Polymers in ONE SHOT

These small molecular units

from which the Polynmer is
Saral
Addition Polymerisation
Cross-linked or Three Dimensional Network
Polymers
formed are called Monomers. In these Polymers the initially ormed linear
Polymers which are formed by repeated addition of polymerie
The chemical reaction that monomer molecules possessing double or triplele bondds are chains are joined together to form a three dimensional
network structure.
joins the Monomers together known as Additlon Polymers. These polymers are Hard, Rigid
is called Polymerisation. Additlon polymer ormed by polymerisatlon of and Brittle.
single monomeric species are called homopolymers.
Addition polymer formed by polymerisation from two Cross-linked polymers are always condensation poBymers.
Classification Based Upon Source different monomeric speciesis are called as copotymers.
Classification Based On Intermolecular
Natural Polymers
Forces (Secondary Forces)
Polymers whlch are obtained from Animals and Plants
are known as Natural Polymners. Elastomers
An Elastomer is a plastic that siretehes and then reverts
Semisynthetic Polymers Polymer back to lts original shape.
Polymers which are prepared from Itis a randomly oriented Amorphous polymer.
Natural polymers are known as It must have some cross-linksso that the chains do not slip
Semisynthetic Polymers. over one another.

Man-made polymers, Le. polymers prepared in Classification Based Upon Shape Very weak Vander Waal forces are present in between
laboratory are known as Synthette Polymers. Linear Polymers polymeric chains.
Polymer whose structure s Linear is known as linear polvmer. Note
Classification Based Upon Synthesis Addition polymers obtalned from Butadiene and its
The varivus linear polymeric chains are
Condensation Polymerisation stacked over one another to give a well derivatives are Elastomers.
They are formed due to Condensation reactions. Packed structure. Fibres
Condensation Polymerisation is also known as Step Fibres are linear polymers in whlch
Growth Polymerisation. Branched Chain Polvmers the Individual chalns of a polymer
For Condensation polym1erisation, Monomers should have Branchedthechaln Polymers are those
Monomeric units are held together by Hydrogen
at least two Functional groups. constitute a Branched chaln. bonds andi or dipole-dipole
Both Funetlonal groups may be same or different. atlraction.
Monomers having only two Functional group always give Due to the Presence of They have crystalline character and have high melting
Linear Polymer. peints and low solubility,
Monomers having three Functional groups always give Branches, these Polymers do
not pack well.
Cross-linked Polymer.
Thermoplastic Polymers
Thermoplastic polymers are polymers that have both
ordered crystallne reglons (the reglons of the polymer
Saral Buna - S (SBR : Styrene-butadicne Rubber)
Buna - S rubber is a Copolymer of three moles of Butadlene
in which the chains are highly ordered with respect te and one mole of Styrene. CH =CH,
one another) and Amorphous, non crystalline regions Synthetic Rubber or Polymerisation of Dienes
(the regions of the polymer in which the chains are Polymers of 1,3 - Butadienes are calledSynthetic rubbers
randomly oriented. Rubhey nave some properties of natural nCH, = CH-CH =CH, + n
The intermolecular forces of attraction are in between rs including the fact that they are water proof and
elastic. 1,3-Butadiene Styrene
Elastomers and Flbres.
There are no cross links between the Polymerie chalns. They Synthetic Rubbers have some improved properties.
are more flexible, tougher and more durable than
Thernioplastic polymers are hard at room temperaturc, natural rubber. tCH,- CH= CH-CH,-CH-CH,+
but when they are heated, the individual chains can slip
one another and the polymer become soft | viscus.
Some common examples are
Polyethene Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Buna-S
Polyvinyl Chloride, Teflon etc. Polymer It is extremely resistant to wear and tear and therefore used in
the manufacture of tyres and other mechanical rubber goods.
Thermosetting Polymers Homopolymers
Polymers which become hard on heating are called Monomer of this class is 2 - substituted- G
Thermosetting polymers. Buna - N
13- Butadienes.
Thermosetting polymers are Cross- linked polymers. CH,=C-CH=CH, It is obtained by copolymerisation of Butadiene and
Where G=H,CH, or Cl Acrylonitrile (General Purpose Rubber acrylonitirle or GRA).
Greater the degree of Cross - linking that exist, the
out in the presence of
Polymerisation is alwavs e
more rigid is the Palymer. Zieglar-Natta c a t a l e d
yst hich gives Stereo regular polymers. nCH, CHCH CH, nCH, =CH
Natural Rubber
Natural Rubber s obtalncd from nearty
n+ +A ieglar - Natta
fîve hundred different plants but the catalyst tcH,-CH= CH-CH,-Ch,-CH,-CHt
main source is a Brazillensis tree.
It is obtalned In the form of milky sap known as Latex. Cispoly ( 1,3 Butadiene )
Itis Insoluble In water, dilute aclds and Alkalles but
soluble in non-polar solvents. 2HC =CH CuCl, CH, =CH-CcHO, CH,
CH, -CH-C=CH,
Naturat and low tensile streneth. Acetylene Vinyi acetylene Chleroprene
rsa polymer of 2-methvt-13 C
butadieneisopre CH+
C-CH [Link]- Natta
On averag aolecule of rubber contains S000 Tsonren nCH, Catalyst
units held together by head to a +CH; CH,
2-Chloro-1.3 Butadiene (Trans Polymer Trans
or Chloroprene Polychloroprene or Neoprene)
 Melamine - Resin
Nylon
Nylon - 66 (Nylon Six, Six) Saral M

Formaldenerisation
This resin s lormed
Melamine and Formaldehvde.
of
It is obtained by the condensatlon polymerlsatlon of NHCH O
Palvmeriation

Hexamethylenediamine (a diamine with six earbon atoms) Hioh Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) CIIO
and Adipic acid (a dibasic acid baving 6Carbon atoms). It is prepared by the use of Zleglar- Natta catalyst at
nHO0cCH,),COOH [Link].). NH. 280°C (Intern ite
Adipie Add
160°C under pressure of 6 to 7 atmosphere.
Hexamethylene High pressure
diamine (n-) H,0 The Polymer is linear chained, hence it has high density
+0c(CH,),cONH(CH,,NH (0.97) and has high melting point (130°().
It is a translucent polymer. NH

Nvion -6 Mlunie-furmaldehyde polymer

Nyon-610 (Nylon Six, Ten) It is a qulte hard polymer and is used widely for making plastic
Itis obtaincd by condensation potymerisation of erockery under the name Melamine.
Hexamethylenediamine (six Carbon atoms) and
Sebacic acid (a dibasic acid with 10 Carbon atons.)
|Polymer
Nyon -6 Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon) Bakelite
Phenol-formaldehyde resins are obtained by the reaction of
A Polvanmide closely related to Nylon is known as Perlon Teflon is manufactured by heating Tetrafluoroethene
L.(Germany) or Nylon - 6(USA). Phenol and formaldehyde in the presence of either an acid or
with a free radlcal or Persulphate catalyst at high a basie catalyst.
It is prepared by prolonged heating of Caprolactam at pressures.
260-270C. nCF, Catalyst
CE;High l fCE,-CE o
260-270°C,
H.0
LCH-NI Tetrafluoroethene
Polvacrylonitrile
Teflon

(six earbon atons in the heAddtion Polmertsation of Acrslonitrile in Linear P h Ndc

afa Peroxide catalvst leads te the O-amd Pytrcyyl eal
Caprolactam repeating units) ylon-o formation of Polyacrylonitrile. CN

Polyethylene Polymerisation
Low Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE) n CH, CHCN Peroside catalyst fo,-at Oh riatinn

ILis manufactured by heating Ethylene at 200°C under a Acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile "oH

pressureof 1500 atmospheres and in the presence of
traces of Oxygen Plasticiser
This polymerisation isa free radical Polymerisation. APlasticiser is an organic compound that dissolves in
200°C the polymer and allows the polymer chains to slide -aLaLaL
nCH,=CH, S00 atm. tCH-CH,t past one another. This makes polymer more Mexible.
Cros- lialed pulymer (Bakelite)
Polyesters
nilOCIH,CL,oH nllo,C
Saral Poly (Glycolic Acid) And Poly (Lactic Acid)
They constitute commercially successful bilodegradable
polymers such as sutures.
Dacrn
Poly - Hydroxybutyrate -CO-p The ratio of the weight and number average molecular
The Terylene Fibre (Dacron) Is crease resistant and has Hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) masses (MM,)is called Poly Dispersity Index (PD).
low moisture absorption. It is a copolymer of In synthetic Polymers, which are always polydispersed,
Biodegradable Polymers 3-bydroxybutanoic acid and PDI> 1.
Biodegradable polymers are the polymers that can be 3 hydroxypentanoic acid, In which the monomer units
hroken into small seoments by enzvme catalvsed reactions are connected by ester linkages.
CH,-CH(O)-CH,-c00oH
using enzvmes produced by mierooreanisms CH, -CH,-CHO)-CH,-cooH

One method involves inserting hydrolysable ester group

into the polymer. fo-CH- CH,-C-0j.

Se
R
Where R -CH, CH,
Common Polymers
0-CH, -CH, Monomer Repeating unit Poly mer
nRCH=CH, + nCH, c Peroxide
CH, =CH, Ethylene -CH,-CH, Polyethylene
O-CH,CH
CH, Polypropene
CH,-CH=CH,
CH,-Cu -CH,-C-o-CH,-CH,-CH, Propene CH. -CH
CH,-CH
SH,-CH=CH, Polystyrene
Ester linkage attacked by enryme
Styrene C,H,
It is used in speclalty packaging, orthopaedic CH, =CHCI Polyvinyi
devlces and even in controlled drug release. Chloride (PVC)
Vinyl Chloride -CH,-CH
When a drug is put in a capsule of PHBV, It is OH
released only after the polymer is degraded. Bakelite or
l+HCH0 resol
PHBV also undergoes bacterial degradation in the
environment.
Urea
formaldehyde
NH, CNH, +HCHO resin
Copolymer Monomer

Bakelite (Cross -Linked Product )

Navolac (Unear Product) Phendl + Formaldehyde
Copolymer Monomer
Bung- S Buta -13-diene Styrene
Bung -N Buta -13- dene Acrylo Nitrile
ayptd Ethylene Glycol Phthalic Acid
Docron( teryjae) Etthylene Gycol Terephthalic Acid
ylon -6.6 Hexamettylenediamine Adipic Acid
HOOC(CH,),CoOH
Nylon -6,10 Hexamethylenediamine Sebacic Acid
M,NCH),NH, HOOCICH2 cooH