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Science
Quarter 3 – Module2
The Menstrual Cycle
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Quarter 3 - Module 2 : Menstrual Cycle
Second Edition, Revised 2021
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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cebu City Schools Division
Superintendent: Rhea Mar A. Angtud, EdD
Development Team of the Module
Writer:
MARIA GONIE L. HERNANDEZ, MT-I,Science,Pit-os National High
School
Content Editors:
Dr. Deogenes R. Adoptante, Principal I, OPRRA National HS
Mrs. Arnolfa A. Demellites, Principal I, Sirao Integrated School
Dr. Florenda G. Yap, Assistant Principal, Apas National High School
Neil Adrian A. Angtud, HT-III,School Head,Sinsin National High School
Language Editor:
Wilma Y. Villaflor, Principal III , Don Vicente Rama Mem. ES
Management Team:
[Link] Mar A. Angtud, Schools Divison Superintendent
[Link] A. Susvilla , Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
[Link] F. Bataluna, CID Chief
[Link] S. Manawatao, EPS-Science
[Link] L. Harayo, EPS- LRMDS
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Department of Education Division of Cebu City ROVII
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Office Address: Imus Avenue, Cebu City
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Lesson I Feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the
female reproductive system (e.g., menstrual cycle)
What I Need to Know
In Module1, you have learned about the function of hormones in the male and
female reproductive systems.
This module 2, is based from the DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competency in
Grade 10-K12, that is for you to, describe the feedback mechanisms involved in
regulating processes in the female reproductive system (e.g., menstrual cycle)
The systems involved in regulating mechanisms were mentioned in module 1. As
a continuation this will lead you to understand the mechanisms the body has to maintain
homeostasis during menstruation in the female reproductive system.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. identify the different phases of menstrual cycle
2. trace the pathways of feedback mechanism of menstrual cycle
3. describe the feedback mechanism in female reproductive system
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What I Know
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Select the correct answer from the box to complete the statement.
Use a separate sheet of paper.
5 days 28 days endometrium follicle corpus luteum
Ovulation menses endocrine GnRH menstruation phase
14 days reproductive vulva
1. The regular menstrual cycle is around _______ days.
2. The external parts of the female reproductive system are collectively called the ______.
3. FSH and LH stimulate the growth and development of ______ in the ovary.
4. During the secretory phase, the hormone progesterone is produced by the _________.
5. High levels of LH trigger ________.
6. Another term for menstrual blood is _________.
7. The menstrual cycle is controlled by the different hormones of the __________ system.
8. The ___________ is released by the hypothalamus.
9. The menstrual blood is shed from the lining of the uterus known as the _________.
10. Menstruation period in the female reproductive system usually lasts for an average
of ________ days.
What’s In
Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters to form the name of a hormone.
1. Teizinglueni onhorme
2. Adrongen
3. Gesronetepro
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4. Tacprolin
5. Troangodonip
What’s New
Activity 1 : Changes During Menstrual Cycle Objective/s:
⚫ Describe how temperature and blood levels of hormones change during menstrual
cycle.
Materials:
Graphing paper colored pencils or crayons ruler and pencil
Procedure:
1. The body temperature of Nicole and Mia were monitored during their menstrual
Cycles. Mia ovulated and Nicole did not. Below is a table showing the monitoring
data:
Body Temperature ( 0 C)
Days MIA NICOLE
5 36.0 36.2
10 36.2 35.5
12 36.0 35.7
14 38.3 36.2
16 37.1 36.1
18 36.6 36.0
20 36.7 36.3
22 37.0 36.4
24 37.1 36.2
26 36.7 36.5
28 36.5 36.4
[Link] a graph based on the given data. Plot the changes in temperature
along the y- axis (vertical axis) and the days of the menstrual cycle along the x-
axis (horizontal axis). Assuming the menstrual cycle represents the average 28 -
day cycle, label the ovulation day on the graph.
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Guide Questions:
1. How will you describe the body temperature: A.
Before ovulation?
__________________________________________________________
B. After ovulation?
__________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What is It
We have learned that, on average, an ovary releases only one egg every 28 days.
Now, what controls this timing? Hormones control many of the changes in the reproductive
system. Remember that hormones are chemicals that affect certain body organs. The
monthly changes that take place in the female reproductive system are called menstruation.
This cycle occurs every month from the first onset which could happen when a female is
between 10 to 13 years old. The monthly cycle continues for about 40 years.
The external structures of the female reproductive system are collectively called the vulva.
The Menstrual Cycle
The production of mature egg cells and preparation of the uterus for pregnancy are
regulated by the different female reproductive hormones. The series of natural changes that
occurs in the uterus and in the ovary is referred to as the menstrual cycle. During this
period,an egg matures and is ovulated. It is also during this period when the uterus prepares
a suitable environment in which a fertilized egg could develop into a fetus. If an egg is not
fertilized, it is discharged along with the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) in a process
called menstruation. In humans, normally, the cycle would take around 28 days. It is
composed of two major cycles, the ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle, which happen
simultaneously. The ovarian cycle involves changes to the follicles in the ovaries, whereas
the uterine cycle involves changes to the endometrial lining in the uterus.
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The ovarian cycle is divided into three phases:
1. Follicular phase (days 1-13) It is the first part of the ovarian cycle. During this phase, the
ovarian follicles mature and get ready to release the egg.
2. Ovulation phase ( day 14) It is the shortest phase in the cycle wherein the mature egg is
released from one of the ovarian follicles down to the Fallopian Tube.
3. Luteal phase ( days 15-28) This phase is marked after the release of the mature egg. FSH
and LH cause the remaining parts of the follicle to transform into corpus luteum,which
produces progesterone.
The uterine cycle is divided into three phases:
1. Menstruation phase The menses or menstrual blood, is shed from the lining of the
uterus known as the endometrium. This period usually lasts for an average of five days.
2. Proliferative phase This phase happens when estrogen causes the lining of the uterus
to grow, or proliferate. Estrogen is released by the ovarian follicles. It initiates the formation
of a new layer of endometrium in the uterus.
3. Secretory phase As the corpus luteum produces progesterone, this causes the
endometrium to become receptive to implantation of the blastocyst ( developing zygote) and
supportive of the early pregnancy.
The menstrual cycle is controlled by the different hormones of the endocrine system.
1. The GnRH is released by the hypothalamus.
2. GnRH triggers the anterior pituitary lobe to secrete FSH and LH.
3. The FSH and LH stimulate follicle growth in the ovary .
4. The follicles start to make estrogen (estradiol). Several follicles begin to grow with each
cycle, but usually only one matures.
5. Around day 12, estrogen levels rise steeply.
6. Rising estrogen stimulates an LH surge.
7. The LH surge triggers ovulation: the mature follicle ruptures, releasing the secondary
oocyte.
8. The follicles left in the ovary from the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and
estrogen.
9. Rising progesterone and estrogen levels stimulate thickening of the endometrium.
10. If pregnancy occurs (implantation), the corpus luteum continues to secrete
progesterone and estrogen to maintain the endometrium ( thickening); otherwise it
disintegrates and hormone levels drop, resulting in the loss of the endometrial tissue as
menstrual flow.
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This cycle continues for about 450 cycles, then women enter menopause, which marks the
end of the menstrual cycle. This stage occurs in females around 40-50 years of age, and
starts menopausal stage may include irregular periods, vaginal dryness, sleep problems, hot
flashes and mood swings, weight gain, dry skin and thinning hair, night sweating, and
decreasing breast fullness.
To summarize, the important events during the menstrual cycle are as follows:
1. The pituitary gland controls and starts the cycle.
2. The pituitary gland releases hormones that cause the egg in the ovary to mature. The
Luteinizing hormone (LH) initiates the maturation of the follicles, converts ruptured
follicles into corpus luteum and causes the secretion of progesterone. The follicle stimulating
Hormone (FSH) assists in the maturation of the follicles and causes the secretion of
estrogen from the follicles.
3. Meanwhile, the ovary itself releases a hormone called estrogen, which causes the uterine
lining to increase in thickness. The uterine lining becomes thicker so that the fertilized
egg can attach to it.
4. The ovary releases an egg on day 14, assume that no sperm is present.
5. The egg moves through the oviduct and enters the uterus.
6. Meanwhile the uterine lining continues to thicken.
7. The egg has not been fertilized, therefore, it will not attach to the uterus.
8. The thick uterine lining is no longer necessary, so the cells of the egg is lost and some
blood is lost too. This loss of cells from the uterine lining, blood, and egg is called
menstruation.
9. After menstruation, the cycle starts again.
Menstrual cramps are the results of the strong contractions of the uterine wall that occur
before and during the menstruation. The cramps can be caused by excessive secretion of
prostaglandins. Shedding of the endometrium of the uterus results in the inflammation in the
endometrial layer of the uterus and prostaglandins are produced as a consequence of the
inflammation.
Nervous System Working Together with Endocrine System to Maintain Homeostasis
Both the nervous system and endocrine system are important in enabling the body to
maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is the state reached when each part of the body
functions in equilibrium with other parts This is attained through the regulation of the bodily
functions by the endocrine and nervous systems. Most body systems maintain homeostasis
by using feedback mechanisms. When the brain receives messages from the body about an
internal change in one of its systems, it works to restore the system to its normal state. The
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levels of hormones in the body are controlled by feedback. It is important that the amount of
hormones in our body is kept at the right level. The endocrine system plays an important
part in homeostasis. To achieve homeostasis, the nervous and endocrine systems maintain
a normal range of the following variables:
1. Body temperature,2. amount of water in the body, [Link] of metabolic wastes in the
cell, [Link] calcium level and [Link] in the blood
Let us Practice
Directions:Read and answer carefully the [Link] your answer on a sheet of
paper .
1. Why do girls need to take a bath during menstruation ?
2. What will cause a cervical cancer?
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3. Why girls need to replace their sanitary pads every 3 to 4 hours of used?
What I Have Learned
Synthesis
⚫ The body’s coordination and communication functions are regulated by two important
systems of the human body. These are the nervous system and the endocrine system.
⚫ The endocrine system coordinates the various processes in the body through secretions
called hormones.
⚫ The reproductive system is a collection of organs in an organism that function together
for sexual reproduction. The male reproductive organs are the penis, the testicles, the
epididymis, the vas deferens, and the prostate gland. The female reproductive organs
are the vagina, uterus (womb),fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
⚫ Feedback mechanism is the process through which the level of one substance
influences the level of another substance. A negative feedback affects the production of
hormones in the menstrual cycle. High levels of one hormone may inhibit the production
of another hormone.
⚫ Homeostasis the ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium by
regulating its processes.
⚫ Sexual reproduction involves the fusion ( fertilization) of the sperm and egg cells to
produce a zygote.
⚫ The external structures of the female reproductive system are called the vulva.
⚫ The release of egg and the preparation for pregnancy is regulated by the menstrual
cycle, which includes the ovarian and the uterine cycles.
⚫ The ovarian cycle is composed of follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases.
⚫ The uterine cycle is composed of menstruation, proliferative, and secretory phases.
⚫ The menstrual cycle is regulated by the different female sex hormones.
What I Can Do
1. Name some ways that may reduce abdominal cramps during menstrual period. (1-2)
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Assessment
Post Test
[Link]: Read carefully and write the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which is the proper sequence of the uterine cycle?
I. Menstruation phase [Link] phase III. Secretory phase
A.I ,II, and III B. II,III, and I C. II, I, and III only D. I,III, and II
2. What will happen to the egg that is not fertilized? It will
A. Burst B. Clump C. Die D. Shrink 3.
Which of the following is the function of LH?
A. Fertilization B. Menstruation C. Ovulation [Link] 4.
Why does menstruation stop?
A. The motility of the egg decreases.
B. The ovary is in its stationary phase.
C. No egg has been produced from the ovary.
D. Egg becomes immobile towards the fallopian tube.
5. Which hormones help the thickening of the endometrium during pregnancy ?
I. Androgen II. Estrogen III. Progesterone IV. Testosterone A. I
and II B. II and III C. III and IV D. I and IV 6.
Which will stimulate the rising amount of LH? The rising ______level.
A. Androgen B. Estrogen C. Progesterone D. Testosterone
7. Why ovulation is important in reproduction? A. It will help produce a
kind of its own.
B. Egg will help to nourish female reproductive organ.
C. Production of egg from the ovary is beneficial to women.
D. A mature egg is needed in fertilization for reproduction to happen.
8. How long does a regular menstrual period last?
A. 5 days B. 6 days C. 7 days D. 8 days 9.
Which of the following causes menstrual cramps? A. Inflamed uterine lining.
B. Swelling of the uterus walls.
C. Secretion of the prostaglandins.
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D. Shedding of the endometrium into blood.
10. Which is NOT a symptom of menopausal age?
[Link] skin C. mood swings
[Link] flashes D. regular periods
On a separate sheet of paper.
Describe what happens to the egg if fertilization occurs.
References
Books:
[Link] Biology textbook Science
[Link] Very [Link]
Diwa, Science for the 21st Century Learner
Connecting Science A progressive Approach, Grade 10 Based on the K to 12 BEC
SCIENCE 10 Learner’s Module, Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines
SCIENCE 10 Teacher’s Guide, Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines
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