WELCOME TO

OUR
PRESENTATION
AGENDA
• Introduction of Periodic Table and it’s Necessity
• Origin of Periodic Table and it’s Law
• Properties of Metal , Non-Metal and Metalloids
• Most famous four chemical groups
• Transitonal Elements
• s,p,d,f Block Elements
• Representative Elements
• Trends of the Periodic Table
THE PERIODIC TABLE
 INTRODUCTION OF PERIODIC TABLE AND IT’S NECESSITY
4

❑ Periodic Table: The Periodic Table of Elements is a systematic

arrangement of all known chemical elements, organized in order of their
increasing atomic number .

❑ Necessity of Periodic Table:

• Systematic organization of elements
• Prediction of properties
• Understanding chemical reactions
• Foundation for scientific research and education
INTRODUCTION OF PERIODIC TABLE .
ORIGIN OF PERIODIC
TABLE AND IT’S LAW
 MENDELEEV’S 7

PERIODIC TABLE

• Mendeleev’s first periodic

table in 1869 included the
63 known elements and
spaces for three predicted,
undiscovered elements.

• Mendeleev’s arranged the

elements in the periodic
table in order of increasing
atomic mass
 .
HENRY MOSELEY

• Moseley's Law: In 1913, using X-ray

spectroscopy, he discovered a systematic
mathematical relationship between the
wavelengths of X-rays produced by an
element and its atomic number.

• Atomic Number Definition: He

proved that the atomic number is not
just an arbitrary sequence but
corresponds to the number of
protons (positive charges) in an atom's
nucleus.
Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (1887–1915)
THE MODERN PERIODIC
LAW
In the modern periodic table elements are
arranged in order of increasing atomic
number.

The Periodic Law states that the physical

and chemical properties of elements are
periodic functions of their atomic numbers.
 PROPERTIES OF
METAL , NON-METAL
AND METALLOIDS
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PROPERTIES OF METALS
• Good Conductors → Metals conduct heat
and electricity very well because of free-
• About 75% of the
moving electrons.
elements in
• Malleable & Ductile → They can be the periodic table are
hammered into sheets (malleable) and metals.
drawn into wires (ductile).
Example:
• Shiny (Lustrous) → Metals have a bright, • Magnesium (Mg)
reflective surface when polished.
• Calcium (Ca)
• High Strength & Density → Most metals • Sodium (Na)
are strong and heavy, making them useful • Potassium (K)
in construction and machinery.
 .

PROPERTIES OF NON-METALS
• Poor Conductors → Non-metals do not
conduct heat and electricity well (except
graphite).
• Brittle → They break easily when
hammered or stretched, unlike metals.
Example:
• Dull Appearance → Most non-metals are
not shiny; they look dull. • Nitrogen (N)

• Form Acidic Oxides → When they react • Oxygen (O)

with oxygen, they usually form acidic • Phosphorus (P)
oxides (e.g., SO₂, CO₂). • Chlorine (Cl)
• Iodine (I)
 .

PROPERTIES OF METALLOIDS
• Mixed Properties → Show characteristics of
both metals and non-metals.
• Semi-conductors → Conduct electricity
under certain conditions (e.g., silicon). Example:
• Brittle like Non-metals → They can break • Boron (B)
easily when hammered.
• Variable Reactivity → Can form both • Silicon (Si)
acidic and basic oxides depending on the • Arsenic (As)
element. • Antimony (Sb)
MOST FAMOUS FOUR
CHEMICAL GROUPS
ALKALI METALS
• Highly Reactive → They react vigorously with
water and oxygen, forming hydroxides and
releasing hydrogen gas.
Here are some examples
• Soft Metals → Can be cut easily with a knife of alkali metals
(especially sodium and potassium).
(Group-1 elements):
• Low Density → Lighter than most metals; • Lithium (Li)
lithium, sodium, and potassium can even float
on water. • Sodium (Na)
• Low Melting & Boiling Points → Compared • Potassium (K)
to other metals, alkali metals have relatively low • Rubidium (Rb)
melting/boiling points.
• Cesium (Cs)
• Form Strongly Alkaline Hydroxides → Their
oxides and hydroxides dissolve in water to form
strong bases (e.g., NaOH, KOH).
ALKALI EARTH METALS
• Moderately Reactive → Less reactive than
alkali metals, but still react with water and
acids.
• Form Basic Oxides & Hydroxides → Their Here are some
oxides dissolve in water to form alkaline Examples:
solutions (e.g., CaO → Ca(OH)₂). (Group-2 Elements:)
• Shiny & Silvery → They have metallic luster. • Beryllium (Be)
• Low Density (but higher than alkali • Magnesium (Mg)
metals) → Calcium and magnesium are • Calcium (Ca)
relatively light.
• Strontium (Sr)
• Essential in Daily Life → Calcium for bones,
• Barium (Ba)
magnesium in chlorophyll, barium in
medical imaging. • Radium (Ra)
HALOGEN GROUP
• 7 valence electrons
• Highly reactive Here are some
Examples:
• Different physical states
(Group 17 Elements)
• Found only in compounds
• Fluorine
• Chlorine
• Bromine
• Iodine
• Astatine
NOBEL GAS
• Chemically inert (low reactivity)
• Colorless, odorless, tasteless
Here are some
• Low boiling and melting points Examples:
• Monatomic nature
(Group 18 Elements)
• Helium (He)
• Neon (Ne)
• Argon (Ar)
• Xenon (Xe)
TRANSITION ELEMENT
 TRANSITION ELEMENT
In the periodic table, the transition
elements (or transition metals)
are located in the central d-block,
spanning from Group 3 to Group 12.
General Properties
➢ Variable oxidation states
➢ Formation of colored
compounds
➢ Catalytic activity
➢ Magnetic properties
ALL TRANSITION ELEMENTS ARE D-BLOCK ELEMENTS, BUT
ALL D-BLOCK ELEMENTS ARE NOT TRANSITION ELEMENT

Why all transition elements are d-block, but not all d-block are
transition
• All transition elements belong to the d-block because their
chemistry is governed by d-electrons.
• But not all d-block elements are transition elements.
• Example: Zn, Cd, Hg → These are d-block elements, but their d-
orbitals are completely filled (d¹⁰ configuration).
• Zn: [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²
• Cd: [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s²
• Hg: [Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²
• Since they don’t have partially filled d-orbitals, they do not
qualify as transition elements.
 s, p, and d Block Elements

➢ s-Block Elements:
- Groups 1 & 2 (alkali and alkaline earth metals)
- Valence electron in s-orbital
- Highly reactive, soft metals, low ionization energy
- Examples: Na, Mg, Ca
➢ p-Block Elements:
- Groups 13 to 18
- Valence electron in p-orbital
- Metals, non-metals, metalloids
- Variable oxidation states, covalent bonds
- Examples: C, N, O, F, Cl
➢ d-Block Elements:
- Groups 3 to 12 (transition metals)
- Valence electron in d-orbital
- Colored compounds, catalysts, variable
oxidation states
- Examples: Fe, Cu, Zn

➢ Periodic Table Placement:

- s-block → Left side
- p-block → Right side
- d-block → Center
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TRENDS OF THE
PERIODIC TABLE
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