Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. 4: ELELE1-1STSEM-2022-2023

College: College of Teacher Education

Campus: Bambang

DEGREE PROGRAM BSEd COURSE NO. ELELE1

SPECIALIZATION ENGLISH COURSE Creative Writing
TITLE
YEAR LEVEL 1 TIME FRAME 3 WK 10-12 IM 04
wks. NO. NO.

CHAPTER 4

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE: Writing Paragraphs

II. LESSON TITLE:
What is a Paragraph?
Writing Paragraphs
 The Topic Sentence
 A Simple Formula
Writing Paragraph Prompts: Using the Four Essential Elements
How to Develop Paragraphs
Types of a Paragraph
Methods of Arranging Details
Qualities of a Good Paragraph
 Paragraph Details
 Paragraph Levels
Transitions and Linking Words
The Importance of Structure

III. LESSON OVERVIEW: This lesson focuses on writing paragraphs. It starts with the topic
sentence as main part of a paragraph and moves on with qualities of a good paragraph. It
will be substantiated by discussions on paragraph details. Likewise, students shall be
oriented to the methods of developing a paragraph

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the chapter, the students are expected
to:
1. gain insights on the meaning of a paragraph:
2. use the four essential elements in writing paragraph prompts
3. increase understanding and appreciation of the meaning of a topic sentence
and its use in a paragraph
4. use the formula in forming a good topic sentence
5. follow the guidelines in giving what the readers want
6. discuss the qualities of a good paragraph;
7. identify the methods of arranging details
8. apply the methods of arranging details
9. write a travelogue by using the transitions and different types of a paragraph
10. write a personality sketch by applying the essential elements of a paragraph

V. LESSON CONTENT: Writing Paragraphs

What is a paragraph?
A paragraph is comprised of sentences, but not random sentences. It is a group
of sentences organized around a central topic. In fact, the basic rule of paragraph
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writing is to focus on one idea. A solidly written paragraph takes its readers on a clear
path, without detours. Study closely how to organize the paragraph, and you’ll be on
your way to writing “gold-star” essays, term papers, and stories.

A basic paragraph structure usually consists of five sentences: the topic

sentence, three supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence. But the secrets to
paragraph writing lay in four essential elements, which when used correctly, can make
an okay paragraph into a great paragraph.

Writing Paragraphs
Writing a paragraph can be compared to building blocks that is made up of separate,
smaller units (called sentences). Paragraphs help the reader to follow your thinking as you
describe, support or explain your specific topic or idea. In writing paragraphs, you may use the
following key points.
 The Topic Sentence
In expository writing, a topic sentence is a sentence that summarizes the main
idea of a paragraph. It is usually the first sentence in a paragraph. Also known as a
focus sentence, it encapsulates or organizes an entire paragraph
Most paragraphs contain a sentence somewhere that states (or strongly
suggests) the focus or topic of the paragraph. This sentence is called the topic
sentence and is often found at or near the beginning of the paragraph, although it can
appear in the middle or at the end.
In a tightly organized paragraph, every sentence is closely related to the topic
sentence, bringing a sense of unity and clarity to your writing. As you work your way
through your overall topic or idea, you move from one paragraph (or unit of thought) to
the next. Eventually you will tie all the paragraphs together into an essay, report,
analysis, critique, or other type of composition calling for highly organized writing.
 A Simple Formula
A well-written topic sentence tells your reader what your subject is and what
you plan to say about it. Here's a simple formula to follow:
Music helps people relax.
Formula: A limited topic (Music) + a specific impression (helps people
relax)
= A topic sentence
Writing a Paragraph Quick Guide

Each paragraph you write should stand on its own and say something worthwhile.
Readers want information; they want to learn something. Readers want to be entertained; they
appreciate interesting details and colorful word pictures. Readers want writing that is original;
they want writing that has a voice and personality.
Here are some tips to help you give your readers what they want:
1. If you haven't already been assigned a topic, select one that interests you (and your
reader) and can be covered in one paragraph.

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2. For your paragraph, write a topic sentence that clearly states your topic and a specific
impression.

3. List the details you plan to cover in your paragraph. Be sure to consider both personal
details and details from other sources.
4. Write your paragraph as honestly and naturally as you can. Let your own personality
and creativity be your guide, along with (of course) your topic sentence.
5. If you are having difficulty putting your thoughts into a logical order, refer to the "Methods
of Arranging Details”.
6. Use a variety of sentence beginnings, lengths, and types. Don't, however, worry about
variety until after you have all your ideas down in writing.
7 Also make sure that your sentences read smoothly and connect well with one another.
Once the first draft of your paragraph is complete, check it over
8. To be sure your topic reads clearly from start to finish and that all your sentences belong in
the paragraph, apply unity.
9. If necessary, add a final sentence (a concluding or clincher sentence) to bring your
paragraph to a logical stopping point.
10. Proofread your paragraph carefully for usage, punctuation and spelling.

Writing Paragraph Prompts: Using the Four Essential Elements

Writing paragraphs takes practice, but what should students write about? Good
paragraph writing prompts allow students to write about what they know and like, so their
focus can be on the writing process and using the four essential elements. Paragraph writing
prompts, such as Explain why ______ is your favorite activity, encourage students to develop
a topic sentence, write supporting sentences in a proper order, use transition words to achieve
coherence, and conclude their paragraphs for completeness.

Elements of a Paragraph
1. Element #1: Unity
Unity in a paragraph begins with the topic sentence. Every paragraph has one
single, controlling idea that is expressed in its topic sentence, which is typically
the first sentence of the paragraph. A paragraph is unified around this main idea, with
the supporting sentences providing detail and discussion. In order to write a good topic
sentence, think about your theme and all the points you want to make. Decide which
point drives the rest, and then write it as your topic sentence.

2. Element #2: Order

Order refers to the way you organize your supporting sentences. Whether you
choose chronological order, order of importance, or another logical presentation of
detail, a solid paragraph always has a definite organization. In a well-ordered
paragraph, the reader follows along easily, aided by the pattern you’ve established.
Order helps the reader grasp your meaning and avoid confusion.

3. Element #3: Coherence

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Coherence is the quality that makes your writing understandable. Sentences within a
paragraph need to connect to each other and work together as a whole. One of the
best ways to achieve coherency is to use transition words. These words create bridges
from one sentence to the next. You can use transition words that show order

(first, second, third); spatial relationships (above, below) or logic (furthermore, in

addition, in fact). Also, in writing a paragraph, using a consistent verb tense and point
of view are important ingredients for coherency.

4. Element #4: Completeness

Completeness means a paragraph is well-developed. If all sentences clearly and
sufficiently support the main idea, then your paragraph is complete. If there are
not enough sentences or enough information to prove your thesis, then the paragraph
is incomplete. Usually three supporting sentences, in addition to a topic sentence
and concluding sentence, are needed for a paragraph to be complete. The
concluding sentence or last sentence of the paragraph should summarize your main
idea by reinforcing your topic sentence.

How to Develop Paragraphs

1. Narration: Tell a story. Go chronologically, from start to finish.

2. Description: Provide specific details about what something looks, smells, tastes,
sounds, or feels like.
3. Process: Explain how something works, step by step.
4. Classification: Separate into groups or explain the various parts of a concept.

Types of Paragraphs

A. A narrative paragraph tells a story of one kind or another. It should have a clear
progression-a beginning, a middle, and an end. (Notice how the details support each
topic sentence in the example below.)

Example
In first grade I learned some of the harsh realities of life. I found out
that circuses aren't all they're supposed to be. We were going to the circus
for our class trip, and I was really excited about it because I had never been
to one before. Our class worked for weeks on a circus train made of shoe
boxes, and Ashley told me her mom had fainted once when she saw the lion
trainer. The day of the trip finally came, and my wonderful circus turned out
to be nothing but one disappointment after another. I couldn't see much of
anything for that matter. I could just barely make out some tiny figures
scurrying around in the three rings that seemed to be a hundred miles away
from my seat. After the first half hour, all I wanted to do was buy a Pepsi and
a monkey-on-a-stick and get out of there. Of course, nothing in life is that
easy. We weren't allowed to buy anything; so I couldn't have my souvenir,
and instead of a cold Coke to quench my thirst, I had warm, curdled milk that
the room mothers had so thoughtfully brought along. I returned to school
tired and a little wiser. I remember looking at our little circus train on the
window ledge and thinking that l'd rather sit and watch it do nothing than go
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B. A descriptive paragraph is one in which the sentences work together to present a

single, clear picture (description) of a person, place, thing, or idea.

Example
My Uncle John is normally a likable and friendly man, but when there is a
group of people and one of those instant cameras around, he becomes a real pest.
No matter what the occasion, even something as uneventful as a few of our
relatives getting together for a visit after work, Uncle John appoints himself official
photographer. He spends the whole time with one eve looking through the lens and
the other scoping out the potential subjects for his pictures. In most situations,
taking pictures is a great way to spend some time and have a little fun, but when
Uncle John is pushing the button, doesn't believe in candids. Instead, Uncle John
insists upon interrupting all activity to persuade his prey to pose for his pictures. In
return, he gets photographs of people arranged in neat rows smiling through
clenched teeth. Although we have tried again and again to convince Uncle John
that his old, traditional methods of photography aren't necessarily the best, he
continues to insist that we "Come over here, sol can take your picture." About the
only solution is to convince Uncle John that he should be in some of these pictures
and that you'd be happy to snap a few. Then, once you get the camera in your
hands, don't stop shooting until all the film is gone.

C. An expository paragraph is one that presents facts, gives directions, defines terms,
and so on. This type of writing can be used when you wish to present or explain facts
or ideas.

Example

Braille is a system of communication used by the blind. It was developed

by Louis Braille, a blind French student, in 1824. The code consists of an
alphabet using combinations of small raised dots. The dots are imprinted on
paper and can be felt, and thus read, by running the fingers across the page.
The basic unit of the code is called a "cell that is two dots wide and three dots
high. Each letter is formed by different combinations of these dots. Numbers,
punctuation marks, and even a system for writing music are also expressed by
using different arrangements. These small dots, which may seem insignificant
to the sighted, have opened up the entire world of books and reading for the
blind.

D. A persuasive paragraph is one that presents information to support or prove point It

expresses an opinion and tries to convince the reader that the opinion is correct or
valid

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Example
Capital punishment should be abolished for three major reasons. First,
common sense tells me that two wrongs don't make a right. To kill someone
convicted of murder contradicts the reasoning behind the law that taking another's
life is wrong. The state is committing the same violent, dehumanizing act it is
condemning. Second, the death penalty is not an effective deterrent. Numerous
studies show that murder is usually the result of a complex psychological and
sociological problem and that most murderers do not contemplate the consequences
of their act; or, if they do, any penalty is seen as a far-off possibility. The offense, on
the other hand, brings immediate gratification. The third and most serious objection is
that death is final and cannot be altered. Errors in deciding guilt or innocence will
always be present in our system of trial by Jury. There is too great a risk that
innocent people will be put to death. Official records show that it has already
happened in the past. For these reasons, I feel capital punishment should be
replaced with a system that puts all doubt on the side of life-not death.

Methods of Arranging Details

If your writing is flowing smoothly, it will most likely have an inner logic or natural
direction that will hold it together for the reader. However, if necessary, you can purposely
arrange the details in your paragraph in any of several basic ways:
A. Chronological (time) order is effective for narrating personal experiences,
summarizing steps, and explaining events. Details are arranged in the order in
which they happen.

B. Order of location is useful for many types of descriptions. It helps provide unity by
arranging details left to right, right to left, top to bottom, edge to center, the distant
to the near, and so on.

C. Illustration (deduction: general to specific) is a method of arrangement in which

you first state a general idea (topic sentence) and follow with specific reasons,
examples, facts, and details to support the general idea.

D. Climax (induction: specific to general) is a method of arrangement in which you

present details followed by a general statement or conclusion drawn from the
specific information provided. (If a topic sentence is used, it is placed at the end.)

E. Cause and effect arrangement helps you make connections between a result and
the events that preceded it. The general statement (a result or cause) can be
supported by specific effects, or the general statement (an effect) can be supported
by specific causes.

F. Comparison is a method of arrangement in which you measure one subject

against another subject that is often more familiar. State the main point of the
comparison early and present the likenesses (details) in a clear, organized
fashion.

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G. Contrast uses details to measure the differences between two subjects.

H. Definition or classification can be used when explaining a term or concept (a

machine, theory, game, etc.). Begin by placing the subject in the appropriate
class,

I. and then provide details that show how your term or concept is different from
others in the same class. Do not include more than a few features, or distinctions,
in one paragraph.

Qualities of a Good Paragraph

. A good paragraph is like a miniature essay. It has a clear beginning, middle, and
ending. Strong paragraphs combine focus and attention to detail to develop a single idea
thoroughly, and they help the reader move from one idea to the next.

 Paragraph Details
A paragraph contains facts, statements, examples-specifics which
guide us to a full understanding of the main idea. They clarify, illuminate, explain,
describe, expand and illustrate the main idea. These are called paragraph or
supporting details.

 Paragraph Levels

A well-written paragraph is made up of three levels of detail. It's good to be aware of

the function of each of these levels so that you can check your own paragraphs for appropriate
details. Here is a brief description and a model of each:

Level 1 Controlling sentences name and control the topic.

Example: General Sherman and his men devised ingenious methods for the
wrecking of the Southern railroad.
Level 2 Clarifying sentences help make the topic clearer.

Example: They first used a portable rail-lifter that consisted of a chain with a
hook on one end and a large iron ring on the other.
Level 3 Completing sentences add specific details that explain or describe the topic
to the reader.

Example: The hook would be placed under the rail and a small pole put
through the ring. By bracing the pole on the ground, a group of soldiers could lift
the rail from the ties. The rails, which were made of a flimsy type of steel, could
be heated and easily twisted into almost any shape.

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. 4: ELELE1-1STSEM-2022-2023

Transitions and Linking Words

The transitions or linking words below can help you tie your points together
smoothly whether you use one of the methods or simply follow your own natural
method of arranging details.

Words that can be used to show location

above away from beyond into over

across behind in back under beside
in front on top around between inside outside

Words that can be used to show time

about first meanwhile soon then after

second today later next at tomorrow
afterward as soon before till next week next year
as
immediatel when during until yesterday finally
y

Words that can be used to contrast things (show differences)

but otherwise although even

though
on the other hand however yet still

Words that can be used to compare things (show similarities)

in the same likewise as similarly like also

way

Words that can be used to emphasize a point

again for this reason truly to repeat to emphasize in fact

Words that can be used to conclude or summarize

as a result finally in conclusion in summary

to sum up therefore to wrap up all in all

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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Words that can be used to add information

agai another for instance finally also equally

n important
and moreover as well additionally besides furthermore
next along with in addition for example likewise to add

The Importance of Structure

The basic essay has a tight structure; that is, it contains an opening paragraph, several
developmental paragraphs, and a closing paragraph.
A. Beginning -- opening paragraph which should accomplish two things:

1. It should gain your reader's interest in your subject.

2. It should identify the focus or thesis that you will develop in the main part of your
essay.

Remember that the focus identifies the specific part of your subject that you will write
about. There are several ways to draw your reader's attention to your subject. Five effective
techniques are listed here.

 Open with a series of questions about the topic.

 Provide an interesting story or anecdote about the subject.
 Present a startling or unusual fact or figure.
 Quote a well-known person or literary work.
 Define an important, subject-related term.

B. Middle --- the developmental paragraphs which are at the heart of the story or
essay. They must clearly and logically support your thesis. If, for instance, you are
going to present information about paper recycling, each developmental paragraph
your essay should discuss an important element related to that subject. It's important
that these paragraphs are arranged in the best possible way -- chronologically, by
order of importance, or by an order of your own making. It's also important that your
paragraphs flow smoothly from one to the next. To achieve this flow, make sure that
the first sentence in each new paragraph serves as an effective link to the preceding
paragraph. Transitions like in addition, on the other hand, and as a result are often
used for this purpose.

NOTE: Start a new paragraph whenever there is a shift or change in the story. This
change is called a paragraph shift and can take place for any of four basic reasons:
1. a change in emphasis or ideas
2. a change in time
3. a change in speakers
4. a change in place or setting

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C. Ending --- the closing or summary paragraph which should tie all of the important
points in the essay together and draw a final conclusion for the reader. should leave
the reader with a clear understanding of the topic.

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

Activity 1. Do you remember a person (teacher, friend, vendor, beggar, tricycle driver or
anyone) who had touched your life? Fill the character worksheet with as many details as
you can to help you create three-dimensional character of the person. (Note: You do not
need to fill the blanks anyway.)

CHARACTER WORKSHEET

NAME (Optional)

A. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
AGE
HEIGHT AND WEIGHT
EYES
HAIR
SPECIAL ABILITIES
B. PERSONAL DATA
EDUCATION
OCCUPATION
SOCIAL CLASS
RELIGION
ETHNICITY
HOBBIES
MARITAL STATUS
CHILDREN
CLOSED FRIENDS
AMBITION/S

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C. FAMILY
PLACE IN THE FAMILY
IMMEDIATE FAMILY MEMBERS
PETS

D. PERSONALITY
MAIN PERSONALITY TRAIT:
DISPOSITION:
SELF-IMAGE:

VII. ASSIGNMENT: Writing of Personality Sketch

Based from the character worksheet you made, make a personality sketch. (A
personality sketch is a written piece that describes a person’s personality, traits or
behavior. It is usually done by providing descriptive word which will illustrate the
character traits and by giving examples/quotes which support those traits). Draw a
picture to describe him/her but use the power of descriptive words. Apply the different
guidelines in writing.

PERSONALITY SKETCH
______________________________________________

(Beginning/opening paragraph)_________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Middle/Developmentalparagraphs_______________________________________

Middle/
Developmentalparagraphs_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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Middle/Developmentalparagraphs______________________________________
_

Closing/summaryparagraph____________________________________________

VIII. EVALUATION: Writing a Travelogue

Recall a place you had seen personally for the past 5 years. Write a travelogue by
applying the tips in developing a paragraph. A travelogue is a record of the events, sights, and
personal feelings which a traveler experienced. It is a description of a certain place and the
memoirs it brings. Use the narrative and descriptive types of a paragraph. You may append
pictures (NOT MORE THAN 5) to support your travelogue.

A TRAVELOGUE
_________________________

(Beginning/opening paragraph)_________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Middle/Developmentalparagraphs_______________________________________

Middle/
Developmentalparagraphs_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

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Middle/Developmentalparagraphs______________________________________
_

Closing/summaryparagraph____________________________________________

[Link]
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Landy, Joseph V., S.J. (2006). Seven rules for writers ( A learning edge book). Tahanan
Books, Pasig City, Phil.

Baronda, A. ((2016). Creative nonfiction . JFS Publishing Services, Pasay City, Manila.

Jose, Luijim S. & R. Larioque (2017). Creative writing (For senior high school). Books
Atbp. Publishing Corp

Marcia, Marianne C. ([Link] English as a second language or foreign language.

Heinle & Heinle. Singapore.

Perez, Amy T. (2011) Creative writing- What you need to know. Omniscience Publishing
Co. Q. C. Phil.

Sebranek, Patrick et al. (1996) Writers—INC. (A Student Handbook for Writing and
Learning. Hoghtton Mifflin Co. Massachusetts.

Solmerano E. et al. (2017) Creative Writing. Fastbooks Educational Supply Inc., Sampaloc,
Manila.

Sunga, Nilda R. et al. (2013) Innovative Strategies in Communication Art. Phoenix Pub.
House, Q.C. Phil.

Villanueva, Perla M. (2003.) Writing Skills for College Freshmen. Katha Publishing Co.,
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B) e- Resources

Creative Writing Top 5 Tips. Retrieved July 31, 2020

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works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial
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[Link]

Jerz. M. (2009). 10 Ways to Improve Your Creative Writing. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
[Link]

The Best Creative Writing Activities for Engaging Your Learners. Retrieved July 31, 2020
https:/[Link]/blog/18-creative-writing activities

Elements Specific to Fiction. [Link]

/[Link] l

How to Jumpstart Creative Writing. Retrieved July 31, 2020.

[Link] tips/#:~:text=15%20Tips%20to
%20Jumpstart%20Your%20Creative%20Writing.%201,5.%20Don%E2%80%99t%20mistake
%20mystery%20with%20obscurity.%20M

The Writing Process: 5 Steps Every Writer Should Know

[Link]/blog/writing-process/

The Craft in Writing. Retrieved July 31, 202 [Link]/2015/03/31/5-elements-of-

writing-craft/

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works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. 4: ELELE1-1STSEM-2022-2023

“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted
works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial
distribution.”

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