Definite
Integral
By:
Erita Astrid, S.T.,M.S
Integral Tentu
Jenis integral yang memiliki batas-batas tertentu, yang
menunjukkan rentang di mana kita ingin menghitung luas
area di bawah kurva fungsi di antara batas tersebut
Definition
Definition
Note 1:
Ø The symbol was introduced by Leibniz and is called an
integral sign. It is an elongated S and was chosen
because an integral is a limit of sums.
Ø In the notation f (x) is called the integrand and a
and b are called the limits of integration; a is the lower
limit and b is the upper limit.
Ø For now, the symbol dx has no meaning by itself; is all one
symbol.
Ø The dx simply indicates that the independent variable is x.
The procedure of calculating an integral is called
integration.
Definition
Note 2
The definite integral is a number; it does not
depend on x. In fact, we could use any letter in place of x
without changing the value of the integral:
Note 3
The sum that occurs in Definition 2 is called a Riemann sum
after the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann
(1826–1866).
Riemann Sum
So definition in note 3 says that the definite integral of an
integrable function can be approximated to within any desired
degree of accuracy by a Riemann sum.
We know that if f happens
to be positive, then the
Riemann sum can be
interpreted as a sum of
areas of approximating
rectangles (See Figure 1)
Figure 1. If f (x) 0, the Riemann sum
f (xi*) x is the sum of areas of
rectangles.
Riemann Sum
We see that the definite integral can be
interpreted as the area under the curve y = f (x) from a to b.
(See Figure 2.)
Figure 2 If f (x) 0, the integral is the
area under the curve y = f (x) from a to b.
Riemann Sum
Figure 3. The sum of rectangels area A
since the function F(x) is positive
Riemann Sum
If f takes on both positive and negative values, as in
Figure 3, then the Riemann sum is the sum of the areas of
the rectangles that lie above the x-axis and the negatives of
the areas of the rectangles that lie below the x-axis (the
areas of the blue rectangles minus the areas of the gold
rectangles).
Figure 4. f (xi*) x is an approximation
the net area.
Riemann Sum
When we take the limit of such Riemann sums, we get the situation
illustrated in Figure 4. A definite integral can be interpreted as a net
area, that is, a difference of areas:
where A1 is the area of the
region above the x-axis
and below the graph of f,
and A2 is the area of the
region below the x-axis and
above the graph of f.
Figure 5. is the net area.
Riemann Sum
Consider a function y=f(x) of the interval [a,b] into n subintervals (not
necessarily equal lenght) by means of point
Let , on each subinterval , pick an arbitrary point
y
y = f(x)
.
0 a x1* x2 x3 x4 x5 xn-1 xn b
Riemann Sum
To simplify the calculation of the integral we often take the
sample points to be right endpoints. Then = xi and the
definition of an integral simplifies as follows.
Riemann Sum
Ø We often choose the sample point to be the right endpoint of the
i th subinterval because it is convenient for computing the limit.
Ø But if the purpose is to find an approximation to an integral, it is
usually better to choose to be the midpoint of the interval, which
we denote by
Ø Any Riemann sum is an approximation to an integral, but if we use
midpoints we get the following approximation.
The Definite Integral
We know that the integral process is the same with the limiting process. In
general, when we write
we replace lim by , by x, and x by dx.
Evaluating Integrals
When we use a limit to evaluate a definite integral, we need
to know how to work with sums. The following three
equations give formulas for sums of powers of positive
integers.
Evaluating Integrals
The remaining formulas are simple rules for
working with sigma notation:
Example 1. Evaluating an integral as a limit of Riemann
sums
a. Evaluate the Riemann sum for f (x) = x3 – 6x, taking the sample
points to be right endpoints and a = 0, b = 3, and n = 6.
b. Evaluate using limiting process
Solution:
With n = 6 the interval width is
and the right endpoints are x1 = 0.5, x2 = 1.0 , x3 = 1.5, x4 = 2.0, x5 =
2.5, and x6 = 3.0.
Example 1. Evaluating an integral as a limit of Riemann
sums
So the Riemann sum is
R6 = f (xi) x
= f (0.5) x + f (1.0) x + f (1.5) x + f (2.0) x +
f (2.5) x + f (3.0) x
= (–2.875 – 5 – 5.625 – 4 + 0.625 + 9)
= –3.9375
Example 1. Evaluating an integral as a limit of Riemann
sums
Notice that f is not a positive function and so the Riemann
sum does not represent a sum of areas of rectangles. But it
does represent the sum of the areas of the blue rectangles
(above the x-axis) minus the sum of the areas of the gold
rectangles (below the x-axis) in figure below
Example 1. Evaluating an integral as a limit of
Riemann sums (limiting procedure)
With n subintervals we have
Thus x0 = 0, x1 = 3/n, x2 = 6/n, x3 = 9/n, and, in general, xi = 3i/n.
Since we are using right endpoints, we can use Theorem 4:
Example 1. Evaluating an integral as a limit of Riemann
sums (limiting procedure)
(Equation 9 with c = 3/n)
(Equations 11 and 9)
(Equations 7 and 5)
Example 1. Evaluating an integral as a limit of Riemann
sums (limiting procedure)
Example 1. Evaluating an integral as a limit of Riemann
sums (limiting procedure)
This integral can’t be interpreted as an area because f takes on both
positive and negative values. But it can be interpreted as the difference
of areas A1 – A2, where A1 and A2 are shown in Figure below.
Example 1. Evaluating an integral as a limit of Riemann
sums
Figure below illustrates the calculation by showing the
positive and negative terms in the right Riemann sum Rn for
n = 40.
R40 ≈ –6.3998
Example 1. Evaluating an integral as a limit of Riemann
sums
The values in the table show the Riemann sums
approaching the exact value of the integral, –6.75, as n
Parts of Definite Integral
Properties of the Definite Integral
When we defined the definite integral , we
implicitly assumed that a < b.
But the definition as a limit of Riemann sums makes sense
even if a > b.
Notice that if we reverse a and b, then x changes from
(b – a)/n to (a – b)/n. Therefore
Properties of the Definite Integral
If a = b, then x = 0 and so
We now develop some basic properties of integrals that will help us to
evaluate integrals in a simple manner. We assume that f and g are
continuous functions.
Properties of the Definite Integral
If c > 0 and a < b, this
is to be expected because
c(b – a) is the area of the
shaded rectangle in
Figure beside.
Geometric Interpretations of Properties of Definite Integral
Example 2
Use the properties of integrals to evaluate
Solution:
Using Properties 2 and 3 of integrals, we have
Example 6 – Solution cont’d
We know from Property 1 that
and we have found that
So
Latihan 1 Latihan 2
Hitung: Hitung
Latihan 3 Latihan 4
Hitung: Hitung
Penerapan Integral
untuk Menentukan
Luas Bidang
Integral Tentu, Luas Bidang
Definisi
Apx adalah luas bidang yang dibatasi oleh y f (x) dan sumbu-x dari p
sampai x, yang merupakan jumlah luas bagian yang berada di atas
sumbu-x dikurangi dengan luas bagian yang di bawah sumbu-x.
Contoh: Luas antara y x 3 12 x dan sumbu-x
dari x = 3 sampai x = +3.
0
0 4
x
y x 3 12 x 20 Aa
3
( x 3 12 x)dx
4
6x2
3
10
0 (20,25 54) 33,75
0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 3
3 4
x
-10
0
Ab ( x 3 12 x)dx
4
6x2
0
-20
20,25 54 (0) 33,75
Apq Aa Ab 33,75 (33,755) 67,5
Integral Tentu, Luas Bidang
Contoh di atas menunjukkan bahwa dengan definisi
mengenai Apx, formulasi
q
A p f ( x)dx F (q) F p)
tetap berlaku untuk kurva yang memiliki
bagian baik di atas maupun di bawah sumbu-x
y
y = f(x)
p A2 A4
A1 A3 q x
q
A pq p f ( x)dx F (q) F p)
A pq A1 A2 A3 A4
Latihan 5
Tentukan nilai fungsi
luas area fungsi y
pada kurva disamping
Integral Tentu, Luas Bidang Antara Dua Kurva
Luas Bidang Di Antara Dua Kurva
y1 f1 ( x) berada di atas y2 f 2 ( x)
y y1
Rentang p x q
dibagi dalam n segmen
x
p 0 x x+x q
Asegmen A px f1 ( x) f 2 ( x)x
y2
Apx
n x q x
jumlah semua segmen: Asegmen f1( x) f 2 ( x)x
1 x p
Dengan membuat n menuju tak n q
hingga sehingga x menuju nol A pq lim
Asegmen p f1 ( x) f 2 ( x)dx
kita sampai pada suatu limit 1
Integral Tentu, Luas Bidang Antara Dua Kurva
Contoh: Jika y1 4 dan y 2 2
berapakah luas bidang antara y1 dan y2
dari x1 = p = 2 sampai x2 = q = +3.
3
A pq 2 (4 (2)dx 6 x 32 18 (12) 30
2
Contoh: Jika y1 x dan y 2 4
berapakah luas bidang yang dibatasi oleh y1 dan y2.
Terlebih dulu kita cari batas-batas integrasi yaitu nilai x pada
perpotongan antara y1 dan y2.
y2
4 y1 y 2 x 2 4 x1 p 2, x2 q 2
y
y1 y2 2
di atas 2 x 3
2
2 x A pq (4 x )dx 4 x
y1 2 3
-2
8 8 16 16 32
-2 -1
0
0 1 2
8 8
3 3 3 3 3
Integral Tentu, Luas Bidang Antara Dua Kurva
2
Contoh: Jika y1 x 2 dan y2 x
berpakah luas bidang yang dibatasi oleh y1 dan y2.
Batas integrasi adalah nilai x pada
4
y perpotongan kedua kurva
2 y1
y1 y2 x 2 2 x atau x 2 x 2 0
0
-2 -1 0
y2
1 2 x 1 12 8 1 12 8
x1 p 1; x2 q 2
-2 2 2
-4
2
2 x3 x 2
y1 di atas y2
2
Apq ( x 2 x)dx 2 x
1 3 2
1
8 1 1
2 4 2 4,5
3 3 2
Integral Tentu, Penerapan
Penerapan Integral
Contoh: Sebuah piranti menyerap daya 100 W pada tegangan
konstan 200V. Berapakah energi yang diserap oleh
piranti ini selama 8 jam ?
Daya adalah laju perubahan energi. Jika daya diberi simbol p dan
energi diberi simbol w, maka
dw
p
dt
yang memberikan w pdt
Perhatikan bahwa peubah bebas di sini adalah waktu, t. Kalau batas
bawah dari waktu kita buat 0, maka batas atasnya adalah 8, dengan
satuan jam. Dengan demikian maka energi yang diserap selama 8
jam adalah
8 8 8
w 0 0
pdt 100dt 100t 0 800 [Link] r [Wh]
0,8 kilo Watt hour [kWh]
Integral Tentu, Penerapan
Contoh: Arus yang melalui suatu piranti berubah terhadap waktu
sebagai i(t) = 0,05 t ampere. Berapakah jumlah muatan
yang dipindahkan melalui piranti ini antara t = 0 sampai
t = 5 detik ?
Arus i adalah laju perubahan transfer muatan, q.
dq sehingga q idt
i
dt
Jumlah muatan yang dipindahkan dalam 5 detik adalah
5
5 0,05 2
5 1,25
0 0
q idt 0,05tdt
2
t
0
2
0,625 coulomb
Latihan 6
Sebuah objek pada t=0 memiliki
nilai kecepatan yang nilainya
diukur sebesar meter per detik
(m/s).
Tentukan kurva dan nilai
kecepatan objek tersebut
saat posisinya berada pada
kondisi t=140
Volume Sebagai Suatu Integral
Integral Tentu, Volume Sebagai Suatu Integral
Berikut ini kita akan melihat penggunaan
integral untuk menghitung volume.
Balok
Jika A(x) adalah luas irisan di sebelah kiri dan
A(x+x) adalah luas irisan di sebelah kanan
maka volume irisan V adalah
A( x)x V A( x x)x
q
x
Volume balok V adalah V A( x )x
p
luas rata-rata irisan antara
A(x) dan A(x+x).
Apabila x cukup tipis dan kita mengambil
A(x) sebagai pengganti maka kita q
memperoleh pendekatan dari nilai V, yaitu: V A( x)x
p
q
Jika x menuju nol dan A(x) q
kontinyu antara p dan q maka :
V lim
x o
A( x)x p A( x)dx
p
Integral Tentu, Volume Sebagai Suatu Integral
Rotasi Bidang Segitiga Pada Sumbu-x
P
y A(x) adalah luas lingkaran dengan
jari-jari r(x); sedangkan r(x)
O Q x memiliki persamaan garis OP.
x
m : kemiringan garis OP h h h
h : jarak O-Q. V 0 A( x)dx 0 r ( x) dx
2
0 m 2 x 2 dx
m 2 h 3 ( PQ/OQ) 2 h 3 h
Vkerucut r 2
3 3 3
Jika garis OP memotong sumbu-y maka
diperoleh kerucut terpotong
Integral Tentu, Volume Sebagai Suatu Integral
Rotasi Bidang Sembarang
f(x)
y
A( x) r ( x) 2 f ( x) 2
0 a b x b
V a f ( x) 2 dx
x
Rotasi Gabungan Fungsi Linier
f3(x) Fungsi f(x) kontinyu bagian demi
y f2(x) bagian. Pada gambar di samping ini
f1(x) terdapat tiga rentang x dimana
fungsi linier kontinyu. Kita dapat
0 a x
b menghitung volume total sebagai
x jumlah volume dari tiga bagian.
Thankyou