BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

EXERCISES
SECTION A: TOPICWISE QUESTIONS
TOPIC 1: Kingdoms of Life
1. Who was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification?
(A) R.H. Whittaker (B) Linnaeus
(C) Aristotle (D) Bentham and Hooker
2. Biological classification of plants and animals was first proposed by
(A) Aristotle (B) Linnaeus
(C) Whittaker (D) Bentham and Hooker
3. The kingdoms which becomes more homogenous in five kingdom classification than they
were in two kingdom classification are
(A) Protista and Monera
(B) Fungi and Plantae
(C) Plantae and Animalia
(D) Animalia and Protista
4. The boundaries of kingdom V is not well-defined. Which of the following organism belongs
to kingdom V?
(A) Amoeba (B) Anabaena
(C) Yeast (D) Halobacterium
5. Five kingdom system of classification suggested by R.H. Whittaker is not based on
(A) Complexity of body organisation
(B) Presence or absence of a well-defined nucleus
(C) Mode of reproduction
(D) Mode of nutrition
6. In 2-Kingdom classification, Euglena was placed in
(A) Plantae (B) Animalia
(C) Protista (D) Monera
7. Five kingdom classification was based on
(A) Cell structure (B) Thallus organisation
(C) Mode of Nutrition (D) All of the above
8. Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from the options given.

Kingdom Body organisation

a. Plantae 1. Cellular

b. Monera 2. Multicellular/loose tissue

c. Fungi 3. Tissue/organ
d. Animalia 4. Tissue/organ/organ system

e. Protista 5.’ Tissue

(A) a—4, b—1, c—2, d—3, e—5

(B) a—3, b—1, c—2, d—4, e—5
(C) a—3, b—2, c—5, d—4, e—1
(D) a—3, b— 1, c—2, d—4, e—1
9. Two-Kingdom classification was based on
(A) Cell structure (B) Cell-wall
(C) Cell-wall composition (D) Both B and C
10. The two Kingdoms that are constant in all type of classifications from Linnaeus to Whittaker
are
(A) Plantae and Animalia (B) Monera and Protista
(C) Protista and Fungi (D) Monera and Fungi
11. Three domains of life include how many kingdoms?
(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 6
12. Who classify plants into trees, shrubs and herbs?
(A) Whittaker (B) Linnaeus
(C) Aristotle (D) C. Woese
13. For the classification of plant, Aristotle use the
(A) Anatomical feature
(B) Morphological character
(C) Mode of nutrition
(D) Phylogenetic relationship
14. The drawbacks or limitations of two-kingdom classification are
(A) No distinction between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
(B) No distinction between unicellular and multicellular organism
(C) Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms are placed together
(D) All of the above
15. Which one does not match with Whittaker’s criteria of classification?
(A) Cell structure-
(B) Thallus organisation
(C) Phylogenetic relationship
(D) Mode of spore formation
16. The unique character that unified the kingdom plantae of Linnaeus was
(A) All organisms had green pigment
(B) All organisms were autotrophic
(C) All organism had a well developed nucleus
(D) All organisms had a cell wall in their cells
17. Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from the options given.

Column I Column II

(Kingdom) (Mode of Nutrition)

a. Monera 1. Autotrophic

b. Protista 2. Heterotrophic

c. Fungi 3. Autotrophic and

heterotrophic both

d. Plantae

e. Animals

(A) a—3, b—3, c—2, d—1, e—2

(B) a—2, b—1, c—2, d—3, e—2
(C) a—3, b—2, c—3, d—1, e—3
(D) a—2, b—3, c—2, d—3, e—2
18. Earliest scientific classification was given by Aristotle. Aristotle classified animals into
(A) Prokaryota and Eukaryota
(B) Those which had red blood and those that did not
(C) Protozoa and Metazoa
(D) Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
19. Linnaeus is related to
(A) 2-Kingdom classification
(B) Binomial nomenclature
(C) SystCma Naturae
(D) All of the above
20. How many criteria are used in 5-Kingdom classification?
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 3
21. Among 5-Kingdom classification, eukaryotes are placed in how many kingdom(s)?
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 1

TOPIC 2: Kingdom Monera

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
22. Read the following statements and select the incorrect statement.
(A) Though the bacterial structure is very simple, they are very complex in behaviour.
(B) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen,
phosphorous, iron and sulphur.
(C) Majority of the heterotrophic bacteria are important decomposers.
(D) Autotrophic bacteria synthesize their food from organic substrates.
23. Chemosynthetic bacteria obtain energy from
(A) Sunlight (B) UV rays
(C) Organic substances (D) Inorganic substances
24. Recognise the figure and find out the suitable matching.

(A) a—Nucleus, b—cell membrane, c—capsule

(B) a—DNA, b—cell membrane, c—cell wall
(C) a—DNA, b—cell wall, c—capsule
(D) a—Nucleus, b—cell membrane, c—cell wall
25. Under unfavourable conditions, bacteria reproduce by
(A) Fission (B). Plasmodium
(C) Fruiting bodies (D) Spore
26. Chlorophyll-a is present in
(A) Archaebacteria (B) Bacteria
(C) Cyanobacteria (D) All of the above
27. Among the following, which is/are photosynthetic autotrophs?
(A) Archaebacteria (B) Fungi
(C) Cyanobacteria (D) All of the above
28. Archaebacteria are the special type of bacteria since they live in some of the harshest
habitats such as extreme salty areas are called
(A) Halophiles (B) Methanogens
(C) Thermoacidophiles (D) All of the above
29. The bacteria forming blooms in polluted water bodies are nutritionally
(A) Photosynthetic autotrophs
(B) Chemosynthetic autotrophs
(C) Heterotrophs
(D) Saprophytic
30. Most abundant microorganisms are
(A) Fungi (B) Bacteria
(C) Virus (D) Cyanobacteria
31. Sole member of kingdom monera are
(A) Bacteria (B) Fungi
(C) B.G.A. (D) Eubacteria
32. Nostoc and Anabaena can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells known as
(A) Conidiophores (B) Auxospores
(C) Hormogones (D) Heterocysts
33. Which bacteria oxidise various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites and
ammonia and use the released energy for their ATP production?
(A) Archaebacteria
(B) Photosynthetic autotrophs
(C) Chemosynthetic autotrophs
(D) Heterotrophs
34. Which types of bacteria play a great role in recycling nutrients?
(A) Archaebacteria
(B) Photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
(C) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
(D) Heterotrophic bacteria
35. Which types of bacteria are responsible for production of biogas?
(A) Halophiles (B) Thermoacidophiles
(C) Methanogens (D) BGA
36. Which disease is caused by bacteria in plant?
(A) Late blight of potato
(B) Mosaic disease of tobacco
(C) Citrus canker
(D) Potato spindle tuber disease
37. Recognise the figure and find out the correct match.

(A) a—iii, b—ii, c—i, d—iv

(B) a—iv, b—i, c—iii, d—ii
(C) a—iii, b—ii, c—iv, d—i
(D) a—iii, b—i, c—iv, d—ii
38. Bacteria reproduces by
(A) Fission
(B) Asexual reproduction (spore formation)
(C) Sexual reproduction (DNA transfer)
(D) All of the above
39. The members of monera have cell wall made up of polysaccharide + amino acid. Which
member of monera lack cell wall?
(A) Slime mould (B) Mycoplasma
(C) Both A and B (D) Archaebacteria
40. Which bacteria are most abundant is nature?
(A) Archaebacteria
(B) Photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
(C) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria
(D) Heterotrophic bacteria
41. Heterotrophic bacteria
(A) Fix nitrogen in Heterocyst
(B) Fix nitrogen in Nostoc
(C) Fix nitrogen in Legume
(D) Fix nitrogen in Anabaena
42. The smallest living organism with cell wall belong to
(A) Mycoplasma (B) Slime moulds
(C) Cyanobacteria (D) Bacteria
43. Genetic material without nuclear membrane is found in
(A) Bacteria and Mycoplasma
(B) Cyanobacteria and Bacteria
(C) Archaebacteria and Blue-green algae
(D) All of the above.
44. N2-fixing organisms and nitrifying organisms are placed in the kingdom
(A) Plantae (B) Animalia
(C) Protista (D) Monera
45. Oxygenic photosynthesis takes place in
(A) Nostoc (B) Anabaena
(C) Cyanobacteria (D) All of the above
46. Bacteria reproduce mainly by
(A) Fission (B) Budding
(C) Conjugation (D) Sexual reproduction
47. Rod-shaped bacterium is called
(A) Bacillus (B) Coccus
(C) Vibrium (D) Spirillum
48. Which of the following bacterium is comma shaped?
(A) Salmonella typhi (B) Vibrio cholerae
(C) E. coli (D) Clostridium tetani
49. I. Unicellular, colonial, filamentous, marine or terrestrial forms
II. The colonies are surrounded by a gelatinous sheath
III. Some can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called heterocysts
IV. They often form blooms in water bodies These above characters are seen in
(A) Archaebacteria (B) Cyanobacteria
(C) Chrysophytes (D) Dinoflagellates
50. Recognise the figure and find out the suitable matching.

(A) Nostoc, a—Heterosome, b—Mucilagenous sheath

(B) Nostoc, a—Heterocyst, b—Chitinous sheath
(C) Anabaena, a—Heterocyst, b—Gelatinous sheath
(D) Nostoc, a—Heterocyst, b—Mucilagenous sheath
51. Prokaryotes used in making curd and antibiotics are
(A) Cyanobacteria
(B) Archaebacteria
(C) Chemosynthetic autotrophs
(D) Heterotrophic bacteria
52. The shape of the cocci bacteria is
(A) Rod shaped (B) Spherical
(C) Comma shaped (D) Spiral
53. Blue green algae are called cyanobacteria because
(A) They do not produce gametes
(B) They are not green
(C) They do not have nucleus
(D) They are as small as bacteria.

TOPIC 3: Kingdom Protista

Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime Moulds and Protozoans
54. The microscopic organisms float passively in water current are termed as
(A) Nekton (B) Plankton
(C) Benthic (D) Lentic
55. Which one of the following is a characteristic feature of Chrysophytes?
(A) They are parasitic forms which cause disease in animals
(B) They have a protein rich layer called pellicle
(C) They are commonly called diatoms
(D) They are saprophytic protists
56. Read the following statements and select the incorrect statement.
(A) Dinoflagellates are mostly marine while majority of euglenoids are running fresh water
organisms
(B) The pigments of euglenoids are identical to those present in higher plants
(C) Amoeboid protozoans live in fresh water, sea water or moist soil
(D) Marine amoeboids have silica shells on their surface
57. During unfavourable conditions, slime moulds
(A) form fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips
(B) form an aggregation called plasmodium
(C) form an aggregation called pseudoplasmodium
(D) Both A and B are correct
58. Plasmodium belongs to the class
(A) Ciliates (B) Flagellates
(C) Amoeboids (D) Sporozoans
59. Protists are primarily in ............ nature.
(A) Thermophilic (B) Aquatic
(C) Terrestrial (D) Parasitic
60. Parasitic amoeboid protozoan is
(A) Amoeba (B) Trypanosoma
(C) Entamoeba (D) Paramoecium
61. Sleeping sickness is caused by a/an
(A) Amoeboid protozoan
(B) Flagellated protozoan
(C) Ciliated protozoan
(D) Sporozoan
62. Which organism have a cavity (gullet) that opens to the outside of the cell surface?
(A) Entamoeba (B) Trypanosoma
(C) Paramoecium (D) Euglena
63. Which organism have an infectious spore like stage in their life cycle?
(A) Amoeboid protozoans
(B) Flagellated protozoans
(C) Ciliated protozoans
(D) Sporozoans
64. Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from-the options given.

Column I Column II

(Protozoan Group) (Example)

a. Flagellated 1. Plasmodium

b. Sporozoan 2. Entamoeba

c. Ciliated 3. Trypanosoma

d. Amoeboid 4. Paramoecium

(A) a—3, b—1, c—4, d—2

(B) a—4, b—1, c—3, d—2
(C) a—3, b—2, c—4, d—1
(D) a—4, b—2, c—3, d—1
65. All protozoans are
(A) Heterotrophs (B) Autotrophs
(C) Saprotrophs (D) Parasites
66. Which are believed to be primitive relative of animals?
(A) Protozoans (B) Poriferans
(C) Euglenoids (D) Archaebacteria
67. Diatomaceous earth is the deposition of cell wall in their habitat by Diatoms takes over
(A) Millions of years (B) Billions of years
(C) Trillions of years (D) Thousands of years
68. Diatomaceous earth is used as
(A) Polishing (B) Filtration of oils
(C) Filtration of syrups (D) All of the above
69. Diatomaceous earth used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups due to its
(A) Slimy nature (B) Gritty nature
(C) Dusty nature (D) Hard nature
70. Chief ‘producers’ in the oceans are
(A) Chrysophytes (B) Euglenoids
(C) Desmids (D) Diatoms
71. Dinoflagellates are mostly
(A) Terrestrial (B) Marine
(C) Thermohaline (D) Fresh water
72. Two flagella are found in which protist(s)
(A) Amoeba (B) Gonyaulax
(C) Paramoecium (D) All of the above
73. Most of them have two flagella; one lies longitudinally and the other transversely in a furrow
between the wall plates. Here we are talking about
(A) Euglenoids (B) Paramoecium groups
(C) Gonyaulax groups (D) Golden brown algae
74. Sea appear red due to the rapid multiplication of
(A) Gonyaulax (red dinoflagellates)
(B) Desmids
(C) Colletotrichum
(D) Gonyaulax (yellow dinoflagellates)
75. Euglenoids have flexible body due to the presence of
(A) Chlorophyll (B) Cell wall
(C) Pellicle (D) Cellulose
76. Which bears two unequal flagella?
(A) Euglenoids (B) Slime moulds
(C) Diatoms (D) Dinoflagellates
77. When deprived [Link], euglenoids behave as
(A) Autotrophic (B) Heterotrophic
(C) Chemosynthetic (D) Osmotrophic
78. Under suitable conditions, slime moulds form
(A) Basidiocarp (B) Plasmodium
(C) Fruiting body (D) Gemmules
79. Cell walls of diatoms are indestructible because of the presence of
(A) CaCO3
(B) Silica
(C) Chitin
(D) All of the above
80. Red tide is caused by
(A) Diatoms (B) Slime moulds
(C) BGA (D) Dinoflagellates
81. In Amoeba locomotion is done by
(A) Cilia (B) Flagella
(C) Parapodia (D) Pseudopodia
82. Boundaries of which kingdom are not well defined.
(A) Monera (B) Protista
(C) Fungi (D) Plantae
83. Recognise the figure and find out the suitable matching.

(A) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are included in kingdom protista

(B) ‘a’ is heterotrophic while ‘b’ is both autotrophic and heterotrophic
(C) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are motile.
(D) All of the above.
84. The thallus like body of slime mould is called
(A) Plasmodium (B) Leishmania
(C) Fruiting body (D) Hyphae
85. Presence of which is not true for Euglena
(A) Chloroplasts
(B) Flagella
(C) Cellulosic cell wall
(D) Proteinaceous pellicle
86. Common feature of Amoeba, Euglena, Paramoecium and Trypanosoma is
(A) Being eukaryotic (B) Holozoic nutrition
(C) Multiple fission (D) Contractile vacuole
87. Locomotory organs not found in protozoans are
(A) Pseudopodia (B) Parapodia
(C) Cilia (D) Flagella
88. Mode of reproduction exhibited by the protists is
(A) Asexual reproduction
(B) Sexual reproduction
(C) Both asexual and sexual reproduction
(D) A sort of sexual reproduction
89. Which of the following is wrong about protista?
(A) Protistans are both autotrophic and heterotrophic
(B) Some protists have cell walls
(C) Protists does not have membrane bound organelles
(D) All of the above
90. Which of the following combination of characters is true for slime moulds?
(A) Parasitic, plasmodium with true walls, spores dispersed by air currents
(B) Saprophytic, plasmodium without walls, spores dispersed by water
(C) Parasitic, plasmodium without walls, spores dispersed by water
(D) Saprophytic, plasmodium without walls, spores dispersed by air currents
91. Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from the options given.

Column I Column II

(Group Protista) (Example)

a. Chrysophytes i. Paramoecium

b. Dinoflagellates ii. Euglena

c. Euglenoids iii. Gonyaulax

d. Protozoans iv. Diatoms

(A) a—i, b—iii, c—ii, d—iv

(B) a—ii, b—iv, c—iii, d—i
(C) a—iv, b—ii, c—iii, d—i
(D) a—iv, b—iii, c—ii, d—i

TOPIC 4: Kingdom Fungi

Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes
92. Read the following statements and select the correct statement.
(A) Members of kingdom fungi show a great diversity in structures and habitat
(B) Most fungi are saprophytic in their mode of nutrition
(C) There are four classes under kingdom fungi
(D) All of the above
93. What is common among Agaricus, rust and smut?
(A) All are parasites
(B) All are the members of basidiomycetes and bears basidiocarps
(C) All are not reproduced sexually
(D) Both B and C
94. Which is the basis of classification of kingdom fungi?
(A) Morphology of mycelium to class
(B) Mode of spore formation
(C) Fruiting bodies
(D) All of the above
95. Coprophilous fungi grows
(A) On the wood (B) In the wood
(C) On the dung (D) On the decaying twig
96. Fungi prefer to grow in
(A) Warm and swampy places
(B) Warm and salty places
(C) Warm and humid places
(D) Cold and moist places
97. Which is incorrect about phycomycetes?
(A) Mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic
(B) A zygospore is formed by fusion of gametes
(C) Asexual reproduction takes place by motile aplanospores and non-motile zoospores
(D) White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to parasitic fungus Albugo
98. We keep food in refrigerator to prevent food from going bad due to
(A) Viral infection (B) Fungal infection
(C) Bacterial infection (D) Both B and C
99. Which fungus does not consist a long, slender thread like structure called hyphae?
(A) Yeast (B) Mushroom
(C) Toadstool (D) Puffball
100. Some hyphae are continuous tube filled with multinucleated cytoplasm. These are called
(A) Syncytial hyphae (B) Dikaryon
(C) Mycelium (D) Coenocytic hyphae
101. In basidiomycetes, karyogamy and meiosis take place in
(A) Basidium (B) Basidiocarp
(C) Basidiospore (D) Dikaryon
102. Vegetative reproduction in fungi takes place by
(A) Fragmentation (B) Budding
(C) Fission (D) All of the above
103. Fusion of protoplasms between two fungal gametes is called
(A) Plasmogamy (B) Karyogamy
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of the above
104. Read the following statements and select the incorrect statement.
(A) The colonies of cyanobacteria are generally surrounded by gelatinous sheath.
(B) The cyanobacteria are unicellular, colonial or filamentous, freshwater / marine or terrestrial
algae.
(C) Rhizopus belongs to class phycomycetes of kingdom fungi.
(D) Bacteria are grouped under two categories based on their shape.
105. Dikaryophase does not occur in
(A) Ascomycetes (B) Phycomycetes
(C) Basidiomycetes (D) Both A and B
106. Recognise the figure and find out the correct matching.

(A) Albugo, Aspergillus respectively

(B) Mucor, Agaricus respectively
(C) Aspergillus, Mucor respectively
(D) Mucor, Aspergillus respectively
107. Orange rot is caused by
(A) Virus (B) Bacteria
(C) Fungi (D) Viroids
108. Which of the following is a fungal disease?
(A) Citrus canker
(B) White spots on mustard
(C) Black rot of mustard
(D) Potato spindle tuber disease.
109. Which of the following is coprophilous?
(A) Ascomycetes (B) Phycomycetes
(C) Basidiomycetes (D) Deuteromycetes
110. In Mucor, asexual reproduction takes place by non-motile spores named as
(A) Conidia (B) Zoospores
(C) Aplanospores (D) None of the above
111. Asexual spores are generally absent in
(A) Ustilago (B) Trichoderma
(C) Neurospora (D) Yeast
112. The deuteromycetous fungi member were often moved to ascomycetes and
basidiomycetes after the identification of
(A) Sexual phase (B) Vegetative phase
(C) Asexual phase (D) None of the above
113. The deuteromycetous fungi reproduce by asexual spore named as
(A) Aplanospores (B) Zoospores
(C) Ascospores (D) Conidia
114. The edible ascomycetous fungus/fungi is/are
(A) Morels (B) Agaricus
(C) Truffles (D) Both A and C
115. Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from the options given.

Column 1 Column II

(Types of spore) (Production)

a. Zoospores 1. Exogenous

b. Aplanospores 2. Endogenous

c. Conidia

d. Ascospores

e. Basidiospores

(A) a—1, b—2, c—1, d—2, e—1

(B) a—2, b—1, c—2, d—l, e—2
(C) a—2, b—2, c—1, d—2, e—1
(D) a—1, b—2, c—1, d—2, e—1
116. Mushrooms, bracket fungi or puffballs are placed in
(A) Ascomycetes (B) Basidiomycetes
(C) Deuteromycetes (D) Phycomycetes
117. Dikaryophase is seen in
(A) Deuteromycetes (B) Ascomycetes
(C) Basidiomycetes (D) Both B and C.
118. The network of hyphae is known as
(A) Mycelium (B) Rhizoids
(C) Rhizinae (D) Pseudomycelium
119. A dikaryon is formed when
(A) Meiosis is arrested
(B) The two haploid cells do not fuse immediately
(C) Cytoplasm does not fuse
(D) None of the above
120. With respect to fungal sexual cycle, choose the correct sequence of events.
(A) Karyogamy, Plasmogamy and Meiosis
(B) Meiosis, Plasmogamy and Karyogamy
(C) Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis
(D) Meiosis, Karyogamy and Plasmogamy
121. Members of phycomycetes are found in
i. Aquatic habitats
ii. On decaying wood
iii. Moist and damp places
iv. As obligate parasites on plants
Choose from the following options.
(A) None of the above (B) i and iv
(C) ii and iii (D) All of the above
122. The given fungus belong to which class

(A) Ascomycetes (B) Phycomycetes

(C) Basidiomycetes (D) Deuteromycetes
123. Asexual reproduction takes place in fungi with the help of
(A) Ascospores, basidiospores and zoospores
(B) Zoospores, sporangiospores and conidia
(C) Zoospores, oospores and basidiospores
(D) Oospores, ascospores, basidiospores
124. In fungi, heterotrophic nutrition may be
(A) Symbiotic (B) Parasitic
(C) Saprophytic (D) All of the above
125. In fungi, sexual reproduction takes place by
(A) Ascospores, basidiospores and zoospores
(B) Zoospores, sporangiospores and conidia
(C) Zoospores, oospores and basidiospores
(D) Oospores, ascospores and basidiospores
126. Slender and thread like structure of fungi are called
(A) Mycelium (B) Rhizoids
(C) Rhizinae (D) Hyphae
127. Fungi and bacteria, which feed on dead organic matter are called
(A) Symbiotic (B) Parasitic
(C) Saprophytic (D) All of the above
128. Which of the following does not apply to ascomycetes?
(A) Mycelium is septate and branched
(B) Commonly known as algal fungi
(C) Asexual spores called conidia are produced exogenously
(D) Sexual spores called ascospores are produced endogenously.
129. The fungus, commonly known as bread mould is
(A) Alternaria (B) Rhizopus
(C) Penicillium (D) Aspergillus
130. In which of the following options, all the members do not belong to same class.
(A) Bread mould, Mucor, Parasitic fungi on Mustard
(B) Claviceps, Neurospora, Aspergillus, morels, truffles and puffballs
(C) Rust, smut, mushrooms, bracket fungi
(D) Colletotrichum, Alternaria and Trichoderma

TOPIC 5: Viruses, Viroids, Prions and Lichens

131. Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from, the options given.

Column 1 Column II

(Scientists) (Contribution)

a. Ivanowsky 1. Contagium vivum fluidum

b. Pasteur 2. Crystallisation of viruses

c. Beijerinek 3. Discovery of viruses

d. Stanley 4. Term virus

(A) a—3, b—4, c—2, d—1

(B) a—4, b—3, c—2, d—1
(C) a—3, b—4, c—1, d—2
(D) a—4, b—3, c—1, d—2
132. Viruses cause several diseases in plants and animals. In plants, the symptoms can be
(A) Mosaic formation, dwarfing and stunted growth
(B) Leaf rolling and curling
(C) Yellowing and vein clearing
(D) All of the above
133. Which of the following are called acellular organisms?
(A) Viruses and viroids
(B) Viroids and lichens
(C) Lichens and viruses
(D) Viruses, viroids and lichens
134. In viruses which one acts as genetic material?
(A) DNA (B) RNA
(C) Both A and B (D) Either A or B
135. T.O. Diener discovered a/an
(A) Free infectious DNA (B) Infectious protein
(C) Bacteriophage (D) Free infectious RNA
136. Who recognised certain microbes as causal organism of the mosaic disease?
(A) Ivanowsky (B) Pasteur
(C) Beijerinek (D) Stanely
137. Which are smaller than viruses?
(A) Bacteria (B) Fungi
(C) Cyanobacteria (D) Viroids
138. Among the common cold (flu), mumps, small pox, herpes, influenza and AIDS, how many
diseases are caused by viruses in humans?
(A) Three (B)‘ Four
(C) Five (D) Six
139. Read the following statements and the select incorrect statement.
(A) The name virus means venom or poisonous fluid
(B) Many mycoplasma are pathogenic in animals and plants
(C) Toxins released by large number of red dinoflagellates may even kill other marine animals
such as fishes.
(D) Beside the cell wall, euglenoids have a protein rich layer called pelicle which makes their
body flexible.
140. Which disease is caused by viroids?
(A) Leaf curling disease
(B) Potato spindle tuber disease
(C) Dwarfing disease
(D) All of the above
141. Who prepare food in lichens?
(A) Mycobiont (B) Fungi
(C) Phycobiont (D) All of the above
142. What is the responsibility of mycobiont in lichens?
(A) Provide shelter to phycobiont
(B) Absorb mineral nutrients
(C) Absorb water
(D) All of the above
143. Find out the correct statement.
(A) In lichens, the algal component is called phycobiont and fungal component is known as
mycobiont, which are heterotrophic and autotrophic respectively.
(B) Viroid contains RNA of low molecular weight and protein coat
(C) A virus contains both RNA and DNA
(D) Viruses are obligatory parasites
144. Viruses are
(A) Bigger than fungi (yeast)
(B) Larger than bacteria
(C) Smaller than viroids
(D) Smaller than bacteria
145. Crystals of virus consist largely of
(A) DNA (B) RNA
(C) Protein (D) Histone
146. The virus which contains both DNA and RNA
(A) TMV (B) Bacteriophage
(C) Rhinovirus (D) None of the above
147. Viruses that cause infections in plants do not have
(A) ss RNA (B) ds RNA
(C) ds DNA (D) ss DNA
148. Recognise the figure and find suitable matching.

1. ‘a’ attacks on an eukaryotic organism while ‘b’ attacks on a prokaryotic organism

2. ‘a’ has ssRNA as genetic material while ‘b’ has dsDNA as genetic material
3. ‘a’ belongs to protista and ‘b' belongs to monera
4. Both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are acellular organisms
Among these, correct statements are:
(A) 1 and 2 (B) 2 and 4
(C) 1,3 and 4 (D) 1,2 and 4
149. In general viruses that infect plant generally have
(A) ssRNA (B) dsRNA
(C) dsDNA (D) ssDNA
150. The subunits of protein coat of viruses are called
(A) Nucleoprotein (B) Capsid
(C) DNA or RNA (D) Capsomere
151. The capsid of viruses protects the
(A) Nucleoprotein (B) Capsomere
(C) Nucleic acid (D) Protien
152. Arrangement of capsomeres is in the form of
(A) Helical (B) Polyhedral
(C) Either A or B (D) No definite form
153. Which is incorrect about Viroids?
(A) In 1971, T.O. Diener discovered these agents
(B) Causes potato spindle tuber disease and tobacco mosaic disease
(C) RNA of viroid was of low molecular weight
(D) Viroid was found to be a free RNA, it lacked the protein coat
154. Pair of viral disease is
(A) Ringworm and AIDS
(B) Typhoid and Tuberculosis
(C) Dysentery and Common cold
(D) Common cold and AIDS
155. Read the following statements.
(A) No virus contains both DNA and RNA
(B) A virus is a nucleoprotein and the genetic material is infectious.
(C) Viruses that infect animals can have single stranded RNA
(D) In general, viruses that infect plants have either single or double stranded RNA or double
stranded DNA
(e) Bacteriophages usually have ds DNA
How many statements are not correct?
(A) 1 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 2
156. Viruses are non-cellular organisms but replicate themselves once they infect the host
cell. To which of the following kingdom do viruses belong to?
(A) Monera (B) Protista
(C) Fungi (D) None of the above.
157. Association between Mycobiont and Phycobiont is found in
(A) Mycorrhiza (B) Root
(C) Lichens (D) BGA
158. Differences between virus and viroid is/are
(A) Absence of protein coat in viroid but present in virus
(B) Presence of low molecular weight RNA in virus but absent in viroid
(C) Both A and B
(D) None of the above
159. The virus isolated first was
(A) Polio virus
(B) Tobacco mosaic virus
(C) Influenza virus
(D) Bacteriophage
160. Viruses are made up of
(A) Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
(B) Nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)
(C) Protein + DNA + RNA
(D) Nucleic acid + Protein (Nucleoprotein)

SECTION B: ASSERTION-REASON/STATEMENT-BASED QUESTIONS

Directions for questions: Q.1 to Q.8

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion followed by a statement of Reason
is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(A) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of
the assertion.
(B) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of
the assertion.
(C) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
(D) If both assertion and reason are false.
1. Assertion: Most fungi are saprophytic in their mode of nutrition.
Reason: Fungi absorb organic matter from dead substrate.
2. Assertion: Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes is called
plasmogamy.
Reason: The various spores of fungi are produced in distinct structures called fruiting bodies.
3. Assertion: In two-kingdom classification system, bacteria, blue-green algae and fungi were
all placed under plant kingdom.
Reason: Bacteria, blue green algae and fungi, all these organisms had cell wall in their cells.
4. Assertion: Methanogens are special bacteria present in gut of ruminant animals.
Reason: The cell walls of fungi are composed of chitin and polysaccharide.
5. Assertion: It is possible that the asexual and vegetative stage of a fungi have been given
one name (and placed under deuteromycetes) and the sexual stage another name (and
placed under another class).
Reason: Heterocyst are specialised cells present in cyanobacteria that help in recycling
nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
6. Assertion: Whittaker’s classification has put together organisms like Amoeba and
Chlamydomonas which were earlier placed in different kingdoms.
Reason: Criteria for Whittaker’s classification are based not only on morphological,
physiological and reproductive similarities but also phylogenetic relationships.
7. Assertion: The protistan cell body contains a well- defined nucleus and other membrane
bound organelles.
Reason: Protistans have eukaryotic cellular organisation.
8. Assertion: The boundaries of the kingdom protista are
not well-defined.
Reason: What may be ‘a photosynthetic protistan’ to one biologist may be 'a plant’ to another.
Directions for questions: Q.9 to Q.25
Consider the following two statements and select the correct option.
(A) Only statement I is correct
(B) Only statement FI is correct
(C) Both statements I and II are correct
(D) Both statements I and II are incorrect
9. Statement I: Methanogens are archaebacteria which produce methane in marshy areas.
Statement II: Nostoc is a filamentous BGA which fixes atmospheric N 2.
10. Statement I: Contractile vacuoles regulate respiration in Amoeba.
Statement II: Euglena is a photosynthetic protist.
11. Statement I: Trypanosoma belongs to the class Ciliata.
Statement II: Class Sporozoa includes Plasmodium.
12. Statement I: Neurospora is used in the study of biochemistry and genetics.
Statement II: Morels and truffles are poisonous mushrooms.
13. Statement I: Chlorella belongs to kingdom Monera.
Statement II: Classification is the process by which anything is grouped into convenient
categories based on some easily observable characters.
14. Statement I: The earliest systems of classification of plants used only gross superficial
morphological characters such as habit, colour, number and shape of leaves, etc.
Statement II: Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification.
15. Statement I: Artificial system of classification for flowering plants was given by George
Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker, in three volumes of Genera Plantarum.
Statement II: Artificial system becomes more important when there is no supporting fossil
evidence.
16. Statement I: Two kingdom classification system was used till very recently.
Statement II: The character that unified the kingdom ‘Plantae’ was that all the organisms
included had the cell membrane in their cells.
17. Statement I: The fungi had chitin in their walls while the green plants had a cellulosic cell
wall.
Statement II: Whittaker’s system did not distinguish between autotrophic / photosynthetic
(green algae and plants) and the heterotrophic / non-photosynthetic organisms (fungi).
18. Statement I: Copeland created a separate kingdom ‘Monera’ (Mychota) for prokaryotes.
Statement II: R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed a five kingdom classification.
19. Statement I: Unicellular eukaryotes were placed in a separate kingdom of Fungi.
Statement II: Five kingdom classification has put together organisms (like Chlamydomonas
and Chlorella) which were placed in different kingdoms, in earlier classifications.
20. Statement I: Monera is a kingdom of prokaryotes. Mycoplasmas are the sole members of
the kingdom Monera.
Statement II: Methanogens are present in the gut of several ruminant animals such as cows
and buffaloes and they are responsible for the production of biogas from the dung of these
animals.
21. Statement I: Slime moulds are characterised by the presence of a rigid cell wall and if
motile, a flagellum.
Statement II: Bacteria can live in extreme habitats such as hot springs, deserts, snow and
deep oceans where very few other life forms can survive.
22. Statement I: Bacteria reproduce mainly by binary' fission.
Statement II: Bacteria also reproduce by a sort of asexual reproduction by adopting a primitive
type of DNA transfer from one bacterium to the other.
23. Statement I: Bacteria may be photosynthetic autotrophic or chemosynthetic autotrophic.
Statement II: Bacteria depend on other organisms (parasite) or on dead organic matter for
food (saprophytic).
24. Statement I: A majority of heterotrophic bacteria are important decomposers.
Statement II: The colonies of cyanobacteria are generally surrounded by
gelatinous/mucilaginous sheath.
25. Statement I: The mycoplasmas are prokaryotic organisms that completely lack a cell wall
so they have a specific shape.
Statement II: Kingdom Monera is highly heterogenous group because the boundaries of this
kingdom are not well defined.

SECTION C: HOTS

1. Chemolithotrophs are those bacteria which can utilise

(A) Crude oil as carbon source
(B) Organic compounds as the electron source
(C) Inorganic material as the energy source
(D) Light as the energy source
2. In which of the given fungi, asexual spores are produced exogenously, while sexual spores
are produced endogenously?
(A) Trichoderma
(B) Puccinia
(C) Rhizopus
(D) Truffles
3. Biosystematics aims at
(A) The classification of organisms based on their evolutionary history and establishing their
phylogeny on the totality of various parameters from all fields of studies.
(B) Identification and arrangement of organisms on the basis of their cytological
characteristics.
(C) Delimiting various taxa of organisms and establishing their relationships.
(D) The classification of organisms based on broad morphological characters.
4. How many organisms in the list given below are autotrophs?
Lactobacillus, Nostoc, Chard, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Streptomyces, Saccharomyces,
Trypanosoma, Porphyra, Wolffia.
(A) Five (B) Six
(C) Three (D) Four
5. Bacteria that are saprotrophs but can act as a parasite and cause disease upon introduction
to host body are called as
(A) Obligate saprotroph (B) Obligate parasite
(C) Facultative saprotroph (D) Facultative parasite
6. Before the five-kingdom system of classification was introduced, organisms such as
Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were classified under
(A) Monera (B) Fungi
(C) Algae (D) Plantae
7. Select the combination that correctly matches the fungi to
its respective class.

Column I Column II

(Fungi) (Class)

(1) The fungus used in the production of the hallucinogenic drug LSD (i) Deuteromycetes

(2) The fungus which affects crop plant and cereals causing powdery (ii) Ascomycetes
smuts

(3) The fungus causing white rust in mustard plant (iii) Basidiomycetes

(4) The fungus used in the production of cyclosporin (iv) Phycomycetes

(1) (2) (3) (4)

(I) i iii iv ii
 (II) ii iii iv i

(III) iii ii i iv

(IV) iv i ii iii

(A) (II) (B) (I)

(C) (IV) (D) (III)
8. In Aspergillus,
(A) Both asexual and sexual spores are formed endogenously
(B) The asexual spores are produced endogenously while the sexual spores are produced
exogenously
(C) The sexual spores are produced endogenously while the asexual spores are produced
exogenously
(D) Both asexual and sexual spores are formed exogenously
9. In yeasts, two organisms fuse together. This type of syngamy is called
(A) Isogamy (B) Hologamy
(C) Oogamy (D) Anisogamy
10. Which of the following is the correct description of the bacterium given below?

(A) Monotrichous vibrio

(B) Peritrichous spirillum
(C) Cephalotrichous spirillum
(D) Amphitrichous spirillum
11. Which one of the following is not a fungal disease?
(A) Black rot of cauliflower (B) Smutofbajra
(C) Rust of wheat (D) Blight of cowpea
12. Term “virion” is used for
(A) Mycoplasma colony (B) Group of viruses
(C) Single virus (D) Cancerous cells
13. The main role of bacteria in the carbon cycle involves
(A) Digestion or breakdown of organic compounds
(B) Assimilation of nitrogenous compounds
(C) Chemosynthesis
(D) Photosynthesis
14. Majority of plant viruses are transmitted by
(A) Birds (B) Cattles
(C) Insects (D) Both A and C.
15. Beijerinck concluded that the cause of tobacco mosaic disease was not a filtrate toxin
because
(A) The sap was infectious even though it was filtered to remove bacteria
(B) The infectious agent could be crystallised
(C) The infectious agent reproduced and could be passed on from a plant infected with filtered
sap
(D) The infectious agent could not be cultivated on nutrient media
16. According to the three-domain classification, Methanococcus and Rhizobium belong to
(A) Same domain and different kingdom
(B) Same domain and same kingdom
(C) Different domain and same kingdom
(D) Different domain and different kingdom
17. Select the correct option for the given diagram.

(A) Apple canker; Xanthomonas citri

(B) Late blight of potato; Phytophthora infestans
(C) Tomato chlorosis; Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV)
(D) Citrus canker; Xanthomonas citri
18. Which of the following is not the correct match with respect to fungi?

Class Common Mycelium Members

name

(A) Phycomycetes Aquatic fungi Aseptate Mucor! Albugo

(B) Ascomycetes Sac fungi Septate Morels, truffles, Aspergillus,

Neurospora

(C) Basidiomycetes Club fungi Septate Rust fungi, smut fungi, Agaricus

(D) Deuteromycetes Imperfect fungi Septate Trichoderma. Ustilago. Puccinia

19. Identify the correct set of pair for each organism from the columns and select the correct
option.

Column I Column II Column III

(Organisms) (Habitat) (Features)

a. Diatom i. Stagnant water 1. Photosynthetic with stiff cellulosic cell

 wall

b. Gonyaulax ii. Sea water 2. Photosynthetic with indestructible cell

wall.

c. Paramoecium iii. Marine water 3. Photosynthetic with no cell wall

d. Euglena iv. Both fresh and marine 4. Nonphotosynthetic and have no cell
water wall

(A) a-iv-2, b-iii-1, c-ii-4, d-i-3

(B) a-i-4, b-iii-3, c-iv-4, d-ii-2
(C) a-ii-3, b-iv-1, c-iii-2, d-i-4
(D) a-iv-2, b-iii-4, c-ii-1, d-i-3
20. Complete the below statements.
I. A typical eukaryotic cell has membrane bound distinct structures namely, (P).
II. All the prokaryotes are known to have a layer of cell wall around its cell membrane except
(Q)
III. A special membranous structure found in bacteria is (R) which is formed by the extensions
of the plasma membrane of the cell.
IV. (S) are thin filamentous extensions from cell wall that helps the bacterial cell with motility.
The correct option is
(A) P-Organ, Q-Mycoplasma, R-Peroxisome, S-Cilia
(B) P-Organelle, Q-Mycoplasma, R- Mesosome, S-Flagella
(C) P-Organelle, Q-Eubacteria, R- Mesosome, S-Flagella
(D) P-Vesicle, Q-Eubacteria, R -Peroxisome, S-Flagella
21. Identify the group to which the given fungus belongs.

Which of the statements regarding this group is not true?

1. Mycelium: Unbranched and non-septate
2. Some members: Ustilago and Agaricus
3. Hyphae structure: Only monokaryotic
4. Grows on : tree logs and stumps, soils and also on plant bodies
(A) 1,2, 3,4 (B) 1,3,4
(C) 2,4 (D) 1,3
22. Which of the following statement is incorrect about methanogens?
(A) Methane is their preferred carbon source.
(B) They persist in guts of several ruminant animals and produce biogas from their dung.
(C) They are archaebacteria.
(D) They live in marshy areas.
23. Which of the following is correct regarding the organism given below?

(A) This organism has a cell wall made up of a protein called a pellicle.
(B) It is a flagellated protozoan.
(C) It is both phototrophic and heterotrophic in nature.
(D) Toxins released by them may even kill other marine animals such as fish.
24. Red tide is caused by an organism which closely resembles which of these structures?

25. D.J. Ivanowsky discovered viruses. Viruses do not have cellular organisation. After reading
this chapter can you determine whether viruses can be considered as living or non-living on
the basis of cellular organisation?
(A) Living
(B) Non-living
(C) Cannot say
(D) Both living & non-living
SECTION D: PREVIOUS YEARS’ EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

NEET/AIPMT Questions
1. Pair of viral disease is (2009)
(A) Ringworm and AIDS
(B) Typhoid and Tuberculosis
(C) Dysentery and Common cold
(D) Mumps and Herpes
2. Classification of animals based on evolutionary relationships is called (2009)
(A) Artificial system (B) Natural system
(C) Phylogenetic system (D) Numerical taxonomy
3. Five-Kingdom classification was proposed by (2010)
(A) Linnaeus (1959) (B) R.H. Whittaker
(C) E. Haeckel (1969) (D) R.H. Whittaker
4. Select the correct statements. (2010)
a. Methanogens are archaebacteria which produce methane in marshy areas.
b. Nostoc is a filamentous BGA which fixes atmospheric N 2.
c. Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria synthesize cellulose from glucose.
d. Mycoplasma lack cell wall and can survive without oxygen.
(A) b, c (B) a, b, c
(C) b, c, d (D) a, b, d
5. Black rust of wheat is caused by (2010)
(A) Altemaria solani (B) Ustilago tritici
(C) Puccinia graminis tritici (D) Claviceps purpurea
6. Given is a diagram of a bacteriophage. In which one of the options all the four parts, a, b, c
and d are correct (2010)

Options:

a b c d
(A) Tail fibres Head Sheath Collar

(B) Sheath Collar Head Tail fibres

(C) Head Sheath Collar Tail fibres

(D) Head Collar Sheath Tail fibres

7. Which of the following is considered as neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes? (2010)

(A) Bacteriophages (B) Bacteria
(C) Fungi (D) Monera
8. Downy mildews of crops are caused by (2011)
(A) Ascomycetes (B) Basidiomycetes
(C) Phycomycetes (D) Deuteromycetes
9. Which one of the following organisms is not an example
of eukaryotic cells? (2011)
(A) Euglena viridis (B) Amoeba proteus
(C) Paramoecium caudatum (D) Escherichia coli
10. Organisms called methanogens are most abundant in a (2011)
(A) Polluted stream (B) Hot spring
(C) Sulphur rock (D) Cattle yard
11. The pathogen Microsporum responsible for ringworm disease in humans belongs to the
same kingdom of organisms as that of (2011)
(A) Taenia, a tapeworm
(B) Wuchereria, a filarial worm
(C) Rhizopus, a mould
(D) Ascaris, a round worm
12. After plasmogamy, some fungi have two haploid nuclei in one cell i.e., (n+n) condition, is
called (2011)
(A) Dikaryotic (B) Synkaryon
(C) Dikaryophase (D) Diplophase
13. Chrysophytes (2011)
(A) are commonly called dinoflagellates and desmids
(B) have pellicle instead of cell wall
(C) are parasitic forms causing diseases in animals
(D) have indestructible wall layer deposited with silica
(E) have saprophytic nutrition
14. ds RNA is found in (2011)
(A) Retrovirus (B) Reovirus
(C) Rhabdo virus (D) Parvo virus
15. The mode of reproduction in Euglena is (2011)
(A) Transverse binary fission
(B) Longitudinal binary fission
(C) Multiple fission
(D) Irregular binary fission
16. Genetic material of ∅ x 174 bacteriophage is (2011)
(A) Single stranded RNA (B) Double stranded RNA
(C) Single stranded DNA (D) Double stranded DNA
17. In Five-Kingdom classification, Euglena is placed in (2011)
(A) Plantae (B) Animalia
(C) Protista (D) Monera
18. Which one among the following statements is not correct? (2011)
(A) Contractile vacuoles regulate osmoregulation in marine protozoans
(B) Euglena is a holophytic protozoan
(C) Trypanosoma belongs to the class mastigophora
(D) Class sporozoa includes Plasmodium
19. Archaebacteria are special since they live in some of the most harsh habitats such as
(2011)
(A) Marshy areas (B) Hot springs
(C) Extreme salty areas (D) All of the above
20. Which of the following is a fungicide? (2011)
(A) DDT (B) Bordeaux mixture
(C) 2,4-D (D) DCMU
21. A virus differs from a bacterium as its contains (2011)
(A) A cell wall
(B) Cytosol
(C) DNA as genetic material
(D) DNA or RNA as genetic material with no ribosome
22. Which of the following is a Gram (-)ve bacterium? (2011)
(A) Escherichia coli
(B) Streptomyces coelicolor
(C) Bacillus subtilis
(D) Ampycolatopsis orientalis
23. Which of the following is used as a bioweapon? (2011)
(A) Bacillus subtilis (B) Bacillus licheniformis
(C) Bacillus thuringiensis (D) Bacillus anthracis
24. The main difference between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria is (2011)
(A) Ribosome (B) Mitochondria
(C) Cell membrane (D) Cell wall
25. Edible part of mushroom is (2011)
(A) Basidiocarp (B) Fungal hyphae
(C) Primary mycelium (D) Basidiospore
26. Macronucleus and micronucleus are the characteristic feature of (2012)
(A) Paramoeeium and Vorticella
(B) Opalina and Nyctotherus
(C) Hydra and Balantidum
(D) Vorticella and Nyctotherus
27. In the five kingdom classification, Chlamydomonas and Chlorella have been included in
(2012)
(A) Algae (B) Protista
(C) Plantae (D) Monera
28. Prokaryotes used in making curd and antibiotics are(2012)
(A) Cyanobacteria
(B) Archaebacteria
(C) Chemosynthetic autotrophs
(D) Heterotrophic bacteria
29. Cyanobacteria are also referred to as (2012)
(A) Golden algae (B) Blue-green algae
(C) Protists (D) Slime Moulds.
30. Which is wrong about viruses? (2012)
(A) All are parasites
(B) Antibiotics have no effect on them
(C) All of them have helical symmetry
(D) They have the ability to synthesise nucleic acids and proteins.
31. Which is correctly assigned? (2012)
(A) Parmoecium and Plasmodium belong to same kingdom as that of Penicillium.
(B) Lichen is a composite organism formed from symbiotic association of an alga and a
protozoan.
(C) Yeast used in making bread and beer is a fungus.
(D) Nostoc and Anabaena are examples of protista.
32. Maximum nutritional diversity is found in (2012)
(A) Plantae (B) Animalia
(C) Fungi (D) Monera
33. The shape of the cocci bacteria is (2012)
(A) Rod shaped (B) Spherical
(C) Comma shaped (D) Spiral
34. The beautiful diatoms and desmids are placed under (2012)
(A) Chrysophytes (B) Dinoflagellates
(C) Euglenoids (D) Slime moulds
35. What is common among the protozoans? (2012)
(A) Pseudopodia (B) Contractile vacuole
(C) Being eukaryotic (D) All of the above
36. Deuteromycetes are called fungi imperfecti because they have (2012)
(A) Aseptate mycelium
(B) Autotrophic nutrition
(C) Only asexual stages
(D) Zygote does not undergo cleavage.
37. Sexual reproduction in eubacteria takes place by (2012)
(A) Transformation (B) Conjugation
(C) Transduction (D) All of the above
38. Consider the following statements with respect to characteristic features of the kingdom
(2012)
(A) In animalia the mode of nutrition is autotrophic
(B) In monera the nuclear membrane is present
(C) In protista the cell type is prokaryotic
(D) In plantae the cell wall is present Of the above statements:
(A) (a) alone is correct (B) (b) alone is correct
(C) (c) alone is correct (D) (d) alone is correct
(E) (a), (b) and (c) are correct
39. Life cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is (2012)
(A) Haplontic type (B) Diplontic type
(C) Haplo-diplontic type (D) None of these
40. Amoeba is a member of phylum (2012)
(A) Porifera (B) Protozoa
(C) Annelida (D) Mollusca
41. The fungus, commonly known as bread mould is (2012)
(A) Alternaria (B) Rhizopus
(C) Penicillium (D) Aspergillus
42. Blue green algae are called cyanobacteria because (2012)
(A) They do not produce gametes
(B) They are not green
(C) They do not have nucleus
(D) They are as small as bacteria
43. A virus infecting a bacterium is called (2012)
(A) Plasmid (B) Bacteriophage
(C) Bacterial DNA (D) Bacterial RNA
44. Clamp connections are found in (2012)
(A) Algae (B) Fungi
(C) Bryophytes (D) Pteridophytes
45. The fungus which grows on dung is called (2012)
(A) Hemicolous (B) Lignicolous
(C) Coprophilous (D) Fungicolous
46. Aflatoxins are produced by (2012)
(A) Bacteria (B) Viruses
(C) Fungi (D) Nematodes
47. Lichen is an association between (2012)
(A) Fungi and bryophytes (B) Fungi and algae
(C) Algae and pteridophyte (D) Algae and bacteria
48. The genetic material of a viroid is (2012)
(A) DNA (B) RNA
(C) Protein (D) Carbohydrate
49. Trichoderma and Trichophyton belongs to the (2012)
(A) Ascomycetes (B) Phycomycetes
(C) Deuteromycetes (D) Basidiomycetes
50. Which of the following is the wall less and smallest living
cell? (2012)
(A) Algae (B) Bacteriophage
(C) Cyanobacteria (D) Mycoplasma
51. Which of the organism is used as food? (2012)
(A) Bracket fungi (B) Agaricus
(C) Claviceps (D) Moulds
52. Aflatoxin is produced by (2012)
(A) Rhizopus stolonifer (B) Albugo Candida
(C) Aspergillus flavus (D) Aspergillus nigricans
53. Which of the following is the correct date of publication of the book entitled “Species
Plantarum” authored by Carolus Linnaeus? This date is starting point date for modem plant
nomenclature. (2012)
(A) 1st May 1753 (B) 1st January 1935
(C) 1st January 1856 (D) 1st May 1953
54. Puccinia graminis tritici causes (2012)
(A) Brown rust (B) Black rust
(C) Yellow rust (D) White rust
55. Sexual reproductive structures in lichens are produced by (2012)
(A) Algae
(B) Fungi
(C) Both algae and fungi
(D) Lichens remain vegetative and do not reproduce.
56. Which human pathogen is a flagellate protozoan? (2012)
(A) Plasmodium (B) Euglena
(C) Tryanosoma (D) Entamoeba
57. Which of the following statements is not true for Nostoc? (2012)
(A) It is autotrophic (B) It is filamentous
(C) It is macroscopic (D) It is prokaryotic
58. The system of classification of plants proposed by these two botanists is claimed to be a
natural system? (2012)
(A) Bentham and Hooker
(B) Aristotle and Theophrastus
(C) Darwin and Wallace
(D) Engler and Prantl
59. The host for Cercospora personata belongs to this family of angiosperms. (2012)
(A) Leguminosae (B) Malvaceae
(C) Asclepiadaceae (D) Graminae
60. Which is excluded from Whittaker’s five kingdom classification? (2012)
(A) Algae (B) Fungi
(C) Bacteria (D) Viruses
61. Size of TMV vims is (2012)
(A) 300 x 20 nm (B) 1500 x 30nm
(C) 300 x 150 nm (D) 300 x 18 nm.
62. An organism with non-cellulosic cell wall and autotrophic nutrition would belong to . (2012)
(A) Monera (B) Protista
(C) Animalia (D) Fungi
63. Which is associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? (2012)
(A) Ascospores (B) Basidiospores
(C) Zygospores (D) Conidiospores
64. Total number of amino acids in capsid of TMV having 2130 capsomeres is (2013)
(A) 336540 (B) 162622
(C) 948 (D) 387921
65. The fungus often studied is experimental genetics and also called “Drosophila of Plant
Kingdom” is (2013)
(A) Erysiphe (B) Rhizopus
(C) Aspergillus (D) Neurospora
66. Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from the options given.
(2013)

Column I Column II

(A) Ernst Mayr (i) Discovered viroids

(B) Whittaker (ii) Give the name virus

(C) Pasteur (iii) Proposed five kingdom classification

(D) Diener (iv) Darwin of 20th century

(A) a—iv, b—iii, c—ii, d-i

(B) a—iii, b—iv, c—ii, d—i
(C) a—ii, b—iii, c—iv, d—i
(D) a—i, b—ii, c—iii, d—iv
(E) a—iv, b—iii, c—i, d—ii
67. Maximum modes of nutrition occur in (2013)
(A) Monera (B) Fungi
(C) Protista (D) Plantae
68. From the list below select the group that includes protozoa, protistan algae and slime
moulds (2013)
(A) Fungi (B) Plantae
(C) Monera (D) Protista
69. Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through contact is called (2013)
(A) Binary fission (B) Transduction
(C) Transformation (D) Conjugation
70. Association between roots of higher plants and fungi is (2013)
(A) Mycorrhiza (B) Lichen
(C) Fem (D) Moss
71. Unicellular algae, diatoms and protozoans are the members of (2013)
(A) Monera (B) Protista
(C) Fungi (D) Plantae
72. The process of transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through a
bacteriophage is (2013)
(A) Transduction (B) Transformation
(C) Transcription (D) Translocation
73. A virus can be considered living being as it (2013)
(A) reproduces inside the host
(B) respires
(C) can cause disease
(D) responds to touch stimuli.
74. The marine animal which exhibits the characteristic of bioluminescence is (2013)
(A) Noctiluca (B) Trypanosoma
(C) Leishmania (D) Volvox
75. Main storage carbohydrate of fungi is (2013)
(A) Glycogen (B) Starch
(C) Sugar (D) Chitin
76. Which is true for fungi? (2013)
(A) They are heterotrophs.
(B) They lack nuclear membrane.
(C) They are phagotrophs.
(D) They lack rigid cell wall.
77. Which one does not belong to monera? (2013)
(A) Slime Moulds (B) Mycoplasma
(C) Eubacteria (D) Archaebacteria
78. Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria in (2014)
(A) Mode of reproduction
(B) Cell membrane structure
(C) Mode of nutrition
(D) Cell shape
79. Which of the following shows coiled RNA strand and capsomeres? (2014)
(A) Retrovirus (B) Polio virus
(C) Tobacco mosaic virus (D) Measles virus
80. Five kingdom system of classification suggested by R.H. Whittaker is not based on (2014)
(A) Complexity of body organisation
(B) Presence or absence of a well-defined nucleus
(C) Mode of reproduction
(D) Mode of nutrition
81. A location with luxuriant growth of lichens on the trees indicates that the (2014)
(A) Location is not polluted
(B) Trees are very healthy
(C) Trees are heavily infested
(D) Location is highly polluted
82. Anoxygenic photosynthesis is characteristic of (2014)
(A) Ulva (B) Rhodospirillum
(C) Spirogyra (D) Chlamydomonas
83. Viruses have (2014)
(A) Both DNA and RNA
(B) DNA enclosed in a protein coat
(C) Prokaryotic nucleus
(D) Single chromosome
84. Beggiotoa is a (2014)
(A) Chemoautotroph (B) Photoautotroph
(C) Photoheterotroph (D) Chemoheterotroph
85. Trichodesmium erythraeum which gives colour to red sea is (2014)
(A) Green alga (B) Blue-green alga
(C) Red alga (D) Brown alga
86. Classification for flowering plants was given by (2014)
(A) R.H. Whittaker
(B) Aristotle and G.J. Mendel
(C) George Bentham and J.D. Hooker
(D) Aristotle and George Bentham
87. Phototrophs and chemotrophs are defined based on their (2014)
(A) Energy source
(B) Requirement of organic and inorganic substances
(C) Metabolism
(D) Structure
88. As per Whittaker’s classification, an organism possessing eukaryotic cell structure,
multicellular organisation with a cell wall and nuclear membrane showing heterotrophic
nutrition can be placed under the kingdom (2014)
(A) Monera (B) Protista
(C) Plantae (D) Fungi
(E) Animalia
89. Which of the groups of organisms have a protein rich layer called pellicle? (2014)
(A) Chrysophytes (B) Euglenoids
(C) Dinoflagellates (D) Slime Moulds
(E) Protozoans
90. Which of the following does not apply to ascomycetes? (2014)
(A) Mycelium is coenocytic and aseptate
(B) Commonly known as sac fungi
(C) Asexual spores called conidia are produced exogenously
(D) Sexual spores called ascospores are produced endogenously
(E) They are saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous
91. Which of the following are not eukaryotes? (2014)
(A) Monera (B) Protista
(C) Animals (D) Plants
92. The major component of bacterial cell wall is a polymer called (2014)
(A) Chitin (B) Xylan
(C) Cellulose (D) Peptidoglycan
93. The major component of fungal cell wall is a polymer called (2014)
(A) Chitin (B) Xylan
(C) Cellulose (D) Peptidoglycan
94. Which is correct about viruses? (2014)
(A) Contains both DNA and RNA
(B) Larger than bacteria
(C) Whittaker placed them in monera
(D) All are obligate intracellular parasites
95. Cyanophages were discovered by (2014)
(A) Ivanowsky (B) Sinden
(C) Twort and d’Herelle (D) Shafferman and Morris
96. Colletotrichum is an example of (2014)
(A) Basidiomycetes (B) Deuteromycetes
(C) Ascomycetes (D) Phycomycetes
97. Which of the following bacteria is observed as chain-like formation? (2014)
(A) Escherichia coli (B) Bacillus subtilis
(C) Streptococcus pyogenes (D) Microcossus flavus
98. Which of the following processes was discovered by Lederberg and Tatum (1946)? (2014)
(A) Transduction (B) Transformation
(C) Asexual reproduction (D) Conjugation
99. The structure producing basidium in basidiomycetes is formed by the fusion of (2014)
(A) Two vegetative cells
(B) Two male gametes
(C) Two female gametes
(D) Male and female gametes
100. Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from the options given.
(2014)

Column I Column II

(A) Ascomycetes (i) Ustilago

(B) Phycomycetes (ii) Saccharomvces

(C) Basidiomycetes (iii) Trichoderma

(D) Deuteromycetes (iv) Albugo

(A) a—2, b—1, c—4, d—3

(B) a—4, b—3, c—2, d—1
(C) a—2, b—4, c—1, d—3
(D) a—3, b—4, c—1, d—2
(E) a—1, b—4, c—2, d—3
101. In which of the following are heterocysts seen? (2015)
(A) Chara (B) Polysiphonia
(C) Spirogvra (D) Nostoc
102. Fungi without sexual or perfect stages are classified as (2015)
(A) Phycomycetes (B) Deuteromycetes
(C) Dermatomycetes (D) Ascomycetes
103. Which of the following are likely to be present in deep sea water? (2015)
(A) Eubacteria (B) Blue-green algae
(C) Saprophytic fungi (D) Archaebacteria
104. Prokaryotes are included in the kingdom (2015)
(A) Protista (B) Monera
(C) Protozoa (D) Plantae
105. Pick up the wrong statement. - (2015)
(A) Protista have photosynthetic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition
(B) Some fungi are edible
(C) Nuclear membrane is present in Monera
(D) Cell wall is absent in Animalia
106. Cell wall is absent in (2015)
(A) Funaria (B) Mycoplasma
(C) Nostoc (D) Aspergillus
107. The imperfect fungi which are decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling belong to
(2015)
(A) Basidiomycetes (B) Phycomycetes
(C) Ascomycetes (D) Deuteromycetes
108. Which of the following diseases is caused by a protozoan? (2015)
(A) Influenza (B) Babesiosis
(C) Blastomycosis (D) Syphilis
109. Which of the following are most suitable indicators of SO 2 pollution in the environment?
(2015)
(A) Conifers (B) Algae
(C) Fungi (D) Lichens
110. What is common in Ustilago, Neurospora and Agaricus?
(A) All are edible (2015)
(B) All have a dikaryotic phase in their life cycle
(C) All are commonly called ‘sac fungi'
(D) All produce motile sexual spores
111. Plasmodium is characteristic feature of (2015)
(A) Dinoflagellates (B) Slime moulds
(C) Chrysophytes (D) Gymnosperms
112. True nucleus is absent in (2015)
(A) Vaucheria (B) Volvox
(C) Anabaena (D) Mucor
113. The guts of cow and buffalo possess (2015)
(A) Methanogens (B) Cyanobacteria
(C) Fucus spp. (D) Chlorella spp.
114. Which one of the following matches is correct? (2015)

(A) Mucor Reproduction by conjugation Ascomycetes

(B) Agaricus Parasitic fungus Basidiomycetes

(C) Phytophthora Aseptate mycelium Basidiomycetes

(D) Altemaria Sexual reproduction absent Deuteromycetes

115. Bacterial viruses usually have (2015)

(A) Single Stranded RNA (B) Double Stranded RNA
(C) Single Stranded DNA (D) Double Stranded DNA
116. The cell wall material present only in bacteria and blue green algae is (2015)
(A) Pectin (B) Cellulose
(C) Chitin (D) Muramic acid
117. The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another via viruses is called (2015)
(A) Transformation (B) Conjugation
(C) Recombination (D) Transduction
118. The proteins that reproduce within the living cells are termed as (2015)
(A) Plasmids (B) Phages
(C) Prions (D) Prophages
119. In which group of organisms the cell walls form two thin overlapping shells which fit
together (2015)
(A) Euglenoids (B) Dinoflagellates
(C) Slime moulds (D) Chrysophytes
120. Choose the wrong statement. (2015)
(A) Neurospora is used in the study of biochemical genetics
(B) Morels and truffles are poisonous mushrooms
(C) Yeast is unicellular and useful in fermentation
(D) Penicillium is multicellular and produces antibiotics
121. Morels and Buffles group of fungi are classified under(2015)
(A) Phycomycetes (B) Deuteromycetes
(C) Basidiomycetes (D) Ascomycetes
122. Select the wrong statement. (2015)
(A) W.M. Stanley showed that viruses could be crystallised
(B) The term ‘contagium vivum fluidium' was coined by M.W. Beijerinek
(C) Mosaic disease in tobacco and AIDS in human being are caused by viruses
(D) The viroids were discovered by DJ. Ivanowsky.
123. Fungus Albugo is a member of (2016 Phase-I)
(A) Phycomycetes (B) Ascomycetes
(C) Basidiomycetes (D) Deuteromycetes
124. Citrus canker is a (2016 Phase-I)
(A) Bacterial disease (B) Algal disease
(C) Viral disease (D) Fungal disease
125. Which of the following are the indicators of pollution? (2016 Phase-I)
(A) Lichen (B) Fungi
(C) Algae (D) Viruses
126. An aggregate of slime moulds, which may grow and spread over several feet, is called
(2016 Phase-I)
(A) Plasmodium (B) Plasmopara
(C) Mycoplasma (D) Pseudoparenchyma
127. Phycobiont and mycobiont together constitute (2016 Phase-I)
(A) Phycomycetes (B) Lichen
(C) Phycobilins (D) Mycorrhiza
128. Slime moulds are (2016 Phase-I)
(A) Photosynthetic (B) Parasitic
(C) Symbiotic (D) Saprophytic
129. Ustilago is a member of kingdom (2016 Phase-I)
(A) Monera (B) Fungi
(C) Plantae (D) Animalia
130. The bacterium that helps in breakdown of cellulose in rumen of cattle is (2016 Phase-I)
(A) Clostridium (B) Lactobacillus
(C) Methanobacterium (D) Escherichia
131. The term Protista for unicellular organisms was proposed by (2016 Phase-I)
(A) Haeckel (B) Copeland
(C) Linnaeus (D) Pasteur
132. The infectious ribonucleic acid is referred to as (2016 Phase-I)
(A) Prion (B) Phycobiont
(C) Viroid (D) Ribozyme
133. Production of zoospores is the characteristic of the members of (2016 Phase-I)
(A) Ascomycetes (B) Phycomycetes
(C) Basidiomycetes (D) Deuteromycetes
134. One of the major components of cell wall of most fungi is (2016 Phase-I)
(A) Chitin (B) Peptidoglycan
(C) Cellulose (D) Hemicellulose
135. Which one of the following statements is wrong? (2016 Phase-I)
(A) Cyanobacteria are also called blue-green-algae.
(B) Golden algae are also called desmids.
(C) Eubacteria are also called false bacteria.
(D) Phycomycetes are also called algal fungi.
136. Chrysophytes, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates and Slime moulds are included in the kingdom
(2016 Phase-I)
(A) Monera (B) Protista
(C) Fungi (D) Animalia
137. Which of the following statements in wrong for viroids? (2016 Phase-I)
(A) They lack a protein coat.
(B) They are smaller than viruses.
(C) They cause infections.
(D) Their RNA is of high molecular weight.
138. The primitive prokaryotes responsible for the production of biogas from the dung of
ruminant animals, include the (2016 Phase-I)
(A) Halophiles (B) Thermoacidophiles
(C) Methanogens (D) Eubacteria
139. Which one of the following is wrong for fungi? (2016 Phase-II)
(A) They are heterotrophic
(B) They are both unicellular and multicellular
(C) They are eukaryotic
(D) All fungi possess a purely cellulosic cell wall
140. Methanogens belong to (2016 Phase-II)
(A) Dinonageljates (B) Slime moulds
(C) Eubacteria (D) Archaebacteria
141. Select the wrong statement. (2016 Phase-II)
(A) Diatoms are chief producers in the oceans
(B) Diatoms are microscopic and float passively in water
(C) Tire walls of diatoms are easily destructible
(D) Diatomaceous earth’ is formed by the cell walls of diatoms
142. Select the mismatch (2016 Phase-II)
(A) Protists—Eukaryotes
(B) Methanogens—Prokaryotes
(C) Gas vacuoles—Green bacteria
(D) Large central vacuoles—Animal cells
143. Select the wrong statement (2016 Phase-II)
(A) Cyanobacteria lack flagellated cells
(B) Mycoplasma is a wall-less microorganism
(C) Bacterial cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan
(D) Pili and fimbriae are mainly involved in motility of bacterial cells.
144. Which of the following are found in extreme saline conditions? (2017)
(A) Eubacteria (B) Cyanobacteria
(C) Mycobacteria (D) Archaebacteria
145. Which of the following components provides sticky character to the bacterial cell? (2017)
(A) Nuclear membrane (B) Plasma membrane
(C) Glycocalyx (D) Cell wall
146. Viroids differ from viruses in having (2017)
(A) DNA molecules without protein coat
(B) RNA molecules with protein coat
(C) RNA molecules without protein coat
(D) DNA molecules with protein coat
147. Which among the following are the smallest living cells, known without a definite cell wall,
pathogenic to plants as well as animals and can survive without oxygen?
(A) Pseudomonas (B) Mycoplasma
(C) Nostoc (D) Bacillus (2017)
148. Which among the following is not a prokaryote? (2018)
(A) Saccharomvces (B) Mycobacterium
(C) Nostoc (D) Oscillatoria
149. Select the wrong statement. (2018)
(A) Cell wall is present in members of Fungi and Plantae.
(B) Mushrooms belong to Basidiomycetes.
(C) Pseudopodia are locomotory and feeding structures in Sporozoans.
(D) Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell in all kingdoms except Monera.
150. After karyogamy followed by meiosis, spores are produced exogenously in (2018)
(A) Neurospora (B) Altemaria
(C) Agaricus (D) Saccharomyces
151. Oxygen is not produced during photosynthesis by (2018)
(A) Green sulphur bacteria (B) Nostoc
(C) Cycas (D) Char a
152. Which of the following organisms are known as chief producers in the oceans? (2018)
(A) Dinoflagellates (B) Diatoms
(C) Cyanobacteria (D) Duglenoids
153. Ciliates differ from all other protozoans in (2018)
(A) using flagella for locomotion
(B) having a contractile vacuole for removing excess water
(C) using pseudopodia for capturing prey
(D) having two types of nuclei
154. Which of the following statement is incorrect? (2019)
(A) Claviceps is a source of many alkaloids and LSD.
(B) Conidia are produced exogenously and ascospores endogenously.
(C) Yeasts have filamentous bodies with long threadlike hyphae.
(D) Morel and truffles are edible delicacies.
155. Which of the following statements is incorrect? (2019)
(A) Viruses are obligate parasites
(B) Infective constituent in viruses is the protein coat
(C) Prions consists of abnormally folded proteins
(D) Viroids lack a protein coat

AIIMS Questions
1. Powdery mildews of crops are caused by (2001)
(A) bacteria (B) ascomycetes
(C) basidiomycetes (D) phycomycetes
2. In Entamoeba histolytica, the presence of chromatid bodies is characteristic of (2002)
(A) precystic stage (B) trophozoite stage
(C) mature binucleate stage (D) both (A) and (B)
3. Which of the following helps in respiration of lichens? (2002)
(A) Isidia (B) Soredia
(C) Cyphella (D) Cephalodia
4. Just as Xenopsylla is a Yersinia pestis, so is (2003)
(A) Glossina palpalis to Wuchereria bancrofti
(B) Culex to Plasmodium falciparum
(C) Homo sapiens to Taenia solium
(D) Phlebotomus to Leishmania donovani
5. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched? (2003)
(A) Rhizobium—Parasite in the roots of leguminous plants
(B) Mycorrhizae—Mineral uptake from soil
(C) Yeast—Production of biogas
(D) Myxomycetes—The ringworm diseases
6. Viroids have (2003)
(A) single stranded RNA not enclosed by protein coat
(B) single stranded DNA not enclosed by protein coat
(C) double stranded DNA enclosed by protein coat
(D) double stranded RNA enclosed by protein coat
7. Which one of the following categories of organisms does not evolve oxygen during
photosynthesis? (2004)
(A) Red algae
(B) Photosynthetic bacteria
(C) C4 plants with Kranz anatomy
(D) Blue green algae
8. The bacteria Pseudomonas is useful because of its ability to (2004)
(A) transfer genes from one plant to another
(B) decompose a variety of organic compounds
(C) fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil
(D) produce a wide variety of antibiotics
9. In prokaryotes, chromatophores are (2006)
(A) specialized granules responsible for colouration of cells
(B) structures responsible for organizing the shape of the organism
(C) inclusion bodies lying free inside the cells for carrying out various metabolic activities
(D) internal membrane systems that may become extensive and complex in photosynthetic
bacteria
10. Myxomycetes are (2006)
(A) saprobes or parasites, having mycelia, asexual reproduction by fragmentation
(B) slimy mass of multinucleate protoplasm, having pseudopodia-like structures for- engulfing
food, reproduction through fragmentation or zoospores
(C) prokaryotic organisms, cellular or acellular, saprobes or autotrophic, reproduce by binary
fission
(D) eukaryotic, single-celled or filamentous, saprobes or autotrophic, asexual reproduction by
division of haploid individuals, sexual reproduction by fusion of two cells or their nuclei
11. Among rust, smut and mushroom all the three (2006)
(A) are pathogens (B) are saprobes
(C) bear ascocarps (D) bear basidiocarps
12. “Ordines Anomali” of Bentham and Hooker includes (2006)
(A) seed plants showing abnormal forms of growth and development
(B) plants represented only in fossil state
(C) plants described in the literature but which Bentham and Hooker did not see in original
(D) a few orders which could not be placed satisfactory in the classification -
13. Which form of reproduction is correctly matched?(2007)
(A) Euglena —> transverse binary fission
(B) Paramecium —> longitudinal binary fission
(C) Amoeba —> multiple fission
(D) Plasmodium —> binary fission
14. In the vast marine ecosystem, certain sea develop red colouration. This red colour is due
to the presence of large population of which one of the following organisms? (2009)
(A) Trichodesmium erythraeum
(B) Physarium
(C) Dinoflagellates
(D) Diatoms and members of red algae
15. The system of classification based on evolutionary and genetic relationships among
organisms, ignoring the morphological similarities or differences, is called(2009)
(A) cladistics (B) phenetics
(C) classical systematics (D) new systematics
16. “Fairy rings” in lawns result from outward, spreading circles of mycelia of mushrooms
producing, at their periphery, fruiting bodies called (2009)
(A) ascocarps (B) basidiocarps
(C) sorocarps (D) pseudocarps
17. Which one of the following statements is correct? (2010)
(A) Prions are the smallest free-living cells
(B) The cell wall of mycoplasmas is made up of amino sugars
(C) Viroids consist of single-stranded RNA molecule
(D) Rickettsiae lack cell wall
18. Bacterial cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan, a complex of oligosaccharides and
proteins. The oligosaccharide component consists of (2010)
(A) linear chain of alternating NAG and NAM linked by α (1-4) linkage
(B) linear chains of alternating NAG and NAM linked by β (1-4) linkage
(C) linear chain of glucose linked by β (1 -4) linkage
(D) linear chain of glucose linked by α (1 -4) linkage
19. The classification of Linnaeus was mainly based on(2012)
(A) sepals (B) carpels
(C) petals (D) stamens
20. Choose the correct names of the different bacteria according to their shapes. (2013)

(A) A-Cocci, B-Bacilli, C-Spirilla, D-Vibrio

(B) A-Bacilli, B-Cocci, C-Spirilla, D-Vibrio
(C) A-Spirilla, B-Bacilli, C-Cocci, D-Vibrio
(D) A-Spirilla, B-Vibrio, C-Cocci, D-Bacilli
21. Which pair of the following belongs to Basidiomycetes? (2013)
(A) Puffballs and Claviceps
(B) Peziza and Altemaria
(C) Morchella and mushrooms
(D) Bird’s nest fungi and puffballs
22. Choose the correct option w.r.t given diagram. (2016)

(A) Nostoc —> Eubacteria, can fix N2

(B) Spirillum —> Gram-positive bacteria
(C) Anabaena —> Archae bacteria, grow in polluted place
(D) Chara —> Single cell structures
23. Most plant virus have genetic material in the form of (2016)
(A) DNA (B) RNA
(C) RNA (D) RNA + DNA
24. Fungi are filamentous with the exception of “X” which is unicellular. Identify X. (2017)
(A) Yeast (B) Albugo
(C) Mucor (D) Lichen
25. Which of the following statements is not correct for viruses? (2017)
(A) Viruses are obligate parasites.
(B) Viruses can multiply only when they are inside the living cells.
(C) Viruses cannot pass through bacterial filters.
(D) Viruses are made up of protein and DNA or RNA(never both DNA and RNA).
26. Which of the following statements regarding cyanobacteria is incorrect? (2017)
(A) It is also called blue green algae.
(B) They are chemosynthetic autotrophs.
(C) It forms blooms in polluted water bodies.
(D) It is unicellular, colonial or filamentous, marine or terrestrial bacteria.

Assertion and Reason type Questions

These questions consist of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While
answering these questions you are required to choose any one of the following five responses.
(A) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is a correct explanation of the
assertion.
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not a correct explanation of the
assertion.
(C) If the assertion is true but reason is false.
(D) If both the assertion and reason are false.
(E) If the assertion is false but the reason is true.
27. Assertion: TMV is a virus which causes mosaic disease.
Reason: TMV has RNA as genetic material. (2001)
28. Assertion: Systematics is the branch of biology that deals with classification of living
organisms.
Reason: The aim of classification is to group the organisms. (2002)
29. Assertion: Lichen is important for chemical industries.
Reason: Litmus and Orcein are formed from lichens.
30. Assertion: The fungi are widespread in distribution and they even live on or inside other
plants and animals.
Reason: Fungi are able to grow anywhere on land, water or on other organisms because they
have a variety of pigments, including chlorophyll, carotenoids, fucoxanthin and phycoerythrin.
(2005)
31. Assertion: Neurospora is commonly called water mould.
Reason: It belongs to basidomycetes fungi. (2007)
32. Assertion: Pili are tubular structures present in bacteria which help in conjugation. (2016)
Reason: Formation of pili is controlled by F+ or fertility factor.
33. Assertion: TMV is a virus which causes mosaic disease Reason: TMV has RNA as genetic
material. (2017)

SECTION E: CHAPTER-END TEST

1. Pick up the wrong statement.

(A) Protista have photosynthetic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition
(B) Some fungi are edible
(C) Nuclear membrane is absent in Monera
(D) Cell wall is present in Animalia
2. As per Whittaker’s classification, an organism possessing eukaryotic cell structure,
multicellular organisation with a cell wall and nuclear membrane showing autotrophic nutrition
can be placed under the kingdom
(A) Monera (B) Protista
(C) Plantae (D) Fungi
3. Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from the options given.

Column i Column II

(Organism) (Common name)

(A) Puccini a 1. Yeast

(B) Ustilago 2. Mushroom

(C) Agaricus 3. Smut fungus

(D) Saccharomyces 4. Rust fungus

(A) a—1, b—2, c—3, d—4

(B) a—2, b—3, c—4, d—1
(C) a—3, b—4, c—1, d—2
(D) a—4, b—3, c—2, d—1
4. In Five-Kingdom classification, lichens are placed in which Kingdom?
(A) Plantae (B) Protista
(C) Monera (D) None of the above
5. Which is correctly assigned?
(A) Parmoecium and Plasmodium belong to same kingdom as that of Euglena
(B) Lichen is composite organism formed from symbiotic association of an alga and a
protozoan
(C) Yeast used in making bread and beer is an alga
(D) Nos toe and Anabaena are examples of protista
6. Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from the options given.

Column I Column II

(A) Eubacteria (1) Trichoderma

(B) Dinoflagellates (2) Albugo

(C) Phycomycetes (3) Gonyaulax

(D) Deuteromycetes (4) Anabaena

(A) (a)—(1), (B)—(2), (c)—(3), (D)—(4)

(B) (a)—(2), (B)—(3), (c)—(4), (D)—(1)
(C) (a)—(4), (b)—(3), (c)—(2), (D)—(1)
(D) (a)—(3), (B)—(4), (c)—(1), (D)—(2)
7. The heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular organism without cell wall is included in the
kingdom
(A) Protista (B) Fungi
(C) Plantae (D) Animalia
8. Which of the following is/are partially heterotrophic?
(A) Parasites like Cuscuta
(B) Insectivorous plants like Bladderwort and Venus fly trap
(C) Both A and B
(D) None of the above
9. In animals, the stored food reserve is in the form of
(A) Glycogen (B) Cellulose
(C) Fat (D) Glycogen or fat
10. Read the following statements.
(a) Their mode of nutrition is holozoic—by ingestion of food
(b) Higher forms show elaborate sensory and neuromotor mechanism
(c) Most of them are capable of locomotion
(d) The sexual reproduction is by copulation of male and female
(e) They digest their food in an internal cavity
Here we are talking about:
(A) Animals (B) Plants
(C) Fungi (D) Protozoans
11. In which of the following kingdoms some members have
cell wall and some are without cell wall?
(A) Fungi (B) Protista
(C) Plantae (D) Animalia
12. Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from the optios given

Column I Column II

(A) Morels 1. Deuteromycetes

(B) Smut 2. Ascomycetes

(C) Bread mould 3. Basidiomycetes

(D) Imperfect fungi 4. Phycomycetes

(A) a—3, b—4, c—1, d—2

(B) a—2, b—3, c—4, d—1
(C) a—4, b—1, c—2, d—3
(D) a—3, b—4, c—2, d— 1
13. The heterotrophic mode of nutrition is found in
(A) Monera (B) Fungi
(C) Animalia (D) All of the above
14. The mode of nutrition in protistan is
(A) Autotrophic/photosynthetic
(B) Heterotrophic/Parasitic
(C) Saprophytic/Saprotrophic
(D) Any of the above
15. In which of the following kingdoms, both plant and animal like unicellular organisms are
placed?
(A) Monera (B) Protista
(C) Fungi (D) Plantae
16. The mode of nutrition in animalia is
(A) Heterotrophic (B) Holozoic
(C) Saprophytic (D) Any of the above
17. Cellular level of body organisation is found in
(A) Monera (B) Protista
(C) Fungi (D) Both A and B
18. The mode of nutrition in Monerans/Bacteria may be
(A) Autotrophic (B) Heterotrophic/Parasitic
(C) Saprophytic/Saprotrophic (D) All of the above
19. The class of protozoa which includes all parasitic animals is
(A) Amoeboids (B) Ciliates
(C) Flagellates (D) Sporozoans
20. Recognise the figure and find the incorrect option.
(A) It can fix atmospheric nitrogen in legumes.
(B) It has chlorophyll ‘a’ similar to green plants and photosynthetic autotrophic.
(C) This is a filamentous blue-green alga included in kingdom monera.
(D) Nitrogen fixation done in specialised cells called heterocysts.
21. Which of the following is NOT a member of Kingdom Protista?
(A) Chrysophytes (B) Deuteromycetes
(C) Dinoflagellates (D) Slime Moulds
22. Naked cytoplasm, multinucleated and saprophytic nature is the characteristic of
(A) Mycoplasma (B) BGA
(C) Archaebacteria (D) Slime moulds
23. During unfavourable conditions, slime moulds forms fruiting body after the differentation
of
(A) Ascocarp (B) Basidiocarp
(C) Plasmodium (D) Gemmule
24. Which kingdom forms a link with the plants, animals and fungi?
(A) Monera (B) Protista
(C) Fungi (D) Mycorrhiza
25. Which of the following groups of organisms have a protein rich layer called pellicle?
(A) Chrysophytes (B) Euglenoids
(C) Dinoflagellates (D) Slime Moulds
26. Which of the following are the characters of Dinoflagellates?
(1) Planktonic golden yellow algae with soap box like structure
(2) Marine red biflagellated protistan
(3) Appear yellow, green, brown, blue and red in colour
(4) Biflagellated organisms with pellicle
(5) Saprophytic or parasitic unicellular forms
(A) 1,2 and 3 only (B) 2, 4 and 5 only
(C) 2 and 3 only (D) 2 and 5 only
27. Recognise the figure and find the suitable option(s).

1. ‘b’ and ‘c’ belong to same class of kingdom fungi

2. All three ‘a', ‘b’ and ‘c’ belong to ditferent classes of fungi
3. ‘a’ is parasitic while ‘b’ and ‘c’ are symbiotic fungi
4. Mycelium of ‘b’ is aseptate and coenocytic while ‘a’ and ‘c’ have septate and branched
mycelium
Of these how many statements) is/are correct:
(A) One (B) Two
(C) Three (D) Four
28. Recognise the figure and find out the correct labelling.

(A) a—RNA, b—Capsomeres

(B) a—RNA, b—Capsid
(C) a—RNA, b—Nucleoprotein
(D) a—DNA, b—Capsomeres
29. Lichens are usually cited as an example of symbiosis where an algal and a fungal species
live together for their mutual benefit. Which of the following will happen if algal and fungal
partners are separated from each other?
(A) Both will die
(B) Both will survive and grow normally and independent from each other
(C) Algal component will survive while the fungal component will die
(D) Fungal component will survive while the algal partener will die
30. Viral capsid is made up of
(A) Protein
(B) Protein + Nucleic acid
(C) Nucleic acid
(D) Either DNA or RNA
31. What is common in between bacteriophage and fungi?
(A) Cell membrane (B) Cell wall
(C) DNA (D) Organelles
32. Organism which obtains their nutrition from dead and •decaying matter (detritus) is called
(A) Parasitic (B) Holophytic
(C) Saprophytic (D) Holozoic
33. Viroids have
(A) ssRNA enclosed in capsid
(B) ssDNA enclosed in capsid
(C) ssRNA without capsid
(D) ssDNA without capsid
34. A virus like naked pathogenic particle of single-stranded circular RNA filament without a
protein covering is known as
(A) Potato Spindle Tuber Viriod (PSTVd)
(B) Mumps virus
(C) Polyoma virus
(D) Tobacco mosaic virus.
35. Match the columns I and II, and choose the correct combination from the options given.

Column I Column II

(a) Two kingdom system (i) Copeland

(b) Three kingdom system (ii) Linnaeus

(c) Four kingdom system (iii) Carl Woese

(d) Six kingdom system (iv) Ernst Haeckel

a b c d

(A) i ii iv iii

(B) ii i iv iii

(C) i iv i iii
(D) ii iv i iii

36. ‘Heterothallism’ in fungi was discovered by

(A) A.F. Blackslee (B) [Link]
(C) Alexander Fleming (D) de Bery
37. Litmus—a natural dye is obtained from
(A) Algae (B) Fungi
(C) Lichens (D) None of the above
38. Red rot disease of sugar cane is produced by which of the following.
(A) Helminthosporium oryzae
(B) Colletotrichumfalcatum
(C) Alternaria solani
(D) Polyporus sulphureus
39. Which of the following organism causes Tikka disease of groundnut?
(A) Fusarium oxysporum (B) Albugo Candida
(C) Colletotrichum falcatum (D) Cercospora personata
40. Downey mildew disease is caused by .
(A) Peronospora (B) Puccinia
(C) Albugo (D) Phytophthora
41. Which of the following is not a member of Kingdom Protista?
(A) Chrysophytes (B) Deuteromycetes
(C) Dinoflagellates (D) Slime Moulds
42. Example of bioluminescent organism is
(A) Paramoecium (B) Giardia
(C) Entamoeba (D) Noctiluca
43. Virus can multiplies in
(A) Host cell or living cell (B) Detritus
(C) Culture media on Agar (D) All of the above
44. Term prion was given by
(A) Pasteur (B) Gajdusek
(C) Prusiner (D) Ehrenberg
45. Metulae are found in
(A) Mucor (B) Rhizopus
(C) Aspergillus (D) Penicillium
46. Detailed study on bacteriophage was done by
(A) Twort (B) d’Herelle
(C) Stanley (D) Both A and B
47. Which is not culturable in artificial/synthetic media?
(A)' TMV (B) E. coli
(C) Yeast (D) All of the above .
48. In a bacteriophage DNA is present in
(A) Head (B) Tail
(C) Head and tail (D) In tail fibres only
49. Group of viruses, which attack members of Myxophyceae are termed as
(A) Bacteriophages (B) Cyanophages
(C) Mosaic virus (D) Phages only
50. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(A) In Linnaeus time, two kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia
kingdoms was developed that included all plants and animals respectively.
(B) Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis of classification and he used
simple morphological characters to classify plants into trees, shrubs and herbs.
(C) The three-domain system has also been proposed that divides the kingdom Monera into
three domains.
(D) R. H. Whittaker proposed a five kingdom classification and defined by him were named
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
51. Recognise the figure and select the correct combination given below.

(A) a—Euglena, b—Slime mould, c—Paramoecium, d—Dinoflage Hates

(B) a—Dinoflagellates, b—Euglena, c—Paramoecium, d—Slime mould
(C) a—Euglena, b—Dinoflagellates, c—Paramoecium, d—Slime mould
(D) a—Paramoecium, b—Dinoflagellates, c—Euglena, d—Slime mould
52. In Ascomycetes, many members like are edible arid are considered delicacies.
(A) Morels and buffles (B) Morels and truffles
(C) Morels and muffles (D) Buffles and truffles
53. In modem medicine, certain infections, neurological disease were found to be transmitted
by an agent consisted of abnormally folded protein called
(A) Viroids (B) Prions
(C) DNA (D) RNA
54. The most notable diseases caused by prions are
(A) BSE in Cattle (B) Cr-Jacob in Humans
(C) CJD in Sheeps (D) Both (A) and (B).
55. Cr-Jacob disesase in humans is caused by
(A) Only proteins (B) Only carbohydrates
(C) Only lipids - (D) Both (A) and (B)
Match column I with column II, and choose the correct combination from the options
given below.
56.

Column I Column II

(a) Phycomycetes (i) Sac fungi

(b) Ascomycetes (ii) Imperfect fungi

(c) Basidiomycetes (hi) Algal fungi

(d) Deuteromycetes (iv) Club fungi/bracket fungi

a b c d

(A) i iii iv ii

(B) iii i iv ii

(C) i iii ii iv

(D) iii i ii iv

Biological Classification 2.43

57.

Column 1 Column II

(Organism) (Kingdom)

a. Chlamydomonas i Plantae

b. Amoeba ii. Animalia

c. Nostoc iii. Protista

d. Venus fly trap iv. Monera

a b c d

(A) i ii iii iv

(B) iii ii iv i
(C) iii iii iv i

(D) i ii iv i

58.

Column I Column II

(Disease). (Pathogen)

a. Tetanus i Fungus

b. Sleeping sickness ii. Bacteria

c. Wheat rust iii. Prion

d. CJD iv. Protozoan

a b c d

(A) i ii iii iv

(B) ii iv i, iii

(C) iii i iv ii

(D) iv iii ii i

59.

Column I (Disease) Column II (Pathogen)

a. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) i Virus

b. Mad cow disease ii. Viroid

c. Potato spindle tuber disease iii. Prion

d. Mumps iv. Bacteria

a b c d

(A) iv i ii iii

(B) iii ii i iv

(C) iii iii ii i

(D) iv iii ii i

60.

Column I Column II
 (Organism) (Cell wall)

a. Chlorella i Chitin

b. Claviceps ii. Cellulose

c. Bladderwort iii.. Polysaccharide + Amino acid

d. Rhizobium iv. Cell wall is absent

a b c d

(A) i ii iii iv

(B) iv i ii iii

(C) ii i iv iii

(D) ii i ii iii
ANSWER KEY

SECTION A

1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (B) 7. (D) 8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (A)

11. (D) 12. (C) 13. (B) 14. (D) 15. (D) 16. (D) 17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (D) 20. (C)

21. (C) 22. (D) 23. (D) 24. (B) 25. (D) 26. (C) 27. (C) 28. (A) 29. (A) 30. (B)

31. (A) 32. (D) 33. (C) 34. (C) 35. (C) 36. (C) 37. (C) 38. (D) 39. (B) 40. (D)

41. (C) 42. (D) 43. (D) 44. (D) 45. (D) 46. (A) 47. (A) 48. (B) 49. (B) 50. (D)

51. (D) 52. (B) 53. (C) 54. (B) 55. (C) 56. (A) 57. (A) 58. (D) 59. (B) 60. (C)

61. (B) 62. (C) 63. (D) 64. (A) 65. (A) 66. (A) 67. (B) 68. (D) 69. (B) 70. (D)

71. (B) 72. (B) 73. (C) 74. (A) 75. (C) 76. (A) 77. (B) 78. (B) 79. (B) 80. (D)

81. (D) 82. (B) 83. (D) 84. (A) 85. (C) 86. (A) 87. (B) 88. (C) 89. (C) 90. (D)

91. (D) 92. (D) 93. (B) 94. (D) 95. (C) 96. (C) 97. (C) 98. (D) 99. (A) 100.
(D)

101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110.
(A) (D) (A) (D) (B) (C) (C) (B) (A) (C)

111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118, 119. 120.
(A) (A) (D) (D) (C) (B) (D) (A) (B) (C)

121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130.
(D) (C) (B) (D) (D) (D) (C) (B) (B) (B)

131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140.
(C) (D) (A) (D) (D) (A) (D) (D) (D) (B)

141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150.
(C) (D) (D) (D) (C) (D) (D) (D) (A) (D)

151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160.
(C) (C) (B) (D) (A) (D) (C) (A) (B) (D)

SECTION B

1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4- (B) 5. (C) 6. (A) 7. (A) 8. (A) 9. (C) 10. (B)

11. (B) 12. (A) 13. (B) 14. (C) 15. (D) 16. (A) 17. (A) 18. (C) 19. (D) 20. (B)

21. (B) 22. (A) 23. (C) 24. (C) 25. (D)

SECTION C
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4- (B) 5. (D) 6. (C) 7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (D)

11. (A) 12. (C) 13. (A) 14. (C) 15. (A) 16. (D) 17. (D) 18. (D) 19. (A) 20. (B)

21. (D) 22. (A) 23. (D) 24. (A) 25. (B)

SECTION D
NEET/AIPMT Questions

1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4- (D) 5. (C) 6. (D) 7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (D) 10. (D)

11. (C) 12. (A) 13. (D) 14. (B) 15. (B) 16. (C) 17. (C) 18. (A) 19. (D) 20. (B)

21. (D) 22. (A) 23. (D) 24. (D) 25. (A) 26. (A) 27. (B) 28. (D) 29. (B) 30. (C)

31. (C) 32. (D) 33. (B) 34. (A) 35. (C) 36. (C) 37. (D) 38. (D) 39. (C) 40. (B)

41. (B) 42. (C) 43. (B) 44. (B) 45. (C) 46. (C) 47. (B) 48. (B) 49. (C) 50. (D)

51. (B) 52. (C) 53. (A) 54. (B) 55. (B) 56. (C) 57. (C) 58. (A) 59. (A) 60. (D)

61. (D) 62. (A) 63. (D) 64. (A) 65. (D) 66. (A) 67. (A) 68. (D) 69. (D) 70. (A)

71. (B) 72. (A) 73. (A) 74. (A) 75. (A) 76. (A) 77. (A) 78. (B.) 79. (C) 80. (C)

81. (A) 82. (B) 83. (B) 84. (A) 85. (B) 86. (C) 87. (A) 88. (D) 89. (B) 90. (A)

91. (A) 92. (D) 93. (A) 94. (D) 95. (D) 96. (B) 97. (C) 98. (D) 99. (A) 100.
(C)

101. 102. 103. 104 (B) 105 (C) 106 (B) 107 (D) 108 (B) 109 (D) 110 (B)
(D) (B) (D)

111. 112. 113. 114 (D) 115 (D) 116 (D) 117 (D) 118 (C) 119 (D) 120 (B)
(B) (C) (A)

121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130.
(D) (D) (A) (A) (A) (A) (B) (D) (B) (C)

131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140.
(A) (C) (B) (A) (C) (B) (D) (C) (D) (D)

141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150.
(C) (D) (D) (D) (C) (C) (B) (A) (C) (C)

151. 152. 153. 154. 155.

(A) (B) (D) (C) (B)

AIIMS Questions

1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (D) 10. (B)

11. (D) 12. (D) 13. (C) 14. (A) 15. (A) 16. (B) 17. (C) 18. (B) 19. (D) 20. (A)
21. (D) 22. (A) 23. (B) 24. (A) 25. (C) 26. (B) 27. (B) 28. (B) 29. (A) 30. (C)

31. (D) 32. (B) 33. (A)

SECTION E

1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (D) 5. (A) 6. (C) 7. (D) 8. (C) 9. (D) 10. (A)'

11. (B) 12. (B) 13. (D) 14. (D) 15. (B) 16. (D) 17. (D) 18. (D) 19. (D) 20. (A)

21. (B) 22. (D) 23. (C) 24. (B) 25. (B) 26. (C) 27. (B) 28. (B) 29. (C) 30. (A)

31. (C) 32. (C) 33. (C) 34. (A) 35. (D) 36. (A) 37. (C) 38. (B) 39. (D) 40. (A)

41. (B) 42. (D) 43. (A) 44. (C) 45. (D) ‘46. (B) 47. (A) 48. (A) 49. (B) 50. (C)

51. (B) 52. (B) 53. (B) 54. (D) 55. (A) 56. (B) 57. (C) 58. (B) 59. (C) 60. (D)