Encoding

What is Encoding?

Process of converting data from one form to another form is called encoding. In Computer Science

encoding is converting data (numbers, alphabets, symbols, spaces, graphics etc.) into binary codes.

Why Encoding?

 Platform Independency Internationalization Security

 Effective Communication

There are various standard encoding schemes each part of data is assigned a unique code. Some of the
popular encoding schemes are mentioned below:

1. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

 Formally began in 1960 and later promoted by ANSI
 Standard common way to encode and represent keys of keyboard understood by every
computer. It Uses 7-bits to represent any character.
 It represents (encodes) total 27= 128 characters. (Because of 7-bit representation) It can
represent (encode) character set of English language only.

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 2. ISCII (Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange)

Introduced by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) in 1991. Standard encoding scheme to represent Indian
Scripts. It uses 8-bits to represent characters.

It represents total 28 = 256 characters.

It supports 10 different Indian languages which are: Devanagari, Punjabi, Bengali, Gujarati, Oriya,
Telugu, Assamese, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Roman.

Number System:

Number system is mathematical way to represent numbers using literals such as digits, characters or
symbols.

It is also known as Positional Number System because value of each literal (digit, character or symbol) in
a number depends upon its position within number. There are different number system and all have
their own set of unique literals.

The count of literals of number system is called Base or Radix. The value of each literal in a number is
calculated using

The literal itself Position of the literal

Base of the number system

There are four number systems used in the context computer-

1. Decimal Number System

2. Binary Number System
3. Octal Number System
4. Hexadecimal Number System

Decimal Number System

 It is used by humans
 It uses 10 different digits from 0 to 9 to represent numbers. Decimal number system has base 10
 Each place to the left is ten times greater than the place to its right which means each place
represent a specific power of the base (10).

Following figure represents the Integer and fractional part of decimal number 1253.76 along with
calculation of the decimal number using positional values

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 Positional Value Representation of Decimal Number

Positional Value Representation of Decimal Number

Binary Number System

 It is used by Computer and other Digital devices.

 It uses two different digits 0 and 1 called as bit to represent any information Binary number
system has base 2
 Each place in a binary code represents a specific power of the base (2). Binary Number System is
also referred as Machine Language.

Application of Binary Number System

 Used as Machine Language for Computer Hardware and other Electronic Devices. Used in ASCII
Code and Unicode
 Used in Internet Protocols.
 Used in Image processing, High-end audio recordings, HD Videos recordings and data processing
and storage. Used in Boolean algebra that is a branch of Mathematics.

Octal Number System

 It is used to represent large and complex binary codes into concise manner. It uses 8 different
digits from 0 to 7 to represent information.
 Octal Number System has base 8.
 Each place in Octal code represents a specific power of the base (8).

Applications of Octal Number System

 It is used in register and flip flop of Computer Motherboards. It is used in Mainframe such as
UNIVAC, PDP etc.

Hexadecimal Number System

 It is used to represent large and complex binary codes into concise manner.
 It uses 16 different literals which are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F to represent information.
Hexadecimal Number System has base 16.
 Each place in a Hexadecimal code represents a specific power of the base (16).

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Applications of Hexadecimal Number System

 It is used to represent Memory Address for storage devices used in computers. It is used to
describe colors in the Web Pages.
 It is used to represent Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. It is used to display error
messages.

Conversion Between Number System

Decimal to Binary Conversion

Following are the steps to convert Decimal Number System to Binary Number System:

Divide the number by the base value of the Binary Number System i.e. 2 you want to convert it from
Note the remainder

Keep dividing the quotient by the base value 2 until it becomes zero and note the remainder of each
division Write all noted remainders in reverse order (bottom to top)

Example 1:

Convert (122) to binary number.

Therefore ans: 1111010(2)

Decimal to Octal Conversion

Following are the steps to convert Decimal Number System to Octal Number System:

Divide the number by the base value of the Octal Number System i.e. 8 you want to convert it from Note
the remainder

Keep dividing the quotient by the base value 8 until it becomes zero and note the remainder of each
division Write all noted remainders in reverse order (bottom to top)

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Example 1: Convert (122)10 to Octal Number

Ans:172(8)

Decimal to Octal Conversion

Example 2: Convert (1683)10 to Octal Number.

Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

Following are the steps to convert Decimal Number System to Hexadecimal Number System:

Divide the number by the base value of the Hexadecimal Number System i.e. 16 you want to convert it
from Note the remainder

Keep dividing the quotient by the base value 16 until it becomes zero and note the remainder of each
division Write all noted remainders in reverse order (bottom to top)

Example 1: Convert (65)10 to Hexadecimal Number

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Example 2: Convert (122)10 to Hexadecimal Number.

Ans: 7A(16)

Binary to decimal Conversion

Following are the steps for converting Binary to Decimal number:

1. Write down binary number

2. Starting from right to left, Write position number of each bit of given binary code

3. Find positional value of each bit by raising its position number as power to the base 2

4. Multiply each bit with its positional value and find its corresponding decimal number

5. Add all these decimal numbers to find equivalent Decimal number of given Binary Number.

Example 1: Convert (10011)2 to Decimal Number

Example 2: Convert (111100)2 to Decimal Number

1 x 25 + 1 x 2 4 + 1 x 2 3 + 1 x 2 2 + 0 x 2 1 + 0 x 2 0

= 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 0

= (61)10

Octal to decimal Conversion

Following are the steps for converting octal to decimal number:

1. Write down octal number

2. Starting from right to left, Write position number of each digit of given octal code

3. Find positional value of each bit by raising its position number as power to the base 8

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4. Multiply each bit with its positional value and find its corresponding decimal number

5. Add all these decimal numbers to find equivalent Decimal number of given Octal Number.

Example 1: Convert (336)8 to Decimal Number

Example 2: Convert (1BF6)16 to Decimal Number 1 x 163 + 11 x 162 + 15 x 161 + 6 x 80

= 4096 + 2816 + 240 + 6

= (7158)10

Binary to Octal Conversion

1. Write Binary Number

2. From right to left, group all the bits of binary in the set of three

3. Add 0 to the left of the last bit of given binary number incase set of 3 bit is not formed

4. Write octal no for each corresponding set of 3 bits

5. Group these octal digits together to form equivalent octal number

Example 1: Convert (100110101)2 in Octal Number

Octal to Binary Conversion

1. Write octal number

2. Replace each digit of octal number with its equivalent set of 3-bit

3. From left to write Arrange and write all 3-bit sets together and form binary equivalent of given
given octal number.

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Example 1: convert (745)8 into binary number

Example 2: Convert (1011)2 in Octal Number

1011

001 011

13

=(13)8

Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

1. Write Binary Number

2. From right to left, group all the bits of binary in the set of four

3. Add 0 to the left of the last bit of given binary number incase set of 4 bit is not formed

4. Write hexdecimal no for each corresponding set of 4 bits

5. Group these hexadecimal digits together to form equivalent octal number

Example 1: Convert (1100110101)2 in hexadecimal Number

Hexadecimal to binary conversion

1. Write hexadecimal number

2. Replace each digit of hexadecimal number with its equivalent set of 4-bit

3. From left to write Arrange and write all 4-bit sets together and form binary equivalent of given
hexadecimal number.

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Example 1: convert (CA12)16 into binary number

Conversion of Decimal Number with fractional part to Binary number

Following are the steps to convert the fractional part of a decimal number to binary number system:

multiply the fractional part by the base value 2 repeatedly till the fractional part becomes 0. from top to
bottom, Write integer part of the number to get equivalent binary number.

If the fractional part does not become 0 in successive multiplication, then stop after 10 multiplications.
In some cases, fractional part may start repeating, then stop further calculation.

Example 1: convert (0.625)10 to binary number.

Example 2: convert (.36)10 to binary number

Conversion of Decimal Number with fractional part to Octal number

Following are the steps to convert the fractional part of a decimal number to Octal number system:

multiply the fractional part by the base value 8 repeatedly till the fractional part becomes 0. from top to
bottom, Write integer part of the number to get equivalent Octal number.

If the fractional part does not become 0 in successive multiplication, then stop after 10 multiplications.
In some cases, fractional part may start repeating, then stop further calculation.

Example 1: convert (0.175)10 to Octal number

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Example 2: convert (0.345)10 to octal number.

Conversion of Decimal Number with fractional part to Hexadecimal number

Following are the steps to convert the fractional part of a decimal number to Hexadecimal number
system:

multiply the fractional part by the base value 16 repeatedly till the fractional part becomes 0. from top
to bottom, Write integer part of the number to get equivalent Hexadecimal number.

If the fractional part does not become 0 in successive multiplication, then stop after 10 multiplications.
In some cases, fractional part may start repeating, then stop further calculation.

Example 1: convert (0.175)10 to Hexadecimal number.

Example 2: convert (0.220)10 to Hexadecimal number

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Binary with fractional part to decimal Conversion

Following are the steps for converting Binary with Fractional part to Decimal number:

1. Write down binary number

2. Find positional value of each bit by raising its position number as power to the base 2

3. Multiply each bit with its positional value and find its corresponding decimal number

4. Add all these decimal numbers to find equivalent Decimal number of given Binary Number.

Example 1: Convert (10011.11)2 to Decimal Number

Example 2: Convert (101.01)2 to Decimal Number 1×22 + 0x21 + 1×20 . 0x2-1 + 1×2-2

= 4 + 0 + 1 . 0 + 0.25

= (5.25)10

Binary with fractional part to Octal Conversion

Write Binary Number

Group all the bits of binary in the set of three

Add 0 to the left of the last bit of integer part and to the right of the last bit if the fractional part of given
primary number, incase set of 3 bit is not formed Write octal no for each corresponding set of 3 bits

Group these octal digits together to form equivalent octal number

Example 1: Convert (10101.01101)2 in Octal Number

Example 2: Convert (1011.10)2 in Octal Number

1011.10

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011 011 . 100

33.4

=(33.4)8

Binary with fractional part to Hexadecimal Conversion

1. Write Binary Number

2. Group all the bits of binary in the set of four

3. Add 0 to the left of the last bit of integer part and to the right of the last bit if the fractional part of
given binary number, incase set of 4 bit is not formed

4. Write hexadecimal no for each corresponding set of 4 bits

5. Group these hexadecimal digits together to form equivalent hexadecimal number

Example 1: Convert (110101.011011)2 in Octal Number

Example 2: Convert (1011111011.1011010)2 in Octal Number

1011111011.1011010

0010 1111 1011 . 1011 0100

2 F B . B4

=(2FB.B4)16

Encoding- MCQ
1. What is the base value of the binary number system?

a) 2 b) 8

c) 10 d) 16

2. Which encoding scheme is used to represent characters of almost all languages

of the world?

a) ASCII b) ISCII

c) UTF-8 d) UNICODE

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3. How many bits are used in the ASCII encoding scheme?

a) 7 bits b) 8 bits

c) 16 bits d) 32 bits

4. What is the hexadecimal equivalent of the binary number (1010 1100 . 0101 1100)2?

a) Ac.5C b) B4.3E

c) A2.C5 d) D8.7F

5. Which standard en-coding scheme was developed in India during the mid-1980s?

a) ASCII b) ISCII

c) UNICODE d) UTF-8

6. What is the binary representation of the ASCII code for the character ‘A’?

a) 1000001 b) 1010100

c) 1100001 d) 1110001

7. How many different characters can be encoded using 7-bit ASCII code?

a) 64 b) 128

c) 256 d) 512

8. Which number system is used to simplify binary coded representation by

grouping 3 bits?

a) Binary b) Decimal

c) Octal d) Hexadecimal

9. What is the binary equivalent of the decimal number 122?

a) 1111100 b) 1111001

c) 1111010 d) 1110110

10. What is the primary advantage of using hexadecimal notation?

a) Easier to remember than binary b) Uses fewer bits than binary

c) Both A and B d) None of the above

11. What is the base value of the octal number system?

a) 2 b) 8

c) 10 d) 16

12. What is the decimal equivalent of the octal number (514)8?

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a) 336 b) 328

c) 340 d) 342

13. Which encoding scheme is known for representing text in Indian languages?

a) ASCII b) ISCII

c) UNICODE d) UTF-8

14. How many bits are in a byte?

a) 4 b) 8

c) 16 d) 32

15. What does UTF-8 stand for?

a) Unicode Transformation Format 8 bit b) Unicode Text Format 8 bit

c) Uniform Text Format 8 bit d) Universal Text Format 8 bit

16. Which encoding scheme retains all 128 ASCII codes and uses the rest for additional characters?

a) ASCII b) ISCII

c) UNICODE d) UTF-8

17. What is the hexadecimal value for the binary number (11111111,00000000,00000000)?

a) (FF,00,00) b) (F0,0F,0F)

c) (00,FF,00) d) (FF,FF,00)

18. What is the binary equivalent of the ASCII value for the character ‘D’?

a) 1000100 b) 1010001

c) 1100001 d) 1110100

19. What is the hexadecimal representation of the memory address 1100000011110001?

a) C0F1 b) D1F2

c) C2E1 d) B0A1

20. How many bits are required for representing each color in RGB color coding?

a) 8 bits b) 16 bits

c) 24 bits d) 32 bits

21. Which encoding scheme is a superset of ASCII?

a) UTF-8 b) ISCII

c) UNICODE d) EBCDIC

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22. What is the full form of ASCII?

a) American Standard Code for Information Interchange

b) American System Code for Information Interchange

c) American Standard Code for Internet Interchange

d) American System Code for Internet Interchange

23. What is the base value of the decimal number system?

a) 2 b) 8

c) 10 d) 16

24. Which encoding scheme provides a unique number for every character, irrespective of the device or
operating system?

a) ASCII

c) UNICODE

25. Which encoding scheme is used for compact representation of color codes?

a) ASCII

b) ISCII

c) UNICODE

d) Hexadecimal

26. What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number (1010111)2?

a) 85

b) 87

c) 89

d) 91

27. How many characters can be represented using an 8-bit encoding scheme?

a) 128

b) 256

c) 512

d) 1024

28. What is the full form of ISCII?

a) Indian Script Code for Information Interchange

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b) Indian System Code for Information Interchange

c) Indian Standard Code for Internet Interchange

d) Indian System Code for Internet Interchange

29. What is the base value of the hexadecimal number system?

a) 2

b) 8

c) 10

d) 16

30. Which encoding scheme is used to represent more characters beyond the basic ASCII set?

a) UTF-8

c) UNICODE

b) ISCII

d) EBCDIC

31. What is the binary equivalent of the hexadecimal number (3A7)16?

a) 1101100

b) 1100111

c) 1010101

d) 1110111

32. What is the octal equivalent of the decimal number (76)10?

a) 104

b) 112

c) 114

d) 116

33. How many different characters can be represented using 8-bit encoding?

a) 128

b) 256

c) 512

d) 1024

34. What is the full form of UNICODE?

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a) Universal Code for Information Interchange

b) Uniform Code for Information Interchange

c) Unified Code for Information Interchange

d) None of the above

35. Which number system is used for efficient representation of IP addresses?

a) Binary

b) Decimal

c) Octal

d) Hexadecimal

36. What is the base value of the binary number system?

a) 2

b) 8

c) 10

d) 16

37. What is the binary equivalent of the decimal number (65)10?

a) 1000001

b) 1000010

c) 1100101

d) 1100110

38. What is the decimal equivalent of the octal number (23)8?

a) 18

b) 19

c) 20

d) 21

39. Which encoding scheme can represent over a million characters?

a) ASCII

b) ISCII

c) UNICODE

d) UTF-8

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40. What is the binary equivalent of the ASCII value for the character ‘C’?

a) 1000011

b) 1000100

c) 1000111

d) 1001000

41. What is the hexadecimal representation of the binary number (110110101011)2?

a) DAB

b) DBA

c) DBB

d) DAA

42. How many bits are used in a UNICODE encoding scheme?

a) 8 bits

b) 16 bits

c) 24 bits

d) 32 bits

43. Which number system is commonly used in computer programming?

a) Binary

b) Decimal

c) Octal

d) Hexadecimal

44. What is the binary equivalent of the hexadecimal number (2F)16?

a) 101111

b) 110010

c) 111100

d) 110111

45. What is the octal equivalent of the binary number (1101011)2?

a) 153

b) 154

c) 155

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d) 156

46. What is the binary representation of the ASCII code for the character ‘B’?

a) 1000001

b) 1000010

c) 1000011

d) 1000100

47. Assertion (A): An operating system is a system software.

Reason (R) : The software that controls internal computer operations is called system

software.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A

c) A is True but R is False

d) A is false but R is True

48. Assertion (A): An operating system is an application software.

Reason (R) : The software that controls internal computer operations, is called

system s/w

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A

c) A is True but R is False

d) A is false but R is True

49. Assertion: The binary number 10101010 can be written as AA in hexadecimal.

Reason: The hexadecimal number system uses 16 symbols, from 0 to 9 and A to F,

to represent Numbers.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A

c) A is True but R is False

d) A is false but R is True

50. Assertion: The octal number system has a base value of 8.

Reason: The octal number system uses 8 digits, from 0 to 7, to form numbers.

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a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A

c) A is True but R is False

d)A is false but R is True

51. Assertion: ASCII can represent characters from all writing systems around the world.

Reason: ASCII is a widely used character encoding scheme in computing.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A

c) A is True but R is False

d)A is false but R is True

52. Assertion: ISCII is primarily used to encode characters from non-Indian languages.

Reason: ISCII includes additional characters for Indian scripts.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A

c) A is True but R is False

d) A is false but R is True

53. Assertion: UTF-8 can represent all characters in the Unicode standard.

Reason: UTF-8 uses variable-length encoding.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A

c) A is True but R is False

d) A is false but R is True

54. Assertion (A): Text file stores information in the ASCII or Unicode format.

Reasoning (R): In a text file, there is no delimiter for a line.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A

c) A is True but R is False

d) A is false but R is True

55. Assertion (A): A binary number is a string of zeros and ones only.

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Reason (R): The base in a binary system is 2

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A

c) A is True but R is False

d) A is false but R is True

56. Assertion (A): The binary number system is more efficient for human readability

than the decimal number system.

Reasoning (R): The binary system uses only two digits 0 and 1.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A

c) A is True but R is False

d) A is false but R is True

57. Assertion (A): The hexadecimal number system is base 16.

Reasoning (R): The hexadecimal system uses the digits 0-9 and the letters A-F.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A

c) A is True but R is False

d) A is false but R is True

58. Assertion (A): The binary number 1010 is equal to the decimal number 10.

Reasoning (R): In binary, each digit represents a power of 2.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A

c) A is True but R is False

d) A is false but R is True

Fill in the Blanks

1. The Decimal number system is composed of …10…… symbols.

2. The Binary number system is composed of ……2…. symbols.
3. The Octal number system is composed of ………8…… symbols.
4. The Hexadecimal number system is composed of ……16……. symbols.
5. The illegal digits of octal number system are ………8…...

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 6. Hexadecimal number system recognizes symbols ……0-9, a-f……..
7. Each octal number is replaced with ………3…. octal to binary conversion.
8. Each Hexadecimal number is replaced with ………4……. Hex to binary conversion.
9. ASCII is a …………7 bit……. code while extended ASCII is a 8 bit code.
10. The ………unicode. encoding scheme can represent all symbols/characters of most languages.
11. The ………ISCII… encoding scheme represents Indian Languages' characters on computers.
12. UTF8 can take up to ……4bytes……….. to represent a symbol.
13. UTF32 takes exactly …4 bytes………….. represent a symbol.
14. Unicode value of a symbol is called code ………point…...

2 mark questions:

1. What is encoding?
Encoding is the process of converting data from one form to another. In computing, it
refers to converting characters, symbols, or data into a specific format (like binary or
hexadecimal) that a system can understand and process.
2. Explain the significance of the code value 65 for the key "A."
The value 65 represents the ASCII code for the uppercase letter "A." It is part of the
ASCII character set, where each character is assigned a unique numerical code. This
allows computers to store and manipulate text efficiently.
3. Define ASCII.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a character encoding
standard that uses numerical codes to represent text characters, including letters, digits,
and special symbols.
4. How many bits does ASCII use to represent characters?
ASCII uses 7 bits to represent each character, allowing for 128 distinct values (0-127). In
practice, it is often stored using 8 bits (1 byte).
5. How is the ASCII value of the key 'A' represented in binary?
The ASCII value of 'A' is 65 in decimal, which is represented as 01000001 in binary.
6. What is ISCII?
ISCII (Indian Script Code for Information Interchange) is an encoding standard designed
to represent various Indian languages and scripts in a computer system.
7. How many bits does ISCII use to represent characters?
ISCII uses 8 bits (1 byte) to represent characters, allowing it to accommodate up to 256
characters.
8. Why was the Unicode standard developed?
Unicode was developed to provide a universal character encoding standard that includes
all the characters used in various languages and writing systems worldwide, addressing
the limitations of previous encoding systems like ASCII.
9. What is the range of values for the Unicode encoding scheme?
Unicode uses a range of values from 0x0000 to 0x10FFFF (in hexadecimal), allowing for
over a million possible code points.

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 10. Explain the term "cipher."
A cipher is an algorithm used to encrypt or decrypt information, transforming plain text
into a coded form (cipher text) to secure communication.
11. What is the binary equivalent of the decimal number 65?
The binary equivalent of the decimal number 65 is 01000001.
12. How is the character 'अ' represented in hexadecimal?
The Unicode character 'अ' (Devanagari letter "A") is represented in hexadecimal as
0x0905.
13. Name any two Unicode encoding schemes.
Two Unicode encoding schemes are UTF-8 and UTF-16.
14. What is the radix of a number system?
The radix (or base) of a number system is the number of unique digits or symbols used to
represent values. For example, in the decimal system, the radix is 10, and in the binary
system, the radix is 2.
15. How does the computer interpret keys pressed on a keyboard?
When a key is pressed, the keyboard sends a corresponding electrical signal to the
computer, which then translates this signal into a binary code based on the encoding
standard (like ASCII or Unicode) to represent the character.
16. What is the decimal value of the ASCII code for the character 'D'?
The decimal value of the ASCII code for 'D' is 68.
17. How many characters can a 7-bit ASCII code represent?
A 7-bit ASCII code can represent 128 characters (ranging from 0 to 127).
18. What is the hexadecimal value for the Unicode character 'अ'?
The hexadecimal value for the Unicode character 'अ' is 0x0905.
19. Explain the importance of standard encoding schemes.
Standard encoding schemes ensure that data can be consistently and accurately
represented and exchanged between different devices and systems, enabling global
communication and interoperability.
20. What is the main limitation of the ASCII encoding scheme?
The main limitation of ASCII is that it can only represent 128 characters, which is
insufficient for languages beyond English and for special symbols, limiting its global use.

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