POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

IMPORTANT QUESTION
UNIT – I
PART - A
1. Whatisload curve?NOV2009(U)
The curve drawn between the variations of load on the power station with referenceto time isknown as
load curve. There are three types, Daily load curve, Monthly load
curve,Yearlyloadcurve
2. Whatisdailyloadcurve?April2012(U)
Thecurvedrawnbetweenthevariationsofloadwithreferencetovarioustimeperiod ofdayis knownas dailyload
curve.
3. Whatismonthly loadcurve?April2011Nov2013nov2014(U)
It is obtained from daily load curve. Average value of the power at a month for adifferent time periods are
calculated and plotted in the graph which is known as monthlyloadcurve.
4. Whatisyearlyloadcurve? (U)
Itis obtainedfrom monthlyload curvewhich is usedto find annualload factor.
5. Whatisconnected load?April 2011(U)
Itisthesumofcontinuousratingsofalltheequipmentsconnectedtosupplysystems.
6. Whatis Maximumdemand?April2015(U)
Itisthe greatestdemandofloadonthepowerstationduringa givenperiod.
7. WhatisDemandfactor?NOV2009 April2012April2013(U)
It is the ratio of maximum demand to connected [Link]=(maxdemand)/(connectedload)
8. WhatisAveragedemand?April 2015Nov2015(U)
The averageofloadsoccurringonthepowerstationinagivenperiod(dayormonthor year) is known as
averagedemand. Dailyavgdemand =(noofunitsgenerated perday)/ (24hours)
Monthly avg demand = (no of units generated in month)/ (no of hours in a month)Yearlyavgdemand
=(noofunits generatedinayear)/(no ofhours inayear)
9. Whatis Loadfactor? Nov 2013 April 2016(U)
Theratio ofaverageload to themaximum demandduringa given periodisknownasload factor.
Loadfactor=(averageload)/(maximumdemand)
10. Whatis Diversity factor?April 2012 Nov2014(U)
The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demand on power station is known asdiversityfactor.
Diversityfactor =(sum ofindividualmaximum demand)/(maximumdemand).
11. WhatisCapacityfactor?Nov2015(U)
Thisis the ratioof actualenergyproduced to themaximum possibleenergythatcouldhavebeen produced
during agiven period.
Capacityfactor=(actualenergyproduced)/(maximumenergythat havebeen produced)
 12. Whatis Plant usefactor? April 2013 Nov2014(U)
It is the ratio of units generated to the product of plant capacity and the number ofhoursforwhich the
plant was in operation.
Unitsgeneratedperannum=averageload*hoursina year
13. WhatisLoaddurationcurve?April2016(U)
Whenthe load elementsofaloadcurvearearrangedin theorderof descendingmagnitudesthe
curvethenobtainediscalledload durationcurve.
PARTB
1. Ageneratingstationhasthefollowingdailyloadcycle:
Time 0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-24
(hours)
Load(M 20 25 30 25 35 20
Drawthe Loadcurve(1)andloadduration curve(1)andfind
i. Maximum demand(2)
ii. Unitsgeneratedperday(2)
iii. AverageLoad(2)
iv. LoadFactor.(2)Nov2015 April2015(U)
[Link] aninductiveLoadof typeZ=R+jXNOV2009Nov2013 Nov 2015(U)
i. Byhow manypercent will thereal load drop if thevoltageis reduced by5percent?(8)
ii. Howwould a2 percent drop in frequencyaffects thereal load, if theloadisassumedto
haveapowerfactor of0.8.(8) (An)
[Link] stationhas [Link] 2011April2012 Nov 2014
Group A: 200kW between 8 A.M and 6 [Link] B: 100kW between 6 A.M and 10 [Link]:50kW
between6A.Mand10 A.M
Group D: 100kW between 10 A.M and 6 P.M and6 P.M and 6 [Link] dailyload cureand load duration
curveand determine
(i) Diversityfactor
(ii) Unitsgeneratedperday
(iii) Load factor.April2013(U)
4. Explainaboutloadforecasting&weathersensitiveloadmodelApril2016(U)

5. Explainplantlevel control NOV2009 April2012 April2016(U)

6. Explainsystemlevelcontrol April2015(U)

7. Explain static and dynamic characteristics of power system loadNov 2013 Nov 2015(U)

UNIT – II
PART - A

1. Whatisthemajorcontrolloops usedinlargegenerators?(U)
Themajorcontrolloopsusedinlarge generatorsare
1. Automaticvoltageregulator(AVR)
2. Automaticloadfrequencycontrol(ALFC).

2. Whatistheuseofsecondaryloop? April2013April 2016(U)

A slower secondary loop maintains the fine adjustment of the frequency, and also
byresetactionmaintainsproper MWinterchangewithother [Link] to rapid load
and frequency changes but focuses instead on drift like changeswhich takeplaceover periods ofminutes.

3. Whatistheadvof AVRloop overALFC?April2011 Nov2013April 2016(U)

AVR loop is much faster than the ALFC loop and therefore there is a tendency, forthe VR dynamics to
settle down before they can make themselves felt in the slower loadfrequencycontrol channel.

4. Whatis thediff. between largeand smallsignal analysis? NOV2009April2012

April2015(An)

Large signal analysis is used where voltage and power may undergo sudden changesof magnitude that
may approach 100 percent of operating values. Usually this type ofanalysis leads to differential equations
of non-linear type. Small signal anaysis is used whenvariable excursions are relatively small, typically at
most a few percent of normal operatingvalues.

5. Whatistheexciter?NOV2015(U)

The exciter is the main component in AVR loop. It delivers the DC power to thegenerator field. It must
have adequate power capacity and sufficient speed of response (risetimeless than 0.1 sec).

6. Whatisthefunctionof AVR? April2013nov2014April2015(U)

The basic role of the AVR is to provide constancy of the generator terminal voltageduringnormal, small
and slow changes in theload.
7. ExplainaboutstaticAVRloop?NOV 2009April2012(U)

In a static AVR loop, the execution power is obtained directly from the generatorterminals or from the
station service bus. The AC power is rectified by thyristor bridges andfed into the main generator field via
slip rings. Static exciters are very fast and contribute toprovedtransient stability.
8. WritethestaticperformanceofAVR loop?April 2011 Nov 2013(U)

The AVRloopmustregulate the terminal|V| towithinrequiredstatic [Link] speed of

response. Be stable.
9. [Link] high loop gain?How istobe eliminated?NOV2015(U)
Highloopgainisneededforstaticaccuracybutthiscausesundesirabledynamic
esponse,[Link]/ORfeedbackstabilitycompensationtotheAVR loop, this
conflictingsituation canberesolved.
10. Whataretheeffectsof generatorloading inAVR loop?2014(U)

Added load does not change the basic features of the AVR loop, it will howeveraffect the values of both
gain factor Kf and the field constant. High loading will make thegenerator work at higher magnetic
saturation levels. This means smaller changes in |E| forincremental increases in if, translating into the
reduction of KF. The field time constant
[Link] permits the
formation of transient stator currents the existence of which yieldsalower effectivefield induction.
11. Whatarethefunctionsof ALFC? (U)

The basic role of ALFC‟s is to maintain desired MW output of a generator unit

[Link] net interchange of
powerbetween pool members at predetermined values. Controlshould be applied in such a fashion that
highly differing response characteristics of units ofvarious types are recognized. Also unnecessary power
output changes should be kept at aminimumin order to reducewear of control valves.
12. [Link]? (U)

TheALFCloopwillmaincontrolonlyduringnormalchangesinloadandfrequency. It is typically unable to

provide adequate control during emergency situations,whenlargeMWimbalances occur.
13. Howisthereal powerin apowersystemcontrolled?(An)

The real power in a power system is being controlled by controlling the

drivingtorqueof theindividual turbines of thesystem.
14. Whatistheneedforlargemechanicalforcesin speed-governingsystem?(U)

Very large mechanical forces are needed to position the main valve against the
highstreampressureandtheseforcesareobtained via severalstages ofhydraulicamplifiers
PARTB
1. Usingasimplifiedfunctionaldiagramexplaintheoperatingfeaturesof aspeedgoverning
system.(8)(M/J 2006)(U)
2. Developalinear mathematicalmodelof aspeedgoverningsystem.(8)NOV 2015(C)
3. Explainthetechniqueinvolvedinloadfrequencycontrol(LFC)ofasingle areasystem.(8) (M/J2006)April
2012 Nov 2013(U)
4. Explaintheprinciple, involvedintielinefrequencycontrol incaseof twoareasystem.(M/J2006)April
2015(U)
5. Developalinearmathematicalmodelof twoarea system.(8)(Nov2009)C)
6. Explainthetie linebias controlof twoareasystem.(8)(Nov 2010) (U)
7. BrieflydiscusstheLFCcontrol ofsingleareasystems.(16)(Nov2011)NOV2009(U)
8. Explainthedynamicresponseoftwoareasystem.(8)(Nov2012)NOV2015(U)
9. Developalinearmathematicalmodeloftwoarea system.(6)(C)
10. Explainthe tieline bias controlof two areasystem.(6) April 2011 Nov 2013(U)
11. Describetheexpression forCritical gain (4)U)
12. Asingleareacontrolledsystemhasthefollowingdata(8)Area capacity=2000MW
Operating Load=1000MWR=2.4Hz/[Link]
FindKIandfind the natureof roots forKI=1.(An)
13. Determinethe primaryALFC loopparameter for acontrol areahavingthefollowingdata:Nov 2013
April 2016
Total rated area capacity, Pr =2000MWNormal Operating Load,
Pd=1000MWInertiaconstant,H=5secR=2.4Hz/[Link](allareagenerators)
Weshall assume that theload frequencydependencyas linear meaningthattheold loadwould increase1%for
1%frequencyincreases. April 2012(U)
14. Asingle areacontrolled systemhasthe following data(8)Nov2013April 2013Nov2014
Area capacity =3000MWOperating Load=1500MWR=3%
H=5secandfrequency=50Hz
Computesteadystatedrop infrequencyin Hzforastep loadchangingof 25MW(Ap)
15. Two50Hzpowerstationareconnectedbymeansofaninterconnectedcableofnegligible
impedance so that the station are in parallel. Station A has a full load capacity of 15 MW anduniform
speed regulation of 3%, Station B has a capacity of 4MW and a uniform speedregulation of 4%. The load
on the bus bar of station A is 10MW and B is 4MW. Calculate
[Link] frequency
.Assume frequency governor action and the speed changer of generatorwereset to haveafrequencyof 50
[Link] 2016(U)
UNIT–III
PART– A
1. What are the sources of reactive power? How it is controlled? April 2011 April2015(U)
Thesourcesofreactivepoweraregenerators,capacitors,andreactors.
[Link]
a) Magneticamplifier
b) Rotatingamplifier
c) Modernelectronicamplifier.
2. Whenisfeedbackstabilitycompensationused?April2012Nov2013NOV2015(U)
High loop gain is needed for static accuracy but this causes undesirable dynamicresponse, possibly
instability. This conflicting situation is resolved by adding feedbackstablingcompensation to theAVR loop.
3. Givethe characteristicsof linecompensators?NOV2009April2011April2013(U)
Thecharacteristicsoflinecompensatorsare,
a. Ferrantieffectisminimized.
b. Underexcitedoperationofsynchronous generator isnotrequired.
4. Whatisknown asbankofcapacitors?How it isadjusted?Nov2014NOV 2015(U)
Whenanumberofcapacitorsareconnectedinparalleltogetthedesiredcapacitance, it is known as bank of
capacitors. These can be adjusted in steps by switching(mechanical).
5. Whatisthedisadvantageof switchedcapacitorsareemployedforcompensation?NOV2009 Nov 2013(U)
When switched capacitors are employed for compensation, these should bedisconnected immediately
under light load conditions to avoid excessive voltage riseandFerro resonancein presenceof transformers.
6. What are the effects of capacitor in series compensation circuit? April 2012 April2013(U)
Theeffectsof capacitorinseriescompensationcircuitare,Voltagedropin thelinereduces.
[Link] increases.
7. Givetwokindsof capacitorsusedinshuntcompensator?April2016(U)
Thetwokindsofcapacitorsusedinshuntcompensatorare,[Link](SVC):Thesearebanksofcapa
citors(sometimesinductorsalsoforuseunderlightloadconditions).
8. Whatissynchronouscondenser? (U)
It is a synchronous motor running at no-load and having excitation adjustable over awide range. It feeds
positive VARs into the line under overexcited conditions and negativeVARswhen underexcited.
9. WriteaboutStatic VARCompensator(SVC).nov 2014(U)
Thesecomprisecapacitorbankfixedorswitchedorfixedcapacitorbankandswitched reactor bank in parallel.
These compensators draw reactive power from the
linetherebyregulatingvoltage,improvestability(steadystateanddynamic),controlovervoltageandreducevolta
geandcurrentunbalances.
10. WhatisStaticVAR SwitchesorSystems?April2016(U)
Static VAR compensators use switching for var control. These are also called staticVAR switches or
[Link] means that terminology wise SVC=SVS. And we will usetheseinterchangeably.
11. GivesomeoftheStatic compensatorsschemes.(U)
a. Saturatedreactor
b. Thyristor-ControlledReactor(TCR)
c. ThyristorSwitchedcapacitor(TSC)
d. CombinedTCRandTSCcompensator.
12. Whatistapchangingtransformers? April2015(U)
All power transformers and many distribution transformers have taps in one or morewindingsfor
changingtheturn‟s [Link] is calledtap changingtransformers.
13. Writethetypesof tapechangingtransformers.(U)
a. Off-loadtap changingtransformers.
b. Tapchangingunderload transformers.
14. Whatis theuseofoff-loadtap changerandTCUL ? Nov2009(U)
The off- load tap changers are used when it is expected that the ratio will need to bechanged only
infrequently, because of load growth or some seasonal change. TCUL is
usedwhenchangesinratiomaybefrequentorwhenitisundesirablytode-
energizethetransformertochangethetap.
PART–B
1. a)Discussgenerationandabsorption ofReactivePower(U)
2.(a)DrawthecompositeSVSpowersystem characteristicsApril2011Nov2013(U) What arethe
applications ofSVSNov2015(U)
3. ExplaindifferenttypesofstaticVARcompensatorswithaphasordiagramApril.2015(U)
4. A 3Φ,230kVtransmissionlinehavingthefollowingparametersoperatesatno-load.R=20ohm, X= 80 ohm,
B= 4x10-4 mho. If the receiving end voltage is 210kV find thesending end voltage representing the
transmission line as π model. (16) April 2013 April2016(U)
5. The load at receiving end of a 3Φ overhead line is 30 MW, 0.8 pf lag at the line voltageof 66kV. A
synchronouscompensator is situatedat sending end and thevoltageat
[Link] resistance and
reactance of 6ohm/ph, 24 ohm/ph, respectively. (16) Nov 2009 April2012Nov2014(U)
6. A 415 kV line is fed through an 132/415kVtransformer from a constant 132kV
[Link],thevoltageisreducedbyanothertransformerofratio415/132kV. The total
impedance of the line is (30+j60)♠. Both transformers are equippedwith tap-changing, the product of
the two off-nominal setting is unity. If the load on thesystem is 200 MW at 0.8of lagging. Calculate the
settings of the tap-changer required tomaintainthe voltageat 132kV. (16) April 2011 April 2015(U)
UNIT–IV
PART–A
1. Defineeconomicdispatchproblem? Nov2015[R]
Theobjectiveofeconomicdispatchproblemistominimizetheoperatingcostofactivepowergeneration.
2. Defineincrementalcost?Nov2009Nov2013[R]
[Link] theload
balanceequation?Pg-pd-pl=0.
3. Defineparticipation factor?April2013Nov2014[R]
Thechangeingenerationrequired tomeetpower demand iscalledasparticipation
factor.
4. Definehydrothermal schedulingproblem?Nov2013[R]
The objective is to minimize the thermal generation cost with the constraints ofwateravailability.
5. DefineUncommitment?April2011Nov2015[R]
Commitmentofminmumgeneratortomeettherequireddemand.
6. Definespinningreserve?[R]
It is the term describe the total amount of generation availability from all unitssynchronizedon the system.
7. Whatismeantby scheduledreserve?Nov 2009Nov2014 April2016[U]
These includequick startdieselturbine unitsaswellasmosthydrounitsandpumped storage hydro units that
can be brought online, synchronized and brought up to fullcapacityquickly.
8. Whatarethethermalunitconstraint?April2015[U]
Minimumuptime,minimumdowntimecrewconstraints.
9. Defineminimumuptime?[R]
Oncetheunitis running,itshouldnot beturnedoffimmediately.
10. [Link]?April2012[R]
Oncetheunitisdecommited,thereisaminimumtimebeforeitcanberecommended.
11. Definecrew constraints?April2016[R]
If a plant consist of two (or) more units, all the units cannot be turned on at the
sametimesincetherearenot enough crewmembers toattend both units whilestartingup.
12. Whatarethetwoapproachestotreatathermalunittooperatingtemperature?[U]
The first allow the unit boiler to cool down and then heat backup to operatingtemperature in time for a
scheduled turn on. The second requires that sufficient energy beinputto theboiler to justmaintain
operatingtemperature.
6. Whatarethetechniquesforthesolutionof theunitcommitmentproblem?[U]
PrioritylistmethoddynamicprogrammingLagrange relation
7. Whataretheassumptionsmadeindynamicprogrammingproblem?April2011April 2013[U]
A state consists of an array of units with specified units operating and the rest of thetime. The startup cost
of a unit is independent of the time it has been offline. There are nocosts forshuttingdown theunits.
16. Definelongrangehydroschedulingproblem?April2015[R]
Theprobleminvolvesthelongrangeofwateravailabilityandschedulingofreservoir [Link]
oftimethatdependsonthereservoircapacities.
17. Whataretheoptimizationtechniqueforlongrangehydroschedulingproblem?[U]
Dynamicprogrammingcompositehydraulicsimulationmethodsstatisticalproductioncost.
18. Defineshortrangehydroschedulingproblem?[U]
It involves the hour by hour scheduling of all generators on a system to achieveminimumproduction
condition forthe given timeperiod.
19. Definesystemblackout problem?[U]
If any event occurs ona system that leaves it operating with limits violated, theevent may be followed by a
series of further actions that switch other equipment out
[Link],theentiresystemofitmaycompletelycollapse. This is
referred as system blackout.
20. Whatismeantbycascadingoutages?[U]
If one of the remaining lines is now too heavily loaded, it may open due to
relayaction,therebycausingevenmoreloadontheremaining [Link]
Permedascascadingoutage.
PART–B
1.(a) Explain brieflytheconstraints on unit commitment problem. (8)
(b)Whatisspinningreserveanddoesthisreservehelpinoperatingapowersystem
efficiently?Nov2013April2013[U] (8)
[Link]. (16)Nov 2009
Nov2014 April 2015[U]
3. Explain with a neat flowchart the procedure for finding the solution for unit
commitmentproblemsusingforwardDP method. (16) April2011 April 2012[U]
4. There are three thermal generating units which can be committed to take the systemload. The fuel cost
data and generation operating unit data are given below: Nov2009April 2015[A]
F1 = 392.7 + 5.544 P1 +0.001093P2F2=217+5.495P2+0.001358 P22
1
F3=65.5+6.695 P3+0.004049 P2,P,P, P inMW 3 1 2 3
Generationlimits:150≤ P1 ≤600MW100≤P2≤400MW
50≤ P3≤ 200MW

[Link]
[Link] schedule and the component and total costs of
operation for each feasiblecombinationofunitsfortheloadlevelof900MW.April2012 (16)
5. Theinput –outputcurvecharacteristicsofthreeunitsare:
F1=750+6.49PG1+0.0035PG1
F2=870+5.75PG2+0. 2
0015PG2

F3=620+8.56PG3+0. 2
001PG3
The fuel cost ofunit 1, 2,3is 1.0 Rs/Mbtu. Total loadis800MW. Useparticipation
factormethodtocalculatethedispatchforaloadisincreasedto880MW?April2011[A] (16)
6.Obtaintheprioritylistofunitcommitmentusingfullloadaverageproductioncostfor12
thegiven datafor theload levelof 900 MW. [A]
F1=392.7+5.544P1+ 0.001093P12
F2=217 +5.495 P2+0.001358P2 2

F3=65.5+6.695 P3+0.004049 P2,P,P, P inMW 3 1 2 3

Generationlimits:150≤ P1 ≤600MW100≤P2≤400MW
50≤ P3≤ 200MW Therearenoother constraintsonsystemoperation. Obtainanoptimumunitcommitment
table. (16)
7. Derivetheexpressionforbasepointand participationmethod.April2013April 2016[U] (16)
8. Giveiterationalgorithmforsolvingeconomicschedulingproblem,withouttransmission
[Link] 2015[U] (16)
9. Derivecoordinationequationforeconomicdispatchincludinglosses,in thepower
system. Givesteps for [Link] losses April 2011 Nov2013[U] (16)
10. Considerthefollowingthreeunits:
IC1=7.92 +0.003124PG1
IC2=7.85 +0.00388PG2
IC3= 7.97 + 0.00964PG3PD=850 MW
PG1=392.2 MW, PG2=334.6 MW, PG3=122.2MW
Determinetheoptimum scheduleiftheload isincreased to900 MW byusingParticipationFactormethod.
(16)April 2012 April 2016 Nov 2015[A]

UNIT-V
PART– A (2 MARKS)
1. Whatarethefunctionsof controlcenter?Nov2013[U]
Systemmonitoringcontingencyanalysis securityconstrained optimalpower flow.
2. Whatisthefunctionof systemmonitoring? April2016[U]
Systemmonitoringprovides uptodate informationaboutthepowersystem.
3. Definescadasystem?Nov2009Nov2014[R]
It stands for supervisory control and data acquisition system, allows a few operatorsto monitor the
generation and high voltage transmission systems andto take action tocorrectoverloads.
4. Whatarethestatesof powersystem?April2012[U]
Normal state alert mode contingency mode emergency mode. Define normal mode?The system is in
secure even the occurrence of all possible outages has been simulated thesystemremain secureis called
normal mode.
5. Definealert mode?April2011April2013[R]
The occurrence of all possible outages the system does not remain in the secure iscalledalert mode.
6. Whatarethedistribution factors?[U]
Lineoutagedistributionfactor, generationoutage distributionfactor.
7. Definestateestimation?Nov2013[R]
State estimation is the process of assigning a value to an unknown system statevariablebased
onmeasurements from thatsystem accordingto somecriteria.
8. [Link]?Nov2009[R]
The objective is to maximize the probability that estimate the state variable x, is thetruevalue
ofthestatevariablevector(i.e, to maximizethe P(x)=x).
9. Defineweightedleast-squarescriterion?April2012Nov2014[R]
Theobjectiveistominimizethesumofthesquaresoftheweighteddeviationsoftheestimated measurements
z, from the actualmeasurement.
10. Defineminimumvariancecriterion?April2016[R]
The objective is to minimize the expected value of the squares of the deviations
oftheestimatedcomponentsofthestatevariablevectorfromthecorrespondingcomponentsofthe
truestatevariablevector.
11. Definemustrunconstraint?April2013[R]
Some units are given a must run status during certain times of the year for reason ofvoltagesupport on
the transmission network.

12. Definefuelconstraints?April2011[R]
A system in which some units have limited fuel or else have constraints that requirethemto burn
aspecifiedamount of fuel in a given time.

13. Whataretheassumptionsmadeinprioritylistmethod?[U]
No load cost are zero unit input-output characteristics are linear between zero outputandfull load
therearenootherrestrictions startupcost are affixed amount.
14. Statetheadv of forwardDPapproach?[U]
If the start up cost of a unit is a function of the unit is a function of the time it hasbeen offline, then a
forward dynamic program approach is more suitable since the previoushistoryof theunit can
becomputed at each stage.
15. [Link]?April2015[U]
It has the necessity of forcing the dynamic programming solution to search over asmall number of
commitment states to reduce the number of combinations that must betestedin each period.
 16. Whataretheknownvaluesin shorttermhydroschedulingproblem?[U]
The load, hydraulic inflows &uitavailabilities are assumed [Link] is meantby telemetry system?
The states of the system were measured and transmitted to a controlcenterbymeans of
telemetrysystem.
17. Whatarethefunctionsof securityconstraintsoptimalpowerflow?[U]
In this function, contingency analysis is combined with an optimal power flowwhich seeks to make
changes to the optimal dispatch of generation. As well as otheradjustments,so that when
asecurityanalysisis run, no contingencyresult inviolations.
18. Definethestateofoptimaldispatch?[R]
This is the state that the power system is in prior to any contingency. It is optimalwithrespect to
economicoperation but maynot be secure.
19. Definepostcontingency?[R]
This is the state of the power system after a contingency has occurred. Define securedispatch? This is
state of the power system with with no contingency outages,but withcorrectionto
theoperatingparameters to account forsecurityviolations.
20. Whataretheprioritiesforoperationofmodernpowersystem?April2015[U]
Operate the systeminsuch a way [Link] theconstraints placed on the
system operation by reliability considerations, the system will beoperatedmost economically.
21. Whatismeantby linearsensitivityfactor?Nov2015[U]
Many outages become very difficult to solve if it is desired to present the resultsquickly. Easiest way to
provide quick calculation of possible overloads is linear sensitivityfactors.
22. Whatarelinearsensitivity factors? [U]
Generationshiftfactorslineoutagedistributionfactors.
23. Whatistheuses of linedistributionfactor?[U]
Itisused toapplytothetestingforoverloadswhen transmissioncircuitsarelost.
24. Whatismeantbyexternalequvalencing?Nov2015[U]
In order to simplify the calculations and memory storage the system is sub dividedinto3 sub systems
calledas externalequvalencing.
PART–B
1. Explainthedifferentsystem operatingstates.April2015 Nov2015 [U] (16)
2. [Link] 2013[U]16)Explainabout
[Link] 2011 Nov 2013 Nov 2014
3. Brieflydiscuss the various functions of energycontrol [Link] 2009 April2016[U] (16)
4. ExplainthehardwarecomponentsandfunctionalaspectsofSCADAsystem usinga
fundamentalblock [Link] 2014 April 2016 Nov2015[U] (16)
5. Explainthevarious controls [Link] 2009Nov 2013