Media & Information

Sources
 LESSON 1
Indigenous Sources
 Questions
What are the common
01 superstitious beliefs that you
know?

02 Do you believe in practicing

such?

What is your stand on practicing

03 these beliefs in relation to the
modern society today?
Filipino Superstitious Beliefs
Filipinos are deeply attached
to superstitions that started in
the pre-colonial era.
Even with modern life, many
people still follow them.
People believe that practicing
them causes no harm and
does not make them less
modern.
Superstitions as Part of Culture
These beliefs are part of Filipino culture.
Their exact origins may be hard to trace.
Indigenous knowledge helps explain why
these beliefs existed.
 THE EXCLUSIVE SOCIETY
What is Indigenous Knowledge?
According to UNESCO, indigenous
knowledge is local knowledge shared
within a specific culture or
community.
It is not universal — practices differ
among groups.
Example: Rituals honoring “exclusive”
gods are only known to specific
tribes.
 Importance of Indigenous Knowledge
UNESCO states that indigenous
knowledge is the basis of:
Agriculture
Food preparation
Health care
Education
Environmental conservation
It helps communities survive
and sustain their way of life.
Indigenous Groups in the Philippines
There are 110 indigenous
groups in the Philippines.
Each group has unique
traditions and practices.
Jeannette Cansing Serrano
(2006) discussed these as
major sources of
indigenous knowledge.
 1) Traditional Medicines and Health Care
Indigenous people use rituals and herbal
practices for healing.
Examples:
[Link] – “Dawak”: ritual for couples to bear
children
[Link]– “Ud-udong" ritual to remove
sickness caused by spirits
[Link]- putting ashes on a newborn’s
umbilical cord for healing
Some people still follow these despite modern
medicine.
 2) Traditional Agriculture
Indigenous people still use
traditional farming methods.
Includes:
Selecting seeds
Sowing
Harvesting
Preserving crops
These practices are connected
to their belief in supernatural
forces.
3) Traditional Cultural Expressions
These show how culture is practiced daily.
a. Music and Dances
Used in rituals, feasts, harvests, and ceremonies.
Instruments: gongs, kudyapi, and others.
b. Literature
Includes legends, riddles, proverbs, chants, songs, and poetry.
Example of Famous epics:

Hudhud – Ifugao Guman and Darangen – Subanen

These reflect customs and beliefs.
c. Weaving and Crafts
Includes textiles, baskets, mats, rattan furniture, wood
sculptures, and architecture.
It is the most visible expression of culture and identity.
 4) Related Genetic Resources
The Philippines has many
natural resources.
Examples:
Many kinds of rice
Different medicinal
herbs
These are cultivated by
indigenous people.
Protection of Indigenous Knowledge
Protected by Republic Act No. 8371
The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act
of 1997 or Republic Act No. 8371
provides for the primacy of
customary laws and practices in
resolving disputes
Created the National Commission
on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP).
 LESSON 2
Library Sources
LESSON 2
Library Sources
Library sources are printed and digital
materials found in libraries that provide reliable,
organized, and well-researched information.
These sources are carefully selected and
reviewed, making them trustworthy for
academic work, research, and learning. Library
sources help students and researchers gain
accurate knowledge, understand different
viewpoints, and support their ideas with
credible evidence.
Roles of Libraries in the Society:
Facilitators of information
Today, libraries actively help people access the
right information by offering various formats
such as books, magazines, videos, and audio
files. By supporting different learning styles,
libraries make learning more effective and
accessible, showing that the method of
learning truly matters.
Roles of Libraries in the Society:
Custodians of National and Cultural riches
Libraries preserve archival
records, historical news, and
cultural materials, ensuring
that important national and
cultural information is
protected and passed on to
future generations.

Admont Abbey Library in Austria

Roles of Libraries in the Society:
Innovators of Information-seeking Practices
Modern libraries have evolved into hybrid
spaces that combine traditional resources
with technological advancements. While
they continue to maintain printed materials,
they also offer digital services such as free
Internet access and online databases.

Bibliothèque nationale de France

Roles of Libraries in the Society:
Facilitators of other activities
Libraries also support learning
through various activities beyond
reading. These include author
readings, creative writing classes,
ICT and Internet orientations,
reading and discussion groups,
exhibitions, summer reading
programs, study support, and art-
related activities such as drama,
poetry, and music.
What Libraries Can Offer:

"The library is not a

luxury, but one of the
necessities of life."
Henry Ward Beecher
What Libraries Can Offer:
Books are the most common library resources, ranging
from educational textbooks to fictional works like
Romeo and Juliet.
Magazines Libraries recognize magazines as valuable
information sources, especially for visual learners, and
offer educational titles such as Time or Newsweek.
Newspapers, one of the earliest printed materials,
provide timely and relevant information, with
broadsheets like Manila Bulletin, The Philippine Daily
Inquirer, and The Philippine Star available in libraries.
What Libraries Can Offer:
Journals are research-focused articles that provide in-
depth discussions, making them a preferred source for
academic studies and references.
Maps are visual representations of geographical
information. This can be highly beneficial in obtaining
information about places.
Digital Sources Libraries are also able to adapt to
change. Meaning, as technology advances, sources
from this avenue also improves. There are also digital
information sources that the library can offer—CDs,
tapes, and even films.
Classification Systems:
Dewey Decimal System
First published by Melvil Dewey in the United States in 1876, the
Dewey Decimal System is used for small library collections. It uses
numbers in classifying books:

000 – Generalities 600 – Technology (Applied

100 – Philosophy and Psychology Sciences)
200 – Religion 700 – The Arts
300 – Social Sciences 800 – Literature and Rhetoric
400 – Languages 900 – Geography and History
500 – Natural Sciences and
Mathematics
 Library of Congress System
Unlike the Dewey Decimal System, this classification, which is patterned
after the Library of Congress of America, is designed for large collections.
Instead of numbers, this classification uses letters

A – General Works G – Geography, P – Language and Literature

B – Philosophy, Anthropology, and Q – Science
Psychology, and Recreation R – Medicine
Religion H – Social Sciences S – Agriculture
C – Auxiliary Sciences J – Political Science T – Technology
of History K – Law U – Military Science
D – History (General) L – Education V – Naval Science
and History of Europe M – Music Z – Bibliography, Library Science,
E – History: America N – Fine Arts Information Resources (General)
F – History: America
 LESSON 3
INTERNET SOURCES
INTERNET SOURCES
I have a questions :)

1. How often do you usually use the

Internet?
2. What kinds of websites do you usually
visit?
3. What is your primary purposes in using
the internet?
4. Do you know how to assess information
from the internet?
 What is the Internet?
The Internet is a global system that connects computers and
digital devices around the world, allowing people to
communicate and share information. It started in 1969 as a
project called ARPANET, developed by the United States
Department of Defense to enable communication between
computers. Over time, it evolved and became widely accessible
to the public, especially in the 1990s with the introduction of the
World Wide Web.

Today, the Internet provides easy access to information through

websites, emails, social media platforms, videos, and online
learning resources. It has become an essential tool in education,
business, communication, and daily life.
 The rise of the Search Engines
The rise of search engines began as the Internet rapidly expanded
and contained an overwhelming amount of information. As more
websites were created, people needed an easier and faster way to
find specific information online. This led to the development of
search engines, which are computer programs designed to search,
organize, and retrieve information from the Internet.

Google (1995) - Google started in 1995 as a research project by

Larry Page and Sergey Brin at Stanford University. They wanted
to improve how web pages were ranked, so they developed the
PageRank algorithm. During the 1990s, it started to become a
well-known site for those who wanted to look for random
information.
Yahoo! (1994) - Created by Jerry Yang and David Filo while they
were students at Stanford University. They wanted an easy way to
organize and find websites, so they made a directory of their
favorite sites. But later on, it become a known search engine that
started to offer other services like a news portal, a shopping
centre, a mail box, horoscope, and others.
Bing (2009) - Launched by Microsoft in 2009 to replace their
previous search engines like MSN Search and Windows Live
Search.

“These are just three of the other search engines that are known
globally. It is important to evaluate some information to avoid
misinformation.”
 Key Factors for Evaluating Internet Sources

1. Authority - involves identifying the author and verifying their

credibility. It is essential to check if the writer has a strong educational
background or professional expertise in the subject matter. If a source
lacks a clear, knowledgeable author or a reputable organization behind it,
the information may not be trustworthy.

2. Coverage - focuses on the depth and relevance of the information

provided. A source is considered effective if it covers the topic
thoroughly enough to answer the researcher’s questions. Furthermore,
the information should be unique and verifiable by comparing it with
other related websites to ensure its completeness.
 Key Factors for Evaluating Internet Sources

3. Objectivity - requires analyzing the author’s perspective to ensure the

information is free from bias. For research to be valid, it must be based on
facts rather than personal opinions or hidden agendas. If an author’s bias
influences the content, the information may become one-sided and
invalid for objective study.

4. Accuracy - refers to the technical quality and correctness of the

webpage. Reliable sources should be professionally edited and free from
grammatical or factual errors. If a website is poorly maintained or
contains mistakes, the reliability of the entire page is put at risk, making it
unsuitable for serious research.
 Key Factors for Evaluating Internet Sources

5. Currency - relates to how up-to-date the information is. Because data

changes over time, researchers must check the latest update date on a
page to ensure the content is still relevant. Additionally, the presence of
working, current links is a strong indicator that the information is being
regularly maintained and remains valid.

“With all these in mind, then it is safe to assume that Internet sources are
reliable enough. However, the risk of getting information from a vast
source should always be in the mind of the researcher, so that only the
“right” details are considered and obtained.”
 LESSON 4
Other Sources of
Information
LESSON 4
Other Sources of Information
Introductory Questions:
1. Aside from indigenous, library, and Internet
sources, where else do you get information?
2. What are the unique characteristics of these
sources?
3. Are they as reliable as the previously discussed
sources?
4. Do you find convenience in using these as your
references?
Review of Previous Sources
Previous lessons discussed:
Indigenous sources – shared within specific
groups
Library sources – printed materials
Internet sources – virtual and digital
information
There are still other sources of information
available for researchers.
 Other Sources of Information
Other sources are classified based on levels of
information:
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
Previously discussed sources may also belong
to these levels.
 Primary Sources
Primary sources are original and unfiltered
information.
They come directly from:
Discoveries
New studies
First-hand experiences
They have not yet been interpreted or
evaluated.
Examples of Primary Sources
Artifacts (coins, fossils, Letters (snail mail or
tools, clothing) email)
Audio recordings (radio Photographs
programs) Speeches
Diaries and personal Video recordings (TV
journals programs)
Internet communications Works of art, literature,
(emails) architecture, and music
Interviews
 Secondary Sources
Secondary sources interpret and
evaluate primary sources.
They explain, analyze, or comment
on original information.
They are not direct evidence, but
discussions about evidence.
Examples of Secondary Sources
Biography — life story
of another person
Commentaries,
criticisms
Histories
 Tertiary Sources
Tertiary sources compile or
summarize primary and secondary
sources.
They are often used for quick
reference and background
information.
Examples of Tertiary Sources
Almanacs Fact books
Biography (also considered Guide books
secondary) Manuals
Dictionaries and
Encyclopedias (also
considered secondary)
Directories
 Popular vs. Scholarly Sources
Sources of information can also be
Scholarly Sources
classified as:
Written for experts and
Popular sources & Scholarly sources
professionals
Popular Sources
More detailed and in-depth
Written for the general public
Uses technical and
Easy to understand
specialized terms
Uses simple language
Example: Terms like corona and
Example: The idea that the sun is a
solar flares used by
star and the center of the solar
astronomers
system
 Importance of These Sources
These sources may not always fit one category. All
information is important as long as the source is valid and
reliable. Choosing the right source depends on the purpose of
research.

Information comes from many sources, not just libraries and

the Internet. Understanding the type and reliability of a source
is important. Proper use of sources leads to accurate and
credible research.
 Thank you for
attentive listening!