MODULE 1

Introduction to Naval Architecture

II SEM –Module 1
Module 1 : Syllabus
Etymology
•Ship
• English – Scip
• Dutch – Schip
• German – Schiff

•Naval
• Latin – Navis, navalis (ship)

•Architecture
• Latin – Architectus, Architectura
• Greek - Arkhitekton ("master builder"),
What is the history of ship building?
•When did it all start?

•How did it evolve over the millenia or centuries?

•Who was the first Naval Architect?

Sources for historical information
• Petroglyphs
• Pictographs
• Documents
Petroglyphs
Pictograph
20 LAKH YEARS AGO

•Migration of Homo Erectus

from Africa to
•Asia and
•South America
Requirement for
migration across
oceans / seas
14000 YEARS AGO

•EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION

•MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILISATION
14000 YEARS AGO
Kon Tiki expedition
•Migration of natives from South America(Peru)
to Polynesia

•Thor Heyerdahl,
•Norwegian Adventurer and
•Ethnographer
The first boats
•Sticks/ Bamboo : Rafts

•Reed : Reedboats, Coracles

•Wood: Canoe, Kayak, Rowboats, Sailboats

Rafts
Reed Boat
• Coracle
• Canoe
• Kayak
Row Boats
Sail cum rowboats
• Sail Ship
8000 YEARS AGO

•Oldest Boat found till date

•Netherlands
Pesse Dug out Canoe , Netherlands
Progress in ship design
•Till a few centuries ago, sail ships were mainly used.
•With the invention of iron, fossil fules, internal
combustion etc, ship design also grew in leaps and
bounds
•Humans went on to design and construct different
types of ships, based on differing requirements
•Can you identify the following vessels?
 END
• In case of any doubts you may contact me at

• Mobile : 9969293383
• Email : [Link]@[Link]
 MODULE 1

Introduction to Naval Architecture

II SEM –Module 1
Module 1 : Syllabus
Evolution of ships
•Materials- Wood to steel

•Propulsion- Oars to propeller

•Types -General purpose to specialised

•Hull Forms – single to multiple

What material did they use?
Rafts
Reed Boat
• Reeds
Pesse Dug out Canoe , Netherlands
Advent of Iron

•Iron discovered : 5000 BC – 3000BC –

Mesopotamia ( Iraq, Egypt)

•Iron Age – 1000 BC

•First Iron Ship , 1830 Iron Clad, Nemesis,

Built for East India Company
Steel
•Steel , 1850’s

•Bessemer Process

•Sir Henry Bessemmer, English Scientist

•Steel Ships from 1870’s

•Riveting
•Welding
Reinforced
Plastics
• FRP
• Fibre Reinforced Plastic
• GRP
• Glass Reinforced Plastic

• Early 1900s
Aluminium
• Mid 1900s
•WOOD
•Rafts
•Reedboats
•Dugout Canoes
•Wooden boats
•Ships
•Early 1800 -Iron Clad ships
•Mid 1800 -Steel Ships
•Early 1900 -FRP
•Mid 1900 –Aluminium
 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950

Wood/Reed
Iron
Steel
FRP / GRP

Aluminium
 END
• In case of any doubts you may contact me at

• Mobile : 9969293383
• Email : [Link]@[Link]
 MODULE 1

Introduction to Naval Architecture

II SEM –Module 1
Module 1 : Syllabus
Evolution of ships
•Materials- transition from wood to steel

•Propulsion- oar to IC engines and turbines

•Types -General purpose vessels to specialised vessels

•Hull Forms - Low speed hulls to high speed hulls

What was the means of
propulsion used ?
Punting Pole
Oars / Paddles
Sails
Paddle Wheel
Propeller
•Oar / Punting pole
•Sails
•Paddle Wheels (powered by steam)
•Propeller (powered by)
•IC Engine
•Turbines
•Motor
•Energy sources ( Fossil Fuels / Solar / Nuclear/Wind /
Clean Fuels)
 3500BC 1800 1900 2000
1950

Manpower - Oars
Wind - Sails
Steam – Paddle Wheel / Propeller
Diesel - Propeller
Nuclear - Propeller
Solar / Electric - Propeller
Fuel Cell - Propeller
 END
• In case of any doubts you may contact me at

• Mobile : 9969293383
• Email : [Link]@[Link]
 MODULE 1

Introduction to Naval Architecture

II SEM –Module 1
Module 1 : Syllabus
Evolution of ships
•Materials- Wood to steel

•Propulsion- Oars to propeller

•Types -General purpose to specialised

•Hull Forms – single to multiple

Hull Form

•Displacement
•
•Dynamic Lift

•Combination
Displacement Hull
•During motion, the displacement of the vessel completely
supported by the buoyancy provided by the displaced
water.

•Underwater Volume of ship remains almost constant

during motion. Variation is only due to waves and ship’s
motion

•Resistance to motion is given by the fluid in which it is

moving
Monohull
Catamaran
(Twin Hull)
Trimaran
Pentamaran
SWATH (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull)
SWATH
SWATH
SWATH
SWASH
SWASH
Displacement Hull Forms
•
•Single Hull

•Multiple Hull – Catamaran, Trimaran etc.

•SWATH (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull)

•SWASH (Small Waterplane Area Single Hull)

Hull Form

•Displacement

•Dynamic Lift

•Combination
 Dynamic Lift

• Upward Force or Lift that acts on a body

..due to its motion in a fluid. Called
dynamic lift.
• When stationary, Displacement or Weight
of the ship is fully supported by the
buoyancy provided by the displaced fluid
• During motion , displacement or weight of
the ship is supported partly or fully by
dynamic lift and partly by buoyancy
provided by displaced fluid
• Causes the ship to lift partially or out of
the water, thereby reducing the resistance
offered by the fluid
Dynamic Lift Hull Forms

•Hydrodynamic Lift
•Planing Hull
•Foil Lift

•Air Lift

•Wing In Ground(WIG) Effect

Dynamic Lift Hull Forms
•Hydrodynamic Lift
•Lift is provided by the fluid, i.e. water, due to the
motion of the ship.. hence called hydrodynamic lift
•When stationary, Displacement or Weight of the ship is
fully supported by the buoyancy provided by the
displaced fluid
•During motion , displacement or weight of the ship is
supported partly by hydrodynamic lift and partly by
buoyancy provided by displaced fluid
•Planing Hull
•Foil Lift
Planing Hull

•Shape of Hull form (chine shape) creates hydrodynamic

lift, when the ship starts moving
•Chine
• Abrupt change in angle of the cross section of the hull form
• Causes change in dynamic pressure along the length
• Ship starts to plane (lifting up of forward portion)..hence called
planing hull
•Lesser resistance due to reduced contact with hull form
Chine Form
Planing Hull
Planing Hull
Chine - Soft / Hard
Chine – Single or Multiple
Dynamic Lift Hull Forms

•Hydrodynamic Lift
•Planing Hull
•Foil Lift

•Air Lift

•Wing In Ground(WIG) Effect

Foil Lift
• Lift created by an appendage shaped like an aerofoil
Foil Lift

•Appendages (structures protruding out from main hull

of ship) with aerofoil cross section, creates
hydrodynamic lift

•Once the ship starts moving, the hydrodynamic lift on

the aerofoil(s) causes the ship to rise out of the fluid
Types of Foil Lift

• Fully Submerged

• Surface Piercing
 Hydrofoil Types
• Fully Submerged: The
foils are fully submerged

• Surface piercing: the

foils partially submerged
and therefore pierce the
surface
Fully Submerged
Fully Submerged Hydrofoil
Fully Submerged Hydrofoil
Fully Submerged Hydrofoil
Surface Piercing
Surface Piercing Hydrofoil
Surface Piercing Hydrofoil
Surface Piercing Hydrofoil
Dynamic Lift Hull Forms

•Hydrodynamic Lift
•Planing Hull
•Foil Lift

•Air Lift

•Wing In Ground(WIG) Effect

Air Cushion Vehicles (ACV) – Hover crafts
• When stationary, the weight or displacement is supported by the
buoyancy force provided by the displaced fluid
• Before moving, the weight of vessel is fully supported by a column of
air. This Lift Force generated by fans, which use blowers to blow air
against the surface of the fluid on which it is floating.
• A flexible rubber skirt around the periphery of the boat minimises the
escape of the air from the air column and helps maintain the pressure
• The immersed portion of the hull comes completely out of the water.
There is no buoyancy force acting on the ship in this condition.
• There is NO aerodynamic Lift (like in aeroplanes), i.e the lift provided
by the air is not due to the motion.
• Forward Thrust also provided by fans, to propel the ship forward.
Hovercraft
Air Cushion Vehicles (Hover Craft)
Dynamic Lift Hull Forms

•Hydrodynamic Lift
•Planing Hull
•Foil Lift

•Air Lift

•Wing In Ground(WIG) Effect

WIG (Wing in Ground) Effect Craft
WIG Craft
WIG (Wing in Ground) Craft
• Like a waterplane
• Waterborne vessel when stationary. i.e. weight of the vessel is
supported fully by the buoyancy provided by the displaced fluid.
• Aerial propellers starts forward motion and it takes off from water due
to the aerodynamic lift given by the wings
• After take off, it flies very close to the surface
• Uses benefit of Wing in Ground Effect
• Reduction in Lift Induced Drag helps in reducing resistance
• Low flight path makes detection by radar difficult. Hence used in
military.
Hull Form

•Displacement

•Dynamic Lift

•Combination
Combination Hull Forms
•Surface Effect Ships

•Combination of Displacement and Dynamic Lift

•Multiple Hull (Catamaran) and Air Cushion

Surface Effect Ship
Hull Form-Summary
•Displacement
•Mono Hull
•Multiple Hull
•SWATH (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull)
•SWASH (Small Waterplane Area Single Hull)
•Dynamic Lift
•Planing Hull
•Hydrofoil
•Air Lift
•Wing in Ground Effect
•Combination
•SES(Surface Effect Ship)
Evolution of ships
•Materials- Wood to steel

•Propulsion- Oars to propeller

•Types -General purpose to specialised

•Hull Forms – single to multiple

Future: Remote Controlled, Autonomous and
Crewless?
 END
• In case of any doubts you may contact me at

• Mobile : 9969293383
• Email : [Link]@[Link]
 MODULE 1

Introduction to Naval Architecture

II SEM –Module 1
Module 1 : Syllabus
Evolution of ships
•Materials- transition from wood to steel

•Propulsion- oar to IC engines and turbines

•Hull Forms - Low speed hulls to high speed hulls

•Types -General purpose vessels to specialised vessels

Purpose - What are vessels / ships used for?
•Passenger
•Fishing
•Cargo
•War
•Research / Scientific
•Pleasure / Adventure
•Specialised
•Support
Passenger Vessels
•Boats

•Ferry
•Inland- River/ Lake
•Coastal

•Ships
•Ocean Liners
Boat
Inland Ferry
Coastal Ferry
• United Kingdom

• Great Britain
Coastal Ferry
Ocean Liner
Purpose - What are vessels / ships used for?
•Passenger
•Fishing
•Cargo
•War
•Research / Scientific
•Pleasure / Adventure
•Specialised
•Support
Fishing Vessels
•Trawlers
•Stern
•Beam
•Seiners

•Long liners

•Factory Ship
Types of trawling depending on depth of fishing
Types of trawling depending on disposition of
nets
Stern Trawler
Beam Trawler
Seiner
Seiners
Long liners
Factory Ship
Purpose - What are vessels / ships used for?
•Passenger
•Fishing
•Cargo
•War
•Research / Scientific
•Pleasure / Adventure
•Specialised
•Support
Cargo Vessels
•General Cargo
•Tanker
•Bulk Carrier
•Container
•Reefer
•Car Carrier (RO-RO)
•Cattle Carrier
•Multipurpose
General Cargo (Break Bulk)
•Packaged items
•Food
•Furniture
•Garments
•Footwear
•Dry Chemicals
•Machinery / Heavy vehicles
Tanker
• Oil
• Crude
• Product
• Chemical
• Acids (Hydrochloric, Sulfuric etc.)
• Food ingredients -Oils (Vegetable Oil, Palm oil), Molasses
• Chemicals – Methanol, Caustic Soda
• Gas
• LPG
• LNG
• CNG
Bulk Carrier
•Grains

•Coal

•Ore

•Cement
Cargo Vessels
•General Cargo
•Tanker
•Bulk Carrier
•Container
•Reefer
•Car Carrier (RO-RO)
•Cattle Carrier
•Multipurpose
Purpose - What are vessels / ships used for?
•Passenger
•Fishing
•Cargo
•War
•Research / Scientific
•Pleasure / Adventure
•Specialised
•Support
War Vessels
•Frigates
•Destroyers
•Aircraft Carriers
•Corvettes
•Amphibious Ships –Landing Ship Tank, Landing Craft Utility
•Mine Counter Measure Vessels(MCMV)
•Landing Platform Dock (LPD) / Landing Helicopter Dock(LHD)
•Fast Attack Craft
•Hospital Ship
•Submarine
Frigate
Destroyer
Aircraft Carrier
Corvette
Landing Ship Tank
Mine Counter Measure Vessel
Landing Platform Dock
Landing Helicopter Dock
Landing Helicopter Dock`
Fast Attack Craft
Hospital Ship
Submarine
Purpose - What are vessels / ships used for?
•Passenger
•Fishing
•Cargo
•War
•Research / Scientific
•Pleasure / Adventure
•Specialised
•Support
Research / Scientific Vessels
•Research
• Oceanographic
• Fisheries
• Naval
• Polar

•Hydrographic Survey

•Oil Exploration
• Drill Ship
Oceanographic Research Vessel
Fisheries Research Vessel
Naval Research Vessel
Naval Reconaissance Vessel
Polar Research Vessel
Flip Ship Research Vessel
Purpose - What are vessels / ships used for?
•Passenger
•Fishing
•Cargo
•War
•Research / Scientific
•Pleasure / Adventure
•Specialised
•Support
Pleasure / Adventure
•Speed Boats

•Yachts

•Cruiseliners
Speed Boat
Yacht
Cruise ship
Purpose - What are vessels / ships used for?
•Passenger
•Fishing
•Cargo
•War
•Research / Scientific
•Pleasure / Adventure
•Specialised
•Support
Specialised
•Dredger
•Cable Laying Ship
•Pipe Laying Ship
•Drill Ship
•FPSO (Floating Production Supply Offloading)
•Ice Breaker
•Salvage Vessel
•Heavy Lift Ships (Semi Submersible Deck Carrier)
Dredger
Dredger
Cable Laying Ship
Pipe Laying Ship
Types of oil rigs/platforms
Types of oil rigs/platforms
Types of oil rigs/platforms
Drill Ship
FPSO
FPSO
Salvage Vessel
Purpose - What are vessels / ships used for?
•Passenger
•Fishing
•Cargo
•War
•Research / Scientific
•Pleasure / Adventure
•Specialised
•Support
Support
•Tugs
•Offshore Support /Supply Vessels (OSV)
•AHTS (Anchor Handling Tug Supply)
•PSV (Platform Supply Vessel)
•Seismic Survey Vessel
•Diving Support Vessel
•Crane Vessel
•Fire Fighting Vessel
Tugs
Anchor Handling Tug
Supply
Platform Supply Vessel
Seismic Survey Vessel
Diving Support Vessel
Crane Vessel
Firefighting ship
Purpose - What are vessels / ships used for?
•Passenger
•Fishing
•Cargo
•War
•Research / Scientific
•Pleasure / Adventure
•Specialised
•Support
 END
• In case of any doubts you may contact me at

• Mobile : 9969293383
• Email : [Link]@[Link]
 MODULE 1

Introduction to Naval Architecture

II SEM –Module 1
Module 1 : Syllabus
What is Naval Architecture
• Naval Architecture, is an engineering discipline

• incorporating elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic,

software, material, instrumentation and safety engineering

• To apply in the design of hull form, resistance, powering, stability,

structure, general arrangement, machinery and equipment,
manoeuverability, seakeeping, outfitting, safety etc.
Who is a Naval Architect?
• A Naval Architect is an engineer who is capable of undertaking the

• Design, Construction, and Repair of …

• Marine vessels and Offshore structures..

• Commercial and Military.

Who is a Naval Architect?
• Due to the complexity associated with operating in a marine
environment, naval architecture is a co-operative effort between
groups of technically skilled individuals who are specialists in
particular fields, often coordinated by a lead naval architect.

• This inherent complexity also means that the analytical tools available
are much less evolved than those for designing aircraft, cars and even
spacecraft.

• This is due primarily to the paucity of data on the environment the

marine vehicle is required to work in and the complexity of the
interaction of waves and wind on a marine structure.
Naval Architecture –

Art or Science?
Art
• Primitive boats based on creative individual ideas

• Modified by trial and error through experience

• Knowledge passed down through generations

• Treated as an art and a craft

• Boatmakers were craftsmen

Science
• Art inadequate to prevent disasters at sea
• 250 BC – Archimedes Principle
• 17 Century – Advent of scientific research inventions and discoveries
• 18 Century - Scientific approach to design and construction of ships
• Geometry, stability, hydrodynamics, resistance, strength, seakeeping
• Naval Architecture is judicious mix of trade offs between many factors
especially
• Efficiency
• Economy
• To ensure among many other aspects
• Safety
• Performance
What is Naval Architecture
• The Art and Science of

• Designing, Constructing and Maintaining

• Marine Vessels (ships, boats etc.) and Offshore Structures to
• Perform the missions and to meet the requirements of…
• Owners and operators.
Roles of a Naval Architect
• Design – Design Firms, Design Dept. in shipyards

• Construction – Ship and boat building yards

• Repair - Ship and boat building yards

• Survey – Classification Societies, International and National Authorities

• Policy – International / National organisations (IMO, DG Shipping, MMD etc)

• Consultant – Ship Owners, Ship Management, Freight Handling/Logistics, Port Authorities

• Academia – Educational Institutions, Research Organisations

Design
• Firms, Consultancies, Organisations

• Vertical specialization – Preliminary Design, Structure, General

Arragment, Stability, Powering etc.

• Software expertise
Construction
• Shipyards, Boatyards

• Oversee and manage execution of the Design

• Project Management skills and software

• Practical experience and technology awareness

Repair
• Shipyards, Boatyards

• Oversee and execute repair work.

• Project Management skills and software

• Practical experience and technology awareness

Survey
• Classification Societies, Govt Agencies

• Inspection / Survey, Certification, Quality

• Awareness of Rules , Practical Application

Classification Societies
• 1600-1700s
• Sea trade rising
• Ship accidents increasing
• Ship Insurers want ship certification
• Idea of a system to audit ship design and construction
• Birth of Classification Societies
• Coffee Shop in London – Lloyds
• Lloyds Register of Shipping
Classification Societies
• Norway- Det Norske Veritas (DNV),
• USA- American Bureau of Shipping(ABS),
• France -Bureau Veritas(BV),
• Japan- Nippon Kaiji Kyokai(NKK),
• Italy – Registro Italiano Navale (RINA),
• Germany – Germanischer Lloyd (GL),
• India- Indian Register of Shipping(IRS),
• China – China Classification Society(CCS),
• Korea – Korean Register(KR).
• DNV merged with GL in 2013 and now called DNV-GL.
Role of Classification Societies
• Set Standards

• Inspect

• Classify

• Certify
International Association of Classification
Societies (IACS)
• Different Classification Societies(CS) , different rules

• Global Operations , Lack of Commonality

• To ensure uniformity and commonality of rules

• Association of CS formed
Policy
• International / National Organisations

• Formulation of Policies for implementation

• Practical Experience and Technology Awareness

International Maritime Organisation (IMO)
• Sea Trade involves all seafaring nations
• Sea Navigation and Port Operations
• Common rules of operation and trade required
• Promotes maritime safety and cooperation
• 1948: the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization
(IMCO) was established by the UN.
• 1982 : It was renamed International Maritime Organization (IMO)
IMO
• Purpose
• Cooperation in Govt. Regulation related to all technical matters
• Standards in maritime safety, efficiency of navigation, prevention of maritime
pollution.

• Organization Structure
• Assembly – Highest body. Elects the council
• Council- Executive organ. Supervises all work
• Main Committees
• Sub-Committees
IMO
• Main Committees

• Maritime Safety Committee (MSC)

• Maritime Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC)

• Legal Committee

• Technical Cooperation Committee

• Facilitation Committee
IMO
• Sub-Committees

• Human Element, Training and Watchkeeping (HTW)

• Implementation of IMO Instruments (III)
• Sub-Committee on Navigation, Communications and Search and Rescue
(NCSR)
• Pollution Prevention and Response (PPR)
• Ship Design and Construction (SDC)
• Ship Systems and Equipment (SSE)
• Sub-Committee on Carriage of Cargoes and Containers (CCC).
IMO
• IMO Number
• Ship Identification Number Scheme
• Since 1987
• Permanent Number assigned to each ship
• Prevention of Maritime fraud
• Unique 7 digit no.
• IMOXXXX
• Not applicable to
• Ships > 100 GT
• Pleasure yachts
• Warships
• Etc.
IMO
• International Conventions

• Mid 1800 onwards : increasing shipping disasters

• Treaties and conventions adopted by sea faring nations

• 1912 : Sinking of Titanic – Treaty on Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS) adopted

• After IMO formation in 1948, formal adoption of conventions

IMO
• International Conventions

• 1966 : International Convention on Load Lines (LL)

• 1969 : International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships (TONNAGE),
• 1972 : International Convention Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
(COLREG)
• 1974 : International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)
• 1973 /78 : International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships,
(MARPOL 73/78).
• 1978 : International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers ( STCW)
• 2009 : International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of
Ships
Mercantile Marine Department (MMD)
• Pre independence : Regulations for shipping vessels as per British rules
• Shipping controlled by local governments
• 1920 : MMD set up. India coast divided into shipping districts based on
location of major ports
• Calcutta , Madras and Bombay headed by a Principal Officer
• After 1949 : MMD operate under DG Shipping
• 1958 :Indian Merchant Shipping Act
• Vessels : Registration, Survey, Inspection, Certification, Salvage, Safety etc.
• Personnel: Examination, Certification, License, Pay etc.
Director General of Shipping, India
• 1949 : After independence, need to develop shipbuilding industry
• Centralised administrative organization
• DG Shipping under Ministry of Shipping
• Maritime Administration
• Implementation of Shipping policy and legislation
• Regulation of Freight Rates
• Maritime Education Training and HR Management of Merchant Navy
Personnel
• Development of Indian Shipping Industry
• Co-ordination with IMO
Port of Call
• Port(s) where a ship halts during its voyage

• Submission of Documents, Information and Verification

• IMO guidelines

• Separate formats for each port

Port of Registry
• International law -every ship be registered in a country, called its flag
state and that ship is subject to the law of its flag state.
• A ship's flag state exercises regulatory control over the vessel and is
required to inspect it regularly, certify the ship's equipment and crew,
and issue safety and pollution prevention documents.
• It also gives protection to the members of the crew in case of
casualties involving injuries and/or loss of life to claim compensation
under the provisions in vogue in the respective country.
• The organization which actually registers the ship is known as its
registry.
Port of Registry
• Registries may be governmental or private agencies.
• National Register. Registers open only to ships of its own nation is known as a
traditional or national register. National registries typically require a ship be
owned and constructed by national interests, and at least partially crewed by its
citizens.
• Open Register. Registers open to foreign-owned ships are known as open
registries and are sometimes called flags of convenience(FOC)
• Open registries have less stringent rules, offer on-line registration with few questions
asked.
• The top FOC’s are Panama, Liberia and Marshall Islands where a large percentage of
international ships are registered.
• The reasons for choosing an open register or FOC are varied, such as avoidance of tax,
labor and environmental regulations, the option to hire crews from lower-wage countries,
lower registration and maintenance costs, which in turn reduces overall transportation
costs and increases profitability.
Panama
Liberia
Marshall Islands
Port State Control
• 1978: Sinking of MV Amoco Cadiz, a VLCC

• Liberian Flag

• Steering Gear failure due to lack of maintenance

• Port State Control introduced

• Ships will be inspected by countries they visit

Consultant
• Ship Owners, Ship Management, Port Authorities, Freight Handling

• Advise on matters related to Naval Arch.

• Practical Experience and Technology Awareness

Academia
• Educational Institutions, Research Organisations

• Teaching, Research

• Knowledge, Scientific Application

 END
• In case of any doubts you may contact me at

• Mobile : 9969293383
• Email : [Link]@[Link]