International relations 1947-
1999
Foreign Relations
(Brief Notes)
Key Question 16: How important has Pakistan’s role been in World affair since 1947?
The study of Pakistan’s international relations with other countries should cover economic,
social, political and religious aspects. Candidates should study the main features of Pakistan’s
relations with other countries (listed below), together with the aims of Pakistan’s foreign policy
and emerging nuclear status.
• How has Pakistan developed as a nuclear power?
• How successful has Pakistan been in its relations with Bangladesh, India, Afghanistan,
Iran, China, the USSR/Russia, the USA, the UK, the Commonwealth, and the United
Nations?
Early Decisions: East or West?
Two super powers at the time of partition – USSR and USA - Pakistan chose USA
because its ideology matched with USA and westernized leadership of Pakistan did not
believe in socialism.
How has Pakistan developed as a nuclear power?
After 1971 war with India Z.A Bhutto was determined to make Pakistan a nuclear power to avoid
such humiliating defeat from India and for Pakistan’s survival.
1. Opening of KANUPP in 1972.
2. 1974 - India had nuclear test at Rajasthan border further incited Pakistan.
3. Establishment of Engineering Research Laboratories in Kahuta - Abdul Qadeer Khan as
the key scientist.
4. US persuaded Pakistan to sign Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty but Pakistan denied
possession of nuclear weapons.
International Relations
1945 : WWI ends
British the in 1939
were
superpower
they ceased this position
US
bi-polar ,
USSR
Cold Wal
(proxy was
V
~
Capitalism Communism
Classless's
Economic ociety
Southolds the
Invest more , earn more
Rich
means
of production
getting
is ,
richer
even poote
'What to produce
Political
poor 'When to produce
'Howto produce
vote
Democracy ,
State
powe for me
people One-Party
can't choose
prope
Religions theirleader
State religion
Karl Marx-Athiest
Athiesm
1949 : USSR invited L Ark
: -
to visit
Moscow
-
A week later USA too, invited him
Pal officially a
capitalist country
a us
ally
Why
did Pakistan choose/join the
bloa ?
capitalist
US
have
·
Democracy-voting-people
their leader
to choose
rights
religion
&
Religious-state
-US was more
powerful of advanced
country
-
·
Ho successful were the relations bl Pals & India
blu 1947-99 ? Discu . M
S
Liagnat-Neher Part
·
1950
·
Indus Water Treaty 1968
~ Pt
·
Tashkent Trealy 1966
·
Simla Agreement 1972
Cricket
·
Diplomacy 1987
1999
·
Lahore Declaration
·
was in 1948 , 1965 , 1971 ,
molia held back
1999]
Pal's assets
P2
Tests
]
Nuclear
P3
·
.
Kashmin issue
Ph : Conclusion
5. Pakistan announced her readiness for the nuclear tests in 1987 – US concerns.
6. US stopped aid to Pakistan after Afghan War on the pretext of processing nuclear
weapons.
7. 1998 - Pakistan tested nuclear devices at Chaghai Hills in Baluchistan and declared as a
nuclear power.
8. Both Pakistan and India refused to sign CTBT.
India
1. Hostile relations before 1947. killings began India took hold of important area
,
-
2. Influx of refugees in both countries after partition - Minorities Pact signed in 1950.
&
Awards
3. Division of assetsRadcliffe
- injustices to Pakistan - Pakistan protested.
~ drought
4. 1948 - Cut off of water supply to Pakistan - 1960 Indus Water Treaty signed.
5. Kashmir conflict - 1948 war and ceasefire - Pakistan referred issue to UN Security
Council - UN decided to hold a plebiscite but not followed by India - Kashmir declared
as a disputed territory - remained a source of tension between India and Pakistan. India
signed friendship Pact with China but developed border disputes with China resulting in
war in 1962 - Pakistan became friend with China.
Operation Gibraltar
6. 1965 War on Kashmir issue - Indian army accepted Pakistan’s solution on Rajasthan
border - Pakistan got encouraged and sent troops to Kashmir - attacked on Indian
Occupied Kashmir - India retaliated from Lahore and Sialkot border - War continued for
17 days.
7. Tashkent Declaration - A ceasefire agreement between India and Pakistan.
8. 1971 War – Civil war in East Pakistan after elections - India sent its troops to East
Pakistan to liberate it - Pakistan army fought and surrendered – 93,000 POW’s with India
9. Simla Agreement 1972 - release of POW’s on condition that Kashmir will not be
discussed on International forum.
1974 India is
power Ihreatens Pak
a nuclear
10. 1972-77 tense relations due to Indian nuclear tests. , .
11. 1977 onwards little improvement. However India blamed Pakistan for supporting Sikh
Movement for a separate state ‘Khalistan’.
12. 1987 – Zia –ul Haq’s cricket diplomacy – avoided war between Pakistan and India
13. Fluctuations in relation till 1999 - Siachen glaciers.
14. Kargil Conflict - 1999 Muslim Kashmiri guerillas crossed line of control and captured
Kargil and Drass. Pakistan got involved - war started at border that horrified international
community because both countries were nuclear powers – US put pressure on Nawaz
Sharif and he withdrew forces from occupied Kashmir while Pakistan was defeating
Indians with ease - relation between Musharraf and Sharif deteriorated and Nawaz Sharif
was overthrown.
USA
1. After 1947 Pakistan became a close ally of US due to its capitalist policies.
2. US also established close ties with India.
3. US wanted to use Pakistan against the growth of Soviet influence.