idfmalaIj ukao.dó fõ' Wod IEEE, 802.2, 802.3

POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
² ,enqKq email m‚úv ,nkakdf.a mß.Klhg ² mß.Kl cd,hl we;s w;r m‚úv yqjudre
iDcqj .nvdfjhs' tu ksid wka;¾cd, lsÍfï§ fodaI y÷kd .ekSug yd tAjd ms<sn|
iïnkaO;djh fkdue;s wjia:dj, jqjo hjkakd oekqj;a lsÍu'
,enqKq Bfï,a mÍlaId l< yel'

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 cd,lrKh
flfjks iy flfjks wxl (Ports & port number) tlu uÜgfï mß.Kl tlg tl;= ù ks¾udKh
² 0- 65535 olajd mß.Klhla ;j;a [Link] ,o cd,hls' úfYaI;ajh jkafka tlu
mß.Klhla iu. ikaksfõokfha§ ,[Link] wjia:dfõ§ fiajdodhl mß.Klh f,i;a
fiajdj wkqj fjkiajk ;d¾lsl flfjks fiajd,dNS mß.Klhla f,i;a mej;Suhs'
iuQyhls' Wod ( Utorrent, Bittorrent, Mtorrent

² cd,.; lr we;s mß.Klhlska fiajdjla ,nd Eneryption .=ma;fla;kh

.ekSfï§ tA tA fiajdjg wod< ^Port Number& wka;¾cd,fha yqjudre lrk o;a;j, wdrlaIdj
flfjks wxl iu. iïnkaO;djh mj;ajd.; ;yjqre lsÍug Ndú; lrk l%ufõohls'
hq;=h'
Key Key
² fmdÿ fiajdjla yd Bg wod, flfjks wxl" Lasitha HEF Lasitha
Wod( HTTP (port 80)
HTTPS (port 443) Encrypt Decrypt
FTP (port 21) ^fla;kh& Ciper Text ^úfla;kh&
SMTP (port 25) ^ryia moh&

cd, wdlD;s Network Models h;=re

mß.Kl cd, j, fiajdj imhk wdldrh wkqj fla;kh (Encrypt) iy úfla;kh (Decrypt)
mß.Kl cd, j¾. folls' lsÍug Ndú; lrk l%ufõoh fyda w.h'
³ fiajdodhl wkq.%dyl cd,'
fla;kh
o;a; h;=re Ndú; lr ryia mohla njg
m;alsÍu'

úfla;kh
ryia moh h;=r Ndú; lr kej; o;a; njg
m;alsÍu'

.=ma; fla;lrKh wdldr folls'

³ wiuñ;sl .=ma;fla;kh
(Assymetric Encrypt)
fuu wdlD;sfha§ iEu úgu m%n, mß.Kl ³ iuñ;sl .=ma;fla;kh
idudkH mß.Kl fj; úúO fiajdjka ,ndfohs' (Symetric Encrypt)
Wod ( iuia; wka;¾cd,hu [Link].S
we;af;a fuu wdlD;shghs' iuñ;sl .=ma; fla;kh (Symetric Encrypt)
fla;khg yd úfla;kh tlu h;=r Ndú;d
iu iu cd, (Peer to Peer) lrhs'

wiuñ;sl .=ma; fla;kh (Assymetric Encrypt)

fla;khg iy úfla;khg h;=re folla Ndú;
lrhs'

wiuñ;sl .=ma;fla;Kh wdldr folls'

1' fmdÿ h;=r$fm!oa.,sl h;=r .=ma;
fla;kh
2' wxls; uqødj (Digital Signature)

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 cd,lrKh
fmdÿ h;=re$ fm!oa.,sl h;=re .=ma; fla;kh wxls; uqødj (Digital Signature)
² fuys§ ´kEu mqoa.,fhla i;=j h;=re folla Anil Malinda

mj;S' Marriage +Private A ?#!

Marriage
Pub A
fmdÿ h;=r' Encrypt
Decrypt

wka;¾cd,fha iqm%isoaO lrk ,o ljqre;a okakd

h;=r

fm!oa.,sl h;=r' ?#!

Error
+
wka;¾cd,fha m%isoaO fkdlrk ,o ;ud muKla ?#! Pub A
okakd h;=r' +
Pub A
Anil Malinda Rajith ?#! Ciper text
Marriage
Rajith
(Hacker)
Kill+Pri R
encrypt

fuys§ iEu úgu hjkakdf.a h;=re Ndú;d fõ'

SENDER Reciever Hacker
o;a;h hjkakdf.a fm!oa.,slh w;=frka fla;kh
Primary Primary Primary
jk w;r ryia fla;h hjkakdf.a fmdÿ h;=frka
Key - A Key - M Key - R
úfla;kh lrhs'
Public Public Public
Key - A Key - M Key - R
³ fuys wdrlaIdj idfmalaIj wvqfõ'
³ Hacker lrejkag o;a; úfla;kh lr yel'
³ kuq;a fjkia lr fkdyel'
Anil
msg
o;a; ikaksfõokhg wod, ;¾ck'
Marriage +pub m ?#!
Ciper Text
² jhsria (virus)
Encrypt ryia moh ² Trojan
Decrypt ² wkssYag uDÿldx. (Malware)
² ;;=nEu (Phishing)
Decrypt

?#! ffjria
?#!
+ + ² mß.Kl NdIdjla Ndú;fhka jevigyka
Pri Pri lrefjl= úiska ydkslr l%shdldrlï i|yd
R M
Rajith ks¾udKh lrk ydkslr jevigykls'
Error Marriage Malinda
(Hacker) ² [Link] uld oeóu [Link] ieÕùu mß.Kl
ukao.dó lsÍu jevigyka wl%sh lsÍu jeks
fuys§ fla;kh yd úfla;khg ,nkakdf.a h;=r lghq;= isÿ lrhs'
Ndú; lrhs' fla;kh ,nkakdf.a fmdÿ h;=r
(public Key) Ndú;fhkao úfla;kh ,nkakdf.a Trojan
fm!oa.,sl h;=r (Privte Key) Ndú;fhkao isÿfõ' ² b;d m%fhdackj;a uDÿ[Link] f,i fmkS isá'
miqj m%n, ffjria mß.Klhg ,nd .ekSug
Hacker o;a;h fidrd.; yels kuq;a th lghq;= lrhs'
úfla;kh l< fkdyel' Wod ¦ virus guard tlla f,i lghq;=
lrñka mß.Klhg m%n, ffjri
[Link] .ekSu'

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 cd,lrKh
wksIag uDÿldx. (Malware) Telnet
² fuu uDÿldx. mß.Klhg meñ‚ úg th -ÿria:j fjkia ia:dkhl we;s
úiskau msgm;a ks¾udKh [Link]ñka mß.Klh mß.Klhla md,kh l< yel'
ukao.dó lsÍu [Link] uld oeóu jeks wys;lr
lghq;= isÿlrhs' NAT cd, ,[Link] mßj¾;kh
Ip ,sms [Link] kej; fjkia lsÍu i|yd ux
² ;;=nEu yiqrejkakka yryd hjk úg§ cd, lrk
FB " INSTA jeks fmdÿ udOH cd, web wvúj, l%shdj,sfha§ o;a; m‚úv (Datagram)
msgm;a ks¾udKh lr th fjk;a md¾Yjhlg melÜgq YS¾Ij, we;s tAjdfha cd,lrk
fhduq lr [Link] tu mqoa.,hdf.a wod< .sKqï ,smsfhduq f;dr;=re fjkia lsÍuhs' fuhska
j, uqrmo mßYS,l kdu ,nd .ekSuhs' iEu i;aldrhlau lshùfuka f;drj wka;¾cd,
l%shdj,sfha§ kej; ud¾. yeisrùfï È we;sjk
wka;¾cd,fha wdrlaIdjg .; hq;= l%shdud¾. ;on,h [Link]Íu i|yd Ndú; lrhs'
³ m%;sjhsri uDÿldx. Ndú;h Source Address Destination
(Antivirus Software) Data Packet [Link] Data [Link]
- mß.Klhg msg;ska iïnkaO lrk
Wmdx. ks;e;ska mÍlaId lsÍu'
Router Internet
³ .sksmjqr
(firewall)
[Link] Default Gateway
- mß.Klhg msg;ska wjir fkd,;a Default Gateway
mqoa.,hska iïnkaO ùu je<elaùu' [Link] [Link]

³ mß.Klh Up to Date ;nd .ekSu

Private IPs
- mß.Klfha fufyhqï moaO;sh"Bios Public IP
jeks w;HdjYH uDÿldx. j, tAjdfha Source Address Destination
[Link] Data [Link]
wvqmdvq ksIamdok iud.ï j,ska y`ÿkd
.kakd w;r updates ,ndfoa' tAjd
download lr install lr.; hq;=h'
cd, ks¾ñ;h (Network Architecture)
cd,lrKfha§ Ndú; jk úOdk' fhduq wdlD;s [Link] (reference models)
Ping úia;r lsÍu'
- cd,.; lrk ,o mß.Klhla iuÕ
cd, iïnkaO;djh mÍlaId lsÍu fhduq wdlD;s 2 ls'
² OSI 7 layer Model
Ipconfig ² TCP / Ip model
- mß.Klfha Ip ,ssmsk ms<sn| úia;r'
fuu wdlD;s [Link] tla mß.Klhlska ;j;a
Netstat mß.Klhg o;a; .,dhdu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
- msg; isg wmf.a mß.Klhg o;a; fhÿï ia;rh (Application layer)
tjkq ,nk mß.Klj, Ip ,smsk'
iu¾mk ia:rh (Presentation Layer)
Nslookup ieis ia:rh (Session Layer)
- DNS ys f;dr;=re ,nd.; yel'
m%jdyk ia:rh (Transport Layer)
web add = Ip Addr
Ip add = web addr cd, ia:rh (Network Layer)
Layer 2 o;a; in¢ ia:rh (Datalink Layer)
getmac
- mß.Klhl fN!;sl ,smskh ,nd.; Layer 1 fN!;sl ia;rh (Physical Layer)
yelsh

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 cd,lrKh
TCP $ Ip model HELLO Whatsapp WhatsApp
HELLO
fhÿï ia;rh (Application layer)
m%jdyk ia:rh (Transport Layer) Application Application
Presentation Presentation
wka;¾cd, ia:rh (Internet Layer)
Session Session
cd, m%fõY ia:rh (Net. Access Layer) Transport Transport
Network Network
OSI 7 Layer yryd cd,lrKfha§ tla Datalink Datalink
mß.Klhlska ;j;a mß.Klhlg o;a; Physical Physical
.,dhdu úia;r lsÍu'

1' fhÿï ia:rh (L7)

² ikaksfõok mß.Klh y÷kd .ekSu'
² o;a;h mß.Klhg we;=<;a lsÍu'

2' iu¾mk ia;rh (L6)

² o;a; bÈßm;a lsÍu" mßj¾;kh yd by; rEm igyfkys fmkajd we;af;a cd,hla
fla;lrKh Tiafia tlg iïnkaO; mß.Kl folla o;a;
² o;a; .=ma; fla;kh yqjudre [Link] wdldrh ir,j OSI cd,d
wdlD;sh [Link]'
3' ieis ia;rh (L5)
² ikaksfõok md¾Yaj w;r iïnkaO;djh TCP/IP cd, wdlD;sh weiqrska tla
[Link] mj;ajdf.k hdu yd mß.Klhlska ;j;a mß.Klhg o;a; .,dhdu'
iïnkaO;djh wjika lsÍu'
1' fhÿï ia:rh (L4)
4' m%jdyk ia;rh (L4) cd,h úiska Ndú; lrkq ,nk jevigyka iy
² o;a; /f.k hdfï [Link] Tcp fyda l%shdhkj,ska j,ska iukaú; fõ'
udp hk kshudj,s [Link] isÿ lrhs'
2' m%jdyk ia;rh (L3)
5' cd, ia;rh (L3) tla ,laIhl isg ;j;a ,laIhlg o;a; ,nd§u'
² o;a; iïfm%aIKhg fláu ud¾.h
fidhd .kS' 3' wka;¾cd, ia:rh' (L2)
² tla ,laIhl isg ;j;a ,laIhlg o;a; cd, ,[Link] lsÍu yd o;a; ,nd§u cd,
iïfm%aIKh' w;r iïnkaO;d l<ukdlrKh'
² o;a; melÜgq wkqms,sj,g ieliSu iy
tAjdg ip ,smsk ,nd§u' 4' cd, m%fõY ia;rh (L1)
cd, ,[Link] fN!;sl ,[Link] njg
6' o;a; ine¢ ia;rh (L2) mßj¾;kh'
² o;a; melÜgq ìgq njg ìgq o;a; njg o;a; melÜgq iïfm%aIKh lr hq;= wdldrh
fla;kh yd úfla;kh' úia;r lsÍu'
7' fN!;sl ia:rh' (L1)
² fuys§ iïfm%aIK udOHhla yryd o;a;
heùula isÿfõ'
² ìgq ;rx. njg mßj¾;kh'
² o;a; iïfm%aIKh l< hq;= l%uh
;SrKh lsÍu'
^fY%a‚.;" iudka;r.;j&

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 cd,lrKh
tla tla úia;rfha o;a; ye¢kafjk wdldrh'

Layer Data Unit

Application Layer Data
Presentation Layer Data
Session Layer Data
Transport Layer Segment/Datagram
Network Layer Packet
Datalink Layer Frame
Physical Layer Bits

tla tla ia:rfha Ndú;d jk WmlrK

Layer Device
Application Layer Software Proxy
Firewall
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer Routers/Layer 3 Switch
Datalink Layer Switch, Bridge, NIC
Physical Layer Cables, Connectors
NIC, Repeaters, Hub
OSI iy TCP / IP wdlD;sfha fjkialï'

OSI TCP/IP
fhÿï (L7)
iu¾mK (L6) fhÿï (L4)
ieis (L5)

m%jdyk (L4) m%jdyk (L3)

cd, (L3) wka;¾cd, (L2)
o;a; ineÈ (L2) cd, m%fõY (L1)
fN!;sl (L1)

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