Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Leaching Process
• Step I – solid containing solute and inert
mixed with solvent
• Step II – Agitation stopped and separated into
solid free overflow and underflow
• Overflow = solvent containing dissolved solute
• Underflow or slurry stream = inert solid and
adhering solution [containing solvent and
dissolved solute, generally of same
concentration as overflow]
Symbols
• Solute = A
• Inert solid = B
• Solvent =C
• Concentration of Inert solid:
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡
• 𝑁= =
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴+𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
• Concentration of solute
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
• 𝐼𝑛 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑, 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴+𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
= 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
• 𝐼𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑, 𝑦𝐴 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴+𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Equilibrium diagram for variable
underflow and vertical tie line
• Equilibrium Diagram
• No solid in over flow-N=0 for
overflow curve
• No adsorption of solute by
solid
• concentration of withdrawn
solution is same as that of
solution associated with solid-
tie lines are vertical
• Distribution coefficient =1.
and Distribution curve is x=y
• Solution retention changes
with concentration – N varies
with y
Equilibrium diagram Constant
underflow and vertical tie line
• Equilibrium diagram for
case Constant
underflow:
• Solids settled or drained
to same extent at all
solute concentration
• Line KL is horizontal
Equilibrium Diagram – non vertical tie line
[𝑦 ≠ 𝑥] variable under flow
• Equilibrium diagram for
case [tie lines are not
vertical]:
• Insufficient contact
time, so that all the
solute is not dissolved
• Adsorption of solute in
the solid.
Equilibrium diagram – solids in overflow
• Equilibrium diagram for
case Solids in the
overflow
• Solute adsorption on
solids
SINGLE STAGE LEACHING
• V= kg/h of overflow solution
(A+C)with composition x
• L= kg/h of liquid (solution) in
slurry(A+C) with composition y
• B= kg/hr of solute free inert
solid flow
• Total Mass Balance:
𝐿𝑜 + 𝑉2 = 𝐿1 + 𝑉1 = 𝑀
• Solute Balance
𝐿𝑜 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑉2 𝑥2 = 𝐿1 𝑦1 + 𝑉1 𝑥1
= 𝑀𝑥𝑀
M=Total flow rate kg (A+C)/hr
• Inert solid Balance
𝐵 = 𝑁0 𝐿0 + 0 = 𝑁1 𝐿1 + 0
= 𝑀𝑁𝑀
m
• Refer Geankoplis
• 𝑉2 = 100 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑
• 𝑥2 = 0,
• 𝐵 = 100 1 − 0.2 = 80𝑘𝑔,
• 𝐿0 = 100 1 − 0.8 = 20𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦0 = 1.0
• 𝑁0 = 80Τ20 = 4.0 𝑘𝑔𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑Τ𝑘𝑔𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐿𝑜 + 𝑉2 = 𝐿1 + 𝑉1 = 𝑀
𝐿𝑜 + 𝑉2 = 20 + 100 = 120𝑘𝑔 = 𝑀
𝐿𝑜 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑉2 𝑥2 = 𝐿1 𝑦1 + 𝑉1 𝑥2 = 𝑀𝑥𝑀
𝐿𝑜 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑉2 𝑥2 = 20 1.0 + 100 0
= 120𝑥𝑀
Or 𝑥𝑀 = 0.167
𝐵 = 𝑁0 𝐿0 + 0 = 𝑁1 𝐿1 + 0 = 𝑀𝑁𝑀
• 𝐵 = 4 20 = 80 = 𝑁𝑀 120
• 𝑁𝑀 = 0.667
Locate M on line noiningV2 and Lo
Draw veritcal line to get L1 and V1.
𝑦1 = 𝑥1 = 0.167 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁1 = 1.5
𝐿1 = 53.3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉1 = 66.7𝑘𝑔
COUNTERCURRENT MULTISTAGE LEACHING
• Total Mass Balance: 𝐿𝑜 + 𝑉𝑁+1 = 𝐿𝑁 + 𝑉1 = 𝑀
• Solute Balance
𝐿𝑜 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑉𝑁+1 𝑥𝑁+1 = 𝐿𝑁 𝑦𝑁 + 𝑉1 𝑥1 = 𝑀𝑥𝑀
Equation of Operating line:
𝐿𝑁 𝑉1 𝑥1 − 𝐿𝑜 𝑦𝑜
𝑥𝑁+1 = 𝑦𝑁 +
𝑉𝑁+1 𝑉𝑁+1
• Inert solid Balance
𝐵 = 𝑁0 𝐿0 + 0 = 𝑁1 𝐿1 + 0 = 𝑀𝑁𝑀
COUNTERCURRENT
MULTISTAGE
LEACHING
• Material balance around
stage 1:
𝐿𝑜 + 𝑉2 = 𝐿1 + 𝑉1
• Stage n
𝐿𝑛−1 + 𝑉𝑛+1 = 𝐿𝑛 + 𝑉𝑛
• ∆= 𝐿0 − 𝑉1 = 𝐿1 − 𝑉2 =
𝐿𝑛 − 𝑉𝑛+1 = …
• 𝐿0 = 800 + 50 = 850
800
• 𝑦0 = = 0.941
850
• B= 2000
2000
• 𝑁0 = = 2.36
800+50
• 𝑉𝑁+1 = 1310 + 20 = 1330
20
• 𝑥𝑁+1 = = 0.015
1330
• Locate Lo and VN+1
• Locate LN
𝑁𝑁 𝑘𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛
• = 𝑥 =
𝑦𝑁 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑘𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡 2000
= = 16.67
𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 120
• Draw line through origin
with slope 16.67 and locate
LN
𝑁𝑁 = 1.95 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑁 = 0.118
• Overall Balance: • Locate L1, V2,L2.
• 𝐿0 + 𝑉𝑁+1 = 850 + 1330 • Determine LN and V1:
= 𝑀 = 2180𝑘𝑔/ℎ • 𝐿𝑁 + 𝑉1 = 𝑀 = 2180
• Solute Balance • 𝐿𝑁 𝑦𝑁 + 𝑉1 𝑥1 = 𝑀𝑥𝑀
• 850(0.941)+1330(0.015)=
2180𝑥𝑀 • 𝐿𝑁 (0.118) +𝑉1 0.6 =
2180 𝑥 0.376
• 𝑥𝑀 = 0.376
• Locate M • LN= 1016kg
• Join Lo, M and extend to • V1=1164kg
get V1, 𝑥1 = 0.6
• Locate ∆