Related Rates, Optmisation, Implicit Differentiation [290 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 7] [Link].TZ0.6

The curve C has equation e 2y
= x
3
+ y .

(a)
2

Show that . [3]

dy 3x
= 2y
dx 2e −1

Markscheme

* This sample question was produced by experienced DP mathematics senior

examiners to aid teachers in preparing for external assessment in the new MAA
course. There may be minor differences in formatting compared to formal exam
papers.

attempts implicit differentiation on both sides of the equation M1

2y dy
A1
2 dy
2e = 3x +
dx dx

A1
2y dy 2
(2e − 1) = 3x
dx

so AG
dy 3x
=
dx 2e 2y −1

[3 marks]

(b) The tangent to C at the point Ρ is parallel to the y-axis.

Find the x-coordinate of Ρ. [4]

Markscheme

attempts to solve 2e 2y
− 1 = 0 for y (M1)

y = −0. 346 … (=
1

2
ln
1

2
) A1

attempts to solve e 2y
= x
3
+ y for x given their value of y (M1)
1

x = 0. 946 (= (
1

2
(1 − ln
1

2
))
3
) A1
 [4 marks]

2. [Maximum mark: 22] [Link].TZ0.12

Consider the differential equation

dy y
= f( ), x > 0
dx x

(a) Use the substitution y = vx to show that ∫ dv

f (v)−v
= ln x + C where
C is an arbitrary constant. [3]

Markscheme

* This sample question was produced by experienced DP mathematics senior

examiners to aid teachers in preparing for external assessment in the new MAA
course. There may be minor differences in formatting compared to formal exam
papers.

M1
dy dv
y = vx ⇒ = v + x
dx dx

v + x
dv

dx
= f (v) A1

∫
dv

f (v)−v
= ∫
dx

x
A1

integrating the RHS, ∫ dv

f (v)−v
= ln x + C AG

[3 marks]

The curve y = f (x) for x > 0 has a gradient function given by

2 2

.
dy y +3xy+2x
= 2
dx x

The curve passes through the point (1, − 1) .

(b) By using the result from part (a) or otherwise, solve the differential
equation and hence show that the curve has equation
y = x(tan (ln x) − 1). [9]

Markscheme

EITHER

attempts to find f (v) M1

f (v) = v
2
+ 3v + 2 (A1)

substitutes their f (v) into ∫ dv

f (v)−v
M1

dv dv
∫ = ∫
f (v)−v v 2 +2v+2

attempts to complete the square (M1)

∫
dv
2
A1
(v+1) +1

arctan (v + 1) (= ln x + C) A1

OR

attempts to find f (v) M1

v + x
dv

dx
= v
2
+ 3v + 2 A1

∫
dv

v 2 +2v+2
=
dx

x
M1

attempts to complete the square (M1)

∫
dv
2
(= ∫
dx

x
) A1
(v+1) +1

arctan (v + 1) (= ln x + C) A1

THEN

when x ,
= 1 v = −1 (or y = −1 ) and so C = 0 M1
 substitutes for v into their expression M1
y
arctan ( + 1) = ln x
x

A1
y
+ 1 = tan (ln x)
x

so y = x(tan (ln x) − 1) AG

[9 marks]

π π
(c) The curve has a point of inflexion at (x , y ) where e
1 1
−
2 < x1 < e 2

. Determine the coordinates of this point of inflexion. [6]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

EITHER
π π
a correct graph of y = f ′(x) (for approximately e −
2
< x < e 2
) with a local
minimum point below the x-axis A2

Note: Award M1A1 for .

dy 2
= tan (ln x) + sec (ln x) − 1
dx

attempts to find the x-coordinate of the local minimum point on the graph of
y = f ′(x) (M1)
OR
π π
a correct graph of y = f ′′(x) (for approximately e −
2 < x < e 2
) showing the
location of the x-intercept A2

2 2 2

Note: Award M1A1 for .

d y sec (ln x) 2 sec (ln x) tan (ln x)
2
= +
dx x x

attempts to find the x-intercept (M1)

THEN

x = 0. 629 (= e
−arctan
2 ) A1

attempts to find f (0. 629) (f (e −arctan

2 )) (M1)
 1 1

the coordinates are (0. 629, − 0. 943) (e

−arctan
2 , −
3

2
e
−arctan
2 ) A1

METHOD 2
2

attempts implicit differentiation on to find M1

dy d y
2
dx dx

dy
2 (2y+3x)(x −y)
d y
(or equivalent)
dx

=
dx 2 x3

( ) A1
d y 3x dy y
= 0 ⇒ y = − ≠
dx 2 2 dx x

π π
attempts to solve − 3x

2
= x(tan (ln x) − 1) for x where e −
2 < x < e 2
M1

x = 0. 629 (= e
−arctan
2 ) A1

attempts to find f (0. 629) (f (= e

−arctan
2 )) (M1)

1 1

the coordinates are (0. 629, − 0. 943) (e

−arctan
2 , −
3

2
e
−arctan
2 ) A1

[6 marks]

(d)
2 2

Use the differential equation to show that the points

dy y +3xy+2x
=
dx x2

of zero gradient on the curve lie on two straight lines of the form
y = mx where the values of m are to be determined. [4]

Markscheme

M1
dy 2 2
= 0 ⇒ y + 3xy + 2x = 0
dx

attempts to solve y 2
+ 3xy + 2x
2
= 0 for y M1

2
−3x±√ (3x) −4(2x 2 )
(y + 2x)(y + x) = 0 or y =
2
(=
−3x±x

2
, (x > 0)) A1

y = −2x and y = −x (m = −2, − 1) A1

 Note: Award M1 for stating , M1 for substituting y = mx into ,
dy dy
= 0 (= 0)
dx dx

A1 for (m + 2)(m + 1) = 0 and A1 for m = −2, − 1 ⇒ y = −2x and

y = −x.

[4 marks]

3. [Maximum mark: 17] [Link].TZ0.11

2x

A curve is given by the equation y =

e

e 2x +1
−1
,x .
∈ R

(a) By applying l’Hôpital’s rule or otherwise, show that e

2x
−1
.
lim (
x→∞
e
2x
+1
) = 1
[2]

Markscheme

EITHER

attempt to use l’Hôpital’s (M1)

2x 2x

lim (
e

e 2x +1
−1
) = lim
2e

2 e 2x
A1
x→∞ x→∞

OR

attempt to divide each term by e 2x

(M1)

2x −2x

lim (
e

e
2x
−1

+1
) = lim (
1−e

1+e
−2x ) A1
x→∞ x→∞

THEN

= 1 AG

[2 marks]

(b.i)
2x

Show that .
dy 4e

dx
=
(e 2x +1)
2 [3]

Markscheme
 attempt to use quotient rule or product rule M1
2x 2x 2x 2x
(e +1)2 e −(e −1)2 e
A1A1
dy
= 2
dx (e
2x
+1)

Note: Award A1 for first term in numerator, A1 for second term in numerator. If
denominator is incorrect award A1A0.

2x

=
4e
2
AG
(e 2x +1)

[3 marks]

([Link]) Hence, show that 1 − y 2

=
dy

dx
. [3]

Markscheme

attempt to substitute for y and express as a single fraction M1

2
2x
(e −1)
2
1 − y = 1 − 2
2x
(e +1)

2x 2 2x 2
(e +1) −(e −1)
= 2
or equivalent (A1)
(e 2x +1)

4x 2x 4x 2x
e +2 e +1−(e −2 e +1)
OR A1
2x
2e ×2
= 2 2
(e 2x +1) (e 2x +1)

2x

=
4e
2x
2
AG
(e +1)

[3 marks]

(c.i) By using implicit differentiation and the result in part (b)(ii), show that
2

. [3]
d y 3
2 = 2y − 2y
dx

Markscheme

attempt to use implicit differentiation M1

 2

A1
d y dy
( 2
=) − 2y
dx dx

= −2y(1 − y )
2
A1

= 2y
3
− 2y AG

[3 marks]

([Link])
3

Hence, find an expression for in terms of y. [2]

d y
3
dx

Markscheme

A1
d y 2 dy
( =) (6y − 2)
dx 3 dx

= (6y
2
− 2)(1 − y )
2
(= 8y
2
− 6y
4
− 2) A1

[2 marks]

(d) By using your results from parts (b) and (c), find the Maclaurin series for
2x
e

e
2x
−1

+1
up to and including the term in x . 3
[4]

Markscheme

attempt to evaluate at least three of y, y′, y′′, y′′′ at x = 0 (M1)

,
y(0) = 0 y′(0) = 1 y′′(0) = 0 y′′′(0) = −2 , , A1

y′′(0) y′′′(0)
attempt to use Maclaurin series y ≈ y(0) + y′(0)x +
2!
x
2
+
3!
3
x +. . .

M1

2 (−2) 3
y ≈ 0 + 1x + 0x + x +. . .
3!

y ≈ x −
x

3
+. . . A1

[4 marks]

4. [Maximum mark: 19] [Link].TZ1.11

Consider the curve C defined by the equation e x+y
= x
2
+ y
2
, shown on the following
diagram. The curve has a line of symmetry y = x.

There are two points on the curve C where the tangent is horizontal. These points are
labelled P and Q.

(a)
x+y

Show that .
dy

dx
=
2x−e

e
x+y
−2y
[5]

Markscheme

attempt to use implicit differentiation M1

A1A1
dy x+y dy
(1 + )e = 2x + 2y
dx dx

Note: Award A1 for LHS and A1 for RHS.

attempt to expand brackets and collect terms on the same side M1

dy

dx

x+y dy
OR OR
dy x+y x+y dy dy x+y
e − 2y = 2x − e e − 2y + e = 2x
dx dx dx dx

A1
x+y dy x+y
(e − 2y) = 2x − e
dx
 x+y

AG
dy 2x−e
=
dx e x+y −2y

[5 marks]

(b.i) Show that the x-coordinates of points P and Q satisfy the equation
2x
2
+ (ln (2x))
2
− 2x ln (2x) − 2x = 0 . [4]

Markscheme

recognition that 2x − e x+y

= 0 at P and Q (M1)

⇒ x + y = ln (2x) A1

recognition that e x+y

= x
2
+ y
2
at P and Q (M1)

⇒ 2x = x
2
+ (ln (2x) − x)
2
or equivalent A1

AG
2 2
2x + (ln (2x)) − 2x ln (2x) − 2x = 0

[4 marks]

([Link]) Hence, find the coordinates of P and the coordinates of Q. [5]

Markscheme

x = 0. 331077 … or 1. 84273 …

x = 0. 331 or 1. 84 A1A1

attempt to use x + y = ln (2x) OR e

x+y
= x
2
+ y
2
to find y-coordinates
(M1)

y = −0. 743332 … , y = −0. 538335 …

coordinates (0. 331, −0. 743) and (1. 84, −0. 538) A1A1

Note: If no working shown, award A1A1(M1)A0A0 for (0. 33, −0. 74) and
(1. 8, −0. 54) ( 2 sf )
 [9 marks]

(c) Using the line of symmetry, write down the coordinates of the points
on the curve C where the tangent is vertical. [1]

Markscheme

coordinates (−0. 743, 0. 331) and (−0. 538, 1. 84) A1

Note: Do not award FT from (b) if only one coordinate pair is given.

[1 mark]

(d) Find the coordinates of the point on the curve C where the tangent
has a gradient of −1. [4]

Markscheme

x+y

setting 2x−e

e
x+y
−2y
= −1 OR recognition that the point lies on line of symmetry
(M1)

x+y x+y
2x − e = 2y − e

y = x (A1)

attempt to substitute y = x into e x+y

= x
2
+ y
2
(M1)

e
2x
= 2x
2
OR e
2y
= 2y
2

x = −0. 451, y = −0. 451 A1

coordinates (−0. 451, −0. 451)

Note: If no working shown, award M1A1(M1)A0 for x ( sf )

= −0. 45, y = −0. 45 2

[4 marks]
5. [Maximum mark: 6] [Link].TZ2.6
The volume of a spherical bubble increases at a constant rate of 5 cm 3
s
−1
.

The initial volume of the bubble can be assumed to be zero.

Find the rate, in cm s , at which the radius of the bubble is increasing when
−1

the volume of the bubble is 20 cm . 3

[6]

Markscheme

attempts to solve (V =)
4

3
πr 3
= 20 for r (M1)
1

(seen anywhere) A1
3
15
r = 1. 68389 … (= ( ) )
π

attempts to use the chain rule (M1)

dV

dt
=
dV

dr
×
dr

dt
OR dr

dt
=
dr

dV
×
dV

dt
(or equivalent)

EITHER
2

A1
2 dr
dV
dt
= 4 πr 2 dr
dt
(= 4 π(1. 68389 …) dt
) (= 4 π( 15

π
)
dr
dt
)

OR

⎛ ⎞
dr
=
πr
1 dV
(=
1 dV
) =
1 dV
A1
π(1.68389…)
2 2 2
dt 4 dt 4 dt dt
⎝ π(
4
15
)
3 ⎠
π

THEN

attempts to find dr

dt
when dV

dt
= 5 (M1)

dr
= 0. 140324 …
dt

π
(cm s−1) (accept 0. 14)
3
dr

dt
= 0. 140(=
4
5

π
(
15
) ) A1
 [6 marks]

6. [Maximum mark: 31] [Link].TZ0.2

This question begins by asking you to examine families of curves that intersect every
member of another family of curves at right-angles. You will then examine a family of
curves that intersects every member of another family of curves at an acute angle, α.

(a) Consider a family of straight lines, L, with equation y = mx, where m

is a parameter. Each member of L intersects every member of a family
of curves, C , at right-angles.

Note: In parts (i), (ii) and (iii), you are not required to consider the case
where x = 0.

(a.i) Write down an expression for the gradient of L in terms of x and y. [1]

Markscheme

A1
y

[1 mark]

([Link]) Hence show that the gradient of C is given by

dy

dx
= −
x

y
. [1]

Markscheme

A1
dy 1 1
= − y (= − )
dx ( ) m
x

Note: Award A1 for responses such as the gradient is the negative (opposite)
reciprocal of or × m = −1 (or equivalent).
y y

x x

Award A1 for .
y x
× (− ) = −1
x y

Do not award FT from part (a) (i).

so AG
dy x
= −
dx y
 [1 mark]

([Link]) By solving the differential equation dy

dx
= −
x

y
, show that the family of
curves, C , has equation x 2
+ y
2
= k where k is a parameter. [2]

Markscheme

attempts to separate variables x and y (M1)

∫ y dy = − ∫ x dx

Note: Award (M1) for y dy = −x dx .

2 2

A1
y x
= − + c
2 2

2 2

Note: Award A1 for .

y x
+ c1 = − + c2
2 2

2 2

Award A0 .
y x
= −
2 2

2 2
x y
+ = c
2 2

⇒ x
2
+ y
2
= k (where k = 2c ) AG

[2 marks]

A family of curves has equation y 2

= 4a
2
− 4ax where a is a positive real parameter.

A second family of curves has equation y 2

= 4b
2
+ 4bx where b is a positive real
parameter.

(b) Consider the case where a = 2 and b = 1. On the same set of axes,
sketch the curves y = 16 − 8x and y = 4 + 4x. On your sketch,
2 2

clearly label each curve and any x-intercepts.

Note: You are not required to find the coordinates of any points of
intersection of the two curves. [3]

Markscheme
 two parabolic shaped curves with approximately correct shape/position (e.g. two
intersection points, in first and fourth quadrant) A1A1

x-intercepts −1 and 2. A1

[3 marks]

(c) By solving y 2
= 4a
2
− 4ax and y 2
= 4b
2
+ 4bx simultaneously,
show that these curves intersect at the points M(a − b, 2√ ab) and

N(a − b, − 2√ ab) . [6]

Markscheme

at intersection, 4a 2
− 4ax = 4b
2
− 4bx

2 2 2 2 2 2
4a − 4b = 4ax + 4bx (a − b = ax + bx, 4a − 4b − 4ax − 4bx = 0)

A1

attempts to factorize either the LHS or the RHS of the first two equations above (or
equivalent) OR attempts to partially factorize the LHS side of
a − b − ax − bx = 0 (or equivalent) (M1)
2 2

(a + b)(a − b) = (a + b)x

Note: Accept alternative forms such as 4(a + b)(a − b) = 4(a + b)x or

(a + b)((a − b) − x) = 0.
 recognition that a + b > 0 (or equivalent, e.g. a ,
> 0 b > 0 ) (allows division by
a + b) R1

Note: Subsequent marks are not dependent on this R1.

x = a − b A1

Note: As x = a − b is an AG, only award the above A1 if a 2

− b
2
= (a + b)(a − b)

has been used.

substitutes x = a − b into either y 2

= 4a
2
− 4ax or y 2
= 4b
2
+ 4bx and
attempts to simplify (M1)

y
2
= 4a
2
− 4a(a − b) OR y 2
= 4b
2
+ 4b(a − b)

y
2
= 4a
2
− 4a
2
+ 4ab ⇒ y = ±2√ ab A1

so M(a − b, 2√ ab) and N(a − b, − 2√ ab) AG

[6 marks]

(d) At point M, show that the curves y = 4a 2 2

− 4ax and
y = 4b + 4bx intersect at right-angles. [5]
2 2

Markscheme

METHOD 1

attempts implicit differentiation on either curve (M1)

(or equivalent) and (or equivalent) A1

dy 4a dy 4b
= − =
dx 2y dx 2y

substitutes y into either or (M1)

dy 4a dy 4b
= 2√ ab = − =
dx 2y dx 2y

and (or equivalent) A1

dy a a dy b b
= −√ (= − ) = √ (= )
dx b √ ab dx a √ ab

EITHER

−√
a

b
× √
b

a
= −1 OR − a
×
b
= −1 (or equivalent) A1
√ ab √ ab

OR
e.g. the negative (opposite) reciprocal of −√ a

b
is √ b

a
(or equivalent) A1

OR

the product of the two gradients is −1 A1

THEN

so at point M, the curves intersect at right angles AG

METHOD 2

attempts chain rule differentiation on either y 2

= √ 4a − 4ax or
y = √ 4b
2
+ 4bx (M1)

(or equivalent) and (or equivalent) A1

dy 2a dy 2b
= − =
dx √ 4a 2 −4ax dx √ 4b 2 +4bx

substitutes x into either or

dy 2a dy 2b
= a − b = − =
dx √ 4a 2 −4ax dx √ 4b 2 +4bx

(M1)

dx

dy
= −√
a

b
(= −
a
) and dx

dy
= √
b

a
(=
b
) (or equivalent) A1
√ ab √ ab

EITHER

−√
a

b
× √
b

a
= −1 OR − a
×
b
= −1 (or equivalent) A1
√ ab √ ab

OR

e.g. the negative reciprocal of −√ a

b
is √ a
b
(or equivalent) A1

OR

the product of the two gradients is −1 A1

THEN

so at point M, the curves intersect at right angles AG

[5 marks]
Consider two families of curves, F and G.

The gradient of F is denoted by f (x, y) .

The gradient of G is denoted by g(x, y) .

Each member of F intersects every member of G at an acute angle, α.

It can be shown that

f (x, y)+tan α
g(x, y) =
1−f (x, y) tan α
.

In part (e), consider the specific case where f (x, y) = −

x

y
, for x ,
≠ 0 y ≠ 0 and
α =
π

4
.

(e.i) Show that g(x, y) =

y−x

y+x
. [2]

Markscheme

x π
− +tan

g(x, y) =
y

x
4

π
(A1)
1−(− ) tan
y 4

x −x+y
− +1

A1
y y
g(x, y) = x (= y+x )
1+
y y

so g(x, AG
y−x
y) =
y+x

[2 marks]

([Link]) Hence, by solving the homogeneous differential equation

dy

dx
=
y−x

y+x

, find a general equation that represents this family of curves, G. Give

your answer in the form h(x, y) = d where d is a parameter. [9]

Markscheme

let y = vx (M1)

(A1)
dy dv
= v + x
dx dx
 (v + x
dv

dx
=)
vx−x

vx+x
(=
v−1

v+1
) (A1)

attempts to express x dv

dx
as a single fraction in v (M1)
2

x
dv

dx
=
v +1

v+1
(or equivalent) (A1)

attempts to separate variables x and v (M1)

∫
v+1
2
v +1
dv = − ∫
1

x
dx (or equivalent)

2
ln(v
2
+ 1) + arc tan v = − ln|x|(+d) (or equivalent) A1A1
2

(or equivalent) A1
1 y y
ln( + 1) + arc tan + ln|x| = d
2 x2 x

[9 marks]

(f ) By considering lim tan α

π
, show that, for all finite f (x, ,
y)
α→
2

1
lim g(x, y) = − .
α→
π

2
f (x, y)
[2]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
1
f (x, y)+1
g(x, y) =
tan α

1
M1
−f (x, y)
tan α

EITHER

π
as α →
2
,
tan α
1
→ 0 , (hence g(x, y) → −
1

f (x, y)
) R1

OR

π
as α and so g(x, R1
0×f (x, y)+1
→ , tan α → ∞ y) →
2 0−f (x, y)

THEN

lim g(x, y) = −
1

f (x, y)
AG
π
α→
2

Note: The R1 is dependent on the M1.

 METHOD 2

uses either tan α =

sin α

cos α
or 1

tan α
=
cos α

tan α
to form
M1
cos α f (x, y)+sin α
g(x, y) =
cos α−sin α f (x, y)

π
as α and sin and so g(x,
0×f (x, y)+1
→ , cos α → 0 α → 1 y) →
2 0−f (x, y)

R1

lim g (x, y) = −
1

f (x, y)
AG
π
α→
2

Note: The R1 is dependent on the M1.

[2 marks]

7. [Maximum mark: 5] [Link].TZ1.6

The side lengths, x cm, of an equilateral triangle are increasing at a rate of
4 cm s .−1

Find the rate at which the area of the triangle, A cm , is increasing when the 2

side lengths are 5√3 cm.

[5]

Markscheme

A =
1

2
x
2
sin
π

3
OR A =
1

2
x
2
sin 60 ° OR triangle height
2
(A1)
2 x √3
h = √x − ( ) (= x)
2 2

OR A1
1 2 √3 1 √3 √3 2
= x ( ) A = x( x)(= x )
2 2 2 2 4

Note: Award A1 for sin . This may be seen at a later stage.

π √3
=
3 2
 attempt to use chain rule or implicit differentiation (M1)

dA dA dx
= ×
dt dx dt

OR (A1)
dA √3 dx dA 1 π dx
= × 2x = × sin × 2x
dt 4 dt dt 2 3 dt

2√ 3
= × 5√ 3 × 4
4

dA

dt
= 30 (cm
2
s
−1
) A1

Note: Award a maximum of (A1)A1(M1)(A0)A1 for a correct answer with incorrect

derivative notation seen throughout.

[5 marks]

8. [Maximum mark: 30] [Link].TZ1.2

In this question, you will investigate the maximum product of positive real numbers
with a given sum.

Consider the two numbers x , x 1 2 ∈ R

+
, such that x 1 + x 2 = 12 .

(a) Find the product of x and x as a function, f , of x only.

1 2 1 [2]

Markscheme

x 2 = 12 − x 1 (M1)

f (x) = x 1 (12 − x 1 ) A1

[2 marks]

(b.i) Find the value of x for which the function is maximum.

1 [1]
 Markscheme

(x 1 =) 6 A1

Note: Award the A1 if 6 seen in part (ii).

[1 mark]

([Link]) Hence show that the maximum product of x and x is 36. 1 2 [1]

Markscheme

f (6) OR 6
2
OR graph with maximum at (6, 36) M1

= 36 AG

[1 mark]

Consider M (S) to be the maximum product of n positive real numbers with a sum of S
n

, where n ∈ Z and S ∈ R .
+ +

2
For n = 2 , the maximum product can be expressed as M 2 (S) = (
S

2
) .

(c) Verify that M S

2
is true for S .
2 (S) = (
2
) = 12
[1]

Markscheme

2
M 2 (12) = (
12

2
) = 36 which is the maximum product (from (b)(ii)) A1
 Note: Both the 36 AND a link to part (b), which may be simply seeing the word
“maximum” must be seen to award the A1.

[1 mark]

Consider n positive real numbers, x , x , … , x . 1 2 n

The geometric mean is defined as (x × x × … × x ) . It is given that the geometric

1 2 n
n

mean is always less than or equal to the arithmetic mean, so

1

.
(x 1 +x 2 +…+x n )
(x 1 × x 2 × … × x n ) n
≤
n

(d.i) Show that the geometric mean and arithmetic mean are equal when
x = x = … = x .
1 2 n [2]

Markscheme

let all x be labelled as x (or x or x etc.)

1 1 n (M1)

Note: Do not accept use of a specific number for x or n.

(x
n
) n
= x and nx

n
= x A1

[2 marks]

([Link]) Use this result to prove that M S n

.
n (S) = (
n
)
[4]

Markscheme

x1 + x2 + … + xn = S (A1)
1

(x 1 × x 2 × … × x n ) n
≤
S

n
M1
 Note: Award M1 for use of the inequality, which may be seen as an equality.

n
x1 × x2 × … × xn ≤ (
S

n
) (as both sides are positive) M1

LHS and RHS are equal when all values of x are equal (to i
S

n
) R1

n
M n (S) = (
S

n
) AG

[4 marks]

(e) Hence determine the value of

(e.i) ;
M 3 (12) [1]

Markscheme

M 3 (12) = 4
3
= 64 A1

[1 mark]

([Link]) ;
M 4 (12) [1]

Markscheme

M 4 (12) = 3
4
= 81 A1

[1 mark]

([Link]) .
M 5 (12) [1]
 Markscheme

M 5 (12) = 2. 4
5
= 79. 6 (79. 6262 …) A1

[1 mark]

For n ∈ Z
+
, let P (S) denote the maximum value of M n (S) across all possible values
of n.

(f ) Write down the value of P (12) and the value of n at which it occurs. [2]

Markscheme

considering M n (12) for higher values of n

P (12) = 81 A1

n = 4 A1

Note: Award A0A0 for P (12) = 82. 6 and n = 4. 41 .

[2 marks]

(g) Determine the value of P (20) and the value of n at which it occurs. [3]

Markscheme

n
Consideration of graph or table of ( 20

n
) including values either side of 7 (M1)

Maximum occurs when n = 7 A1

7
P (20) = (
20

7
) = 1550 (1554. 260 …) A1
 Note: Award (M1)A0A1 for n = 7. 36 and P (20) = 1570 .

[3 marks]

Consider the function g, defined by ln (g(x)) = x ln(

S

x
) , where x ∈ R
+
.

A sketch of the graph of y = g(x) is shown in the following diagram. Point A is the
maximum point on this graph.

(h) Find, in terms of S , the x-coordinate of point A. [6]

Markscheme

EITHER

ln(g(x)) = x(ln(S) − ln x) M1

attempt to use implicit differentiation and product rule M1M1

g′(x)

g(x)
= ln S − ln x − x
1

x
A1
 OR

attempt to use implicit differentiation, product rule and chain rule M1M1M1

g′(x)

g(x)
= ln
S

x
+ (x
x

S
×
−S

x
2 ) A1

OR

attempt to make equation explicit to g(x) = e

x ln(
x
)
M1

attempt to use product rule and chain rule M1M1

S
x ln( ) x −2 S
g′(x) = e x
[x × × (−Sx ) + ln( )]
S x

= e
x ln(
x
)
[ln(
S

x
) − 1] A1

THEN

S
g′(x) = (ln − 1)g(x)
x

g(x) ≠ 0

g′(x) = 0 ⇒ ln
S

x
− 1 = 0 M1

x =
S

e
(0. 368 S, 0. 36789 … S) A1

[6 marks]

(i) Verify that g(x) = M x (S) , when x ∈ Z

+
. [2]

Markscheme

x
ln(g(x)) = x ln(
S

x
) ⇒ ln(g(x)) = ln (
S

x
) M1

x
g(x) = (
S

x
) A1
 = M x (S) for x ∈ Z
+
AG

[2 marks]

(j) Use your answer to part (h) to find the largest possible product of
positive numbers whose sum is 100. Give your answer in the form
a × 10
k
, where 1 ≤ a < 10 and k ∈ Z
+
. [3]

Markscheme

100

e
= 36. 8 M1

36 37
(
100

36
) = 9. 3996 … × 10
15
AND ( 100

37
) = 9. 47406 … × 10
15
R1

largest possible product is 9. 47 × 10 15

(9. 4706 … × 10
15
) A1

Note: Award A1 independently of the R1 (but not independently of the M1).

[3 marks]

9. [Maximum mark: 7] [Link].TZ0.7

Consider the curve with equation (x 2
+ y )y
2 2
= 4x
2
where x ≥ 0 and
−2 < y < 2.

Show that the curve has no local maximum or local minimum points for x > 0

. [7]

Markscheme

attempt at implicit differentiation, including use of the product rule (M1)

EITHER
 A1A1A1
dy 2 2 2 dy
(2x + 2y )y + (x + y )2y = 8x
dx dx

Note: Award A1 for each of (2x + 2y and 8x

dy 2 2 2 dy
)y , (x + y )2y
dx dx

OR

2 2 4 2
x y + y = 4x

A1A1A1
2 2 dy 3 dy
2xy + 2x y + 4y = 8x
dx dx

Note: Award A1 for each of 2xy and 8x.

2 2 dy 3 dy
+ 2x y , 4y
dx dx

THEN

at a local maximum or minimum point, (M1)

dy
= 0
dx

2
2xy = 8x

x = 0 or y 2
= 4(⇒ y = ±2) A1

Note: Award A0 for x = 0 or y = 2

since x > 0 and −2 < y < 2 there are no solutions R1

hence there are no local maximum or minimum points AG

[7 marks]

10. [Maximum mark: 6] [Link].TZ0.8

The following diagram shows liquid in a round-bottomed glass flask, which is
made of a sphere and a cylindrical neck.
Initially, the flask is empty. Liquid is poured into the flask at a rate of 2 cm 3
s
−1
.
You may assume that the liquid does not reach the cylindrical neck.

The volume V cm
3
and the height h cm of the liquid in the flask satisfy the
equation

V = 5 πh 2
−
1

3
πh . 3

Find the rate of change of the height of the liquid in the flask at the instant
when the volume of the liquid is 200 cm . 3
[6]

Markscheme

EITHER

(
dV

dh
=)10 πh − πh 2
(A1)

Note: This A1 may be implied by the value dV

dh
= 76. 5616 … .

attempt to use chain rule to find a relationship between dh

dt
,
dV

dt
and dV

dh

(M1)

dh dh dV 1 dV
= × (= dV
× )
dt dV dt ( ) dt
dh

OR
 attempt to differentiate V = 5 πh 2
−
1

3
πh throughout with respect to t
3

(M1)

dV

dt
= 10 πh dh

dt
− πh 2 dh
dt
(A1)

THEN

(10 πh − πh 2
)
dh
dt
= 2 OR dh
dt
=
10 πh−πh
2
2
(A1)

Note: Award this A1 if the correct expression is seen with their h already substituted.

attempt to solve 200 = 5 πh 2

−
1

3
πh 3
(M1)

h = 4. 20648 … (A1)

Note: This (M1)(A1) can be awarded independently of all previous marks, and
may be implied by the value = 76. 5616 …
dV

dh

Ignore extra values of h − 3. 24 and 14. 0.

dh
= 0. 0261227 …
dt

dh

dt
= 0. 0261 (cms
−1
) A1

[6 marks]

11. [Maximum mark: 20] [Link].TZ1.10

Consider the function f (x) 2
= √x − 1 , where 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 .

(a) Sketch the curve y = f (x) , clearly indicating the coordinates of the
endpoints. [2]
 Markscheme

correct shape (concave down) within the given domain 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 A1

(1, 0) and (2, √3)(= (2, 1. 73)) A1

Note: The coordinates of endpoints may be seen on the graph or marked on

the axes.

[2 marks]

(b.i) Show that the inverse function of f is given by f −1 2

(x) = √ x + 1 . [3]

Markscheme

interchanging x and y (seen anywhere) M1

2
x = √y − 1

x
2
= y
2
− 1 A1
 2
y = √x + 1 A1

f
−1 2
(x) = √ x + 1 AG

[3 marks]

([Link]) State the domain and range of f −1

. [2]

Markscheme

0 ≤ x ≤ √3 OR domain [0, √3](= [0, 1. 73]) A1

1 ≤ y ≤ 2 OR 1 ≤ f
−1
(x) ≤ 2 OR range [1, 2] A1

[2 marks]

The curve y = f (x) is rotated 2π about the y-axis to form a solid of revolution that is
used to model a water container.

(c.i) Show that the volume, V m

3
, of water in the container when it is filled
to a height of h metres is given by V = π(
1

3
h
3
+ h) . [3]

Markscheme

attempt to substitute x 2
= √y + 1 into the correct volume formula (M1)

h 2 h

V = π ∫ (√ y
2
+ 1) d y (= π ∫ (y
2
+ 1) d y) A1
0 0

h
= π[
1

3
y
3
+ y]
0
A1

= π(
1

3
h
3
+ h) AG

Note: Award marks as appropriate for correct work using a different variable e.g.
 h 2
2
π ∫ (√ x + 1) d x
0

[3 marks]

([Link]) Hence, determine the maximum volume of the container. [2]

Markscheme

attempt to substitute h = √ 3 (= 1. 732 …) into V (M1)

V = 10. 8828 …

V = 10. 9 (m ) (= 2√ 3
3
π) (m 3
) A1

[2 marks]

At t = 0, the container is empty. Water is then added to the container at a constant

rate of 0. 4 m s . 3 −1

(d) Find the time it takes to fill the container to its maximum volume. [2]

Markscheme

2√ 3 π
time = 10.8828…

0.4
(=
0.4
) (M1)

= 27. 207 …

= 27. 2(= 5√ 3 π)(s) A1

[2 marks]
 (e) Find the rate of change of the height of the water when the container is
filled to half its maximum volume. [6]

Markscheme

attempt to find the height of the tank when V = 5. 4414 … (= √ 3 π) (M1)

π( 1

3
h
3
+ h) = 5. 4414 … (= √ 3 π)

h = 1. 1818 … (A1)

attempt to use the chain rule or differentiate V = π( 1

3
h
3
+ h) with respect to t
(M1)

dh

dt
=
dh

dV
×
dV

dt
=
π(h
1
2
+1)
×
dV

dt
OR dV

dt
= π(h 2
+ 1)
dh

dt
(A1)

attempt to substitute their h and dV

dt
= 0. 4 (M1)

dh 0.4
= = 0. 053124 …
dt π(1.1818… 2
+1)

= 0. 0531 (m s
−1
) A1

[6 marks]

12. [Maximum mark: 28] [Link].TZ2.1

This question asks you to explore properties of a family of curves of the type
y = x + ax + b for various values of a and b, where a, b ∈ N.
2 3

On the same set of axes, sketch the following curves for −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and −2 ≤ y ≤ 2

, clearly indicating any points of intersection with the coordinate axes.

(a.i) y
2 3
= x , x ≥ 0 [2]

Markscheme
 approximately symmetric about the x-axis graph of y 2
= x
3
A1

including cusp/sharp point at (0, 0) A1

[2 marks]

Note: Final A1 can be awarded if intersections are in approximate correct place with
respect to the axes shown. Award A1A1A1A0 if graphs ‘merge’ or ‘cross’ or are
discontinuous at x-axis but are otherwise correct. Award A1A0A0A0 if only one
correct branch of both curves are seen.

Note: If they sketch graphs on separate axes, award a maximum of 2 marks for the
‘best’ response seen. This is likely to be A1A1A0A0.

([Link]) y
2
= x
3
+ 1, x ≥ −1 [2]

Markscheme
 approximately symmetric about the x-axis graph of y = x 2 3
+ 1 with
approximately correct gradient at axes intercepts A1
some indication of position of intersections at x = −1, y = ±1 A1

[2 marks]

Note: Final A1 can be awarded if intersections are in approximate correct place with
respect to the axes shown. Award A1A1A1A0 if graphs ‘merge’ or ‘cross’ or are
discontinuous at x-axis but are otherwise correct. Award A1A0A0A0 if only one
correct branch of both curves are seen.

Note: If they sketch graphs on separate axes, award a maximum of 2 marks for the
‘best’ response seen. This is likely to be A1A1A0A0.

(b.i) Write down the coordinates of the two points of inflexion on the curve
y = x + 1. [1]
2 3

Markscheme

(0, 1) and (0, − 1) A1

[1 mark]

([Link]) By considering each curve from part (a), identify two key features that
would distinguish one curve from the other. [1]

Markscheme

Any two from:

y
2
= x
3
has a cusp/sharp point, (the other does not)

graphs have different domains

y
2
= x
3
+ 1 has points of inflexion, (the other does not)
 graphs have different x-axis intercepts (one goes through the origin, and the other
does not)

graphs have different y-axis intercepts A1

Note: Follow through from their sketch in part (a)(i). In accordance with
marking rules, mark their first two responses and ignore any subsequent.

[1 mark]

Now, consider curves of the form y , for x , where b .

2 3 3 +
= x + b ≥ −√ b ∈ Z

(c) By varying the value of b, suggest two key features common to these
curves. [2]

Markscheme

Any two from:

as , x → ∞, y → ±∞

as x → ∞, y
2
= x
3
+ b is approximated by y 2
= x
3
(or similar)

they have x intercepts at x

3
= −√ b

they have y intercepts at y = (±)√ b

they all have the same range

y = 0 (or x-axis) is a line of symmetry

they all have the same line of symmetry (y = 0)

they have one x-axis intercept

they have two y-axis intercepts

they have two points of inflexion

 at x-axis intercepts, curve is vertical/infinite gradient

there is no cusp/sharp point at x-axis intercepts A1A1

Note: The last example is the only valid answer for things “not” present. Do
not credit an answer of “they are all symmetrical” without some reference to the
line of symmetry.

Note: Do not allow same/ similar shape or equivalent.

Note: In accordance with marking rules, mark their first two responses and
ignore any subsequent.

[2 marks]

Next, consider the curve y 2

= x
3
+ x, x ≥ 0 .

(d.i)
2

Show that , for x .

dy 3x +1

dx
= ±
3
2√ x +x
> 0 [3]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

attempt to differentiate implicitly M1

A1
dy 2
2y = 3x + 1
dx

OR A1
dy 3x +1 dy 2
3
= (±)2√ x + x = 3x + 1
dx 2y dx

AG
dy 3x +1
= ±
dx 3
2√ x +x

METHOD 2

attempt to use chain rule y 3

= (±)√ x + x M1
 1
−
A1A1
dy 1 3 2 2
= (±) (x + x) (3x + 1)
dx 2

1
−
Note: Award A1 for (±) 1

2
(x
3
+ x)
2
, A1 for (3x 2
+ 1)

AG
dy 3x +1
= ±
dx 2√ x 3 +x

[3 marks]

([Link]) Hence deduce that the curve y 2

= x
3
+ x has no local minimum or
maximum points. [1]

Markscheme

EITHER

local minima/maxima occur when

dy
= 0
dx

1 + 3x
2
= 0 has no (real) solutions (or equivalent) R1

OR

, so R1
2 2 dy
(x ≥ 0 ⇒) 3x + 1 > 0 ≠ 0
dx

THEN

so, no local minima/maxima exist AG

[1 mark]

The curve y = x + x has two points of inflexion. Due to the symmetry of the curve
2 3

these points have the same x-coordinate.

(e) Find the value of this x-coordinate, giving your answer in the form
p√ 3+q
x =
√
r
, where p, q, r ∈ Z . [7]

Markscheme

EITHER
2

attempt to use quotient rule to find M1

d y

dx 2

1
2 3 − 2
3
2
d y 12x√ x+x −(1+3x )(x+x ) 2
(1+3x )

dx
2
= (±)
4(x+x )
3
A1A1

Note: Award A1 for correct 12x√x + x and correct denominator, A1 for correct 3

1
−
−(1 + 3x )(x + x )
2 3 2
(1 + 3x )
2
.

Note: Future A marks may be awarded if the denominator is missing or incorrect.

stating or using (may be seen anywhere) (M1)

d y
= 0
dx 2

1
−
3 2 3 2
12x√ x + x = (1 + 3x )(x + x )
2
(1 + 3x )

OR
2

attempt to use product rule to find M1

d y

dx 2

2 3 1
− −
A1A1
d y 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 2

2
= (3x + 1)(− )(3x + 1)(x + x) + 3x(x + x)
dx 2 2

Note: Award A1 for correct first term, A1 for correct second term.

setting (M1)
d y
= 0
dx 2

OR

attempts implicit differentiation on 2y M1

dy 2
= 3x + 1
dx
 2 2

A1
dy d y
2( ) + 2y 2 = 6x
dx dx

recognizes that (M1)

d y
= 0
dx 2

dy
= ±√ 3x
dx

(±)
3x +1
3
= (±)√ 3x (A1)
2√ x +x

THEN

2
3 2
12x(x + x ) = (1 + 3x )

2 4 4 2
12x + 12x = 9x + 6x + 1

3x
4
+ 6x
2
− 1 = 0 A1

attempt to use quadratic formula or equivalent (M1)

2 −6±√ 48
x =
6

(x > 0 ⇒)x = √
2√ 3−3

3
(p = 2, q = −3, r = 3) A1

Note: Accept any integer multiple of p, q and r (e.g. 4, − 6 and 6).

[7 marks]

P(x, y) is defined to be a rational point on a curve if x and y are rational numbers.

The tangent to the curve y 2

= x
3
+ ax + b at a rational point P intersects the curve at
another rational point Q.

Let C be the curve y , for x . The rational point P(−1, lies on

2 3 3
= x + 2 ≥ −√ 2 − 1)

C.

(f.i) Find the equation of the tangent to C at P. [2]

 Markscheme

attempt to find tangent line through (−1, − 1) (M1)

y + 1 = −
3

2
(x + 1) OR y = −1. 5x − 2. 5 A1

[2 marks]

([Link]) Hence, find the coordinates of the rational point Q where this
tangent intersects C , expressing each coordinate as a fraction. [2]

Markscheme

attempt to solve simultaneously with y 2

= x
3
+ 2 (M1)

Note: The M1 mark can be awarded for an unsupported correct answer in

an incorrect format (e.g. (4. 25, − 8. 875)).

obtain ( 17

4
, −
71

8
) A1

[2 marks]

(g) The point S(−1 , 1) also lies on C . The line [QS] intersects C at a
further point. Determine the coordinates of this point. [5]

Markscheme

attempt to find equation of [QS] (M1)

(A1)
y−1 79
= − (= −1. 88095 …)
x+1 42

solve simultaneously with y 2

= x
3
+ 2 (M1)

x = 0. 28798 … (=
127

441
) A1
 y = −1. 4226 … (=
13175

9261
) A1

(0. 228, − 1. 42)

OR

attempt to find vector equation of [QS] (M1)

21
x −1
( ) = ( ) + λ(
4
) (A1)
79
y 1 −
8

21
x = −1 + λ
4

79
y = 1 − λ
8

2 3
attempt to solve (1 − 79

8
λ) = (−1 +
21

4
λ) + 2 (M1)

λ = 0. 2453 …

x = 0. 28798 … (=
127

441
) A1

y = −1. 4226 … (=
13175

9261
) A1

(0. 228, − 1. 42)

[5 marks]

13. [Maximum mark: 8] [Link].TZ0.8

Consider the curve C given by y = x − xy ln(xy) where x > 0, y > 0 .

(a) Show that

dy dy
.
dx
+ (x
dx
+ y)(1 + ln(xy)) = 1
[3]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
attempts to differentiate implicitly including at least one application of the product
rule (M1)

du dy dv dy 1
u = xy, v = ln(xy), = x + y, = (x + y)
dx dx dx dx xy

A1
dy xy dy dy
= 1 − [ (x + y) + (x + y) ln(xy)]
dx xy dx dx

Note: Award (M1)A1 for implicitly differentiating y = x(1 − y ln(xy)) and

obtaining .
dy xy dy dy
= 1 − [ (x + y) + x ln(xy) + y ln(xy)]
dx xy dx dx

dy dy dy
= 1 − [(x + y) + (x + y) ln(xy)]
dx dx dx

A1
dy dy
= 1 − (x + y)(1 + ln(xy))
dx dx

AG
dy dy
+ (x + y)(1 + ln(xy)) = 1
dx dx

METHOD 2

y = x − xy ln x − xy ln y

attempts to differentiate implicitly including at least one application of the product

rule (M1)

dy xy dy xy dy dy
= 1 − ( + (x + y) ln x) − ( + (x + y) ln y)
dx x dx y dx dx

A1

or equivalent to the above, for example

dy dy dy dy
= 1 − (x ln x + (1 + ln x)y) − (y ln y + x(ln y + ))
dx dx dx dx

A1
dy dy
= 1 − x (ln x + ln y + 1) − y(ln x + ln y + 1)
dx dx

or equivalent to the above, for example

dy dy
= 1 − x (ln (xy) + 1) − y(ln (xy) + 1)
dx dx
 AG
dy dy
+ (x + y)(1 + ln(xy)) = 1
dx dx

METHOD 3

attempt to differentiate implicitly including at least one application of the product

rule M1

du dy x dv dy
u = x ln (xy), v = y, = ln(xy) + (x + y) , =
dx dx xy dx dx

A1
dy dy xy dy
= 1 − (x ln(xy) + y ln(xy) + (x + y))
dx dx xy dx

A1
dy dy
= 1 − x (ln(xy) + 1) − y(ln(xy) + 1)
dx dx

AG
dy dy
+ (x + y)(1 + ln(xy)) = 1
dx dx

METHOD 4

lets w and attempts to find where y M1

dy
= xy = x − w ln w
dx

A1
dy dw dw dw
= 1 − ( + ln w) (= 1 − (1 + ln w))
dx dx dx dx

A1
dw dy
= x + y
dx dx

dy dy dy dy
= 1 − (x + y + (x + y) ln(xy)) (= 1 − (x + y)(1 + ln(xy)))
dx dx dx dx

AG
dy dy
+ (x + y)(1 + ln(xy)) = 1
dx dx

[3 marks]

(b) Hence find the equation of the tangent to C at the point where x = 1 . [5]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
substitutes x = 1 into y = x − xy ln(xy) (M1)

y = 1 − y ln y ⇒ y = 1 A1

substitutes x = 1 and their non-zero value of y into

(M1)
dy dy
+ (x + y)(1 + ln(xy)) = 1
dx dx

A1
dy dy
2 = 0 ( = 0)
dx dx

equation of the tangent is y = 1 A1

METHOD 2

substitutes x into (M1)

dy dy
= 1 + (x + y)(1 + ln(xy)) = 1
dx dx

dy dy
+ ( + y)(1 + ln(y)) = 1
dx dx

EITHER

correctly substitutes ln y into

1−y dy dy
= + ( + y)(1 + ln(xy)) = 1
y dx dx

A1

A1
dy 1 dy
(1 + ) = 0 ⇒ = 0 (y = 1)
dx y dx

OR

correctly substitutes y + y ln y into

dy dy
= 1 + ( + y)(1 + ln(xy)) = 1
dx dx

A1

A1
dy dy
(2 + ln y) = 0 ⇒ = 0 (y = 1)
dx dx

THEN

substitutes x = 1 into y = x − xy ln(xy) (M1)

y = 1 − y ln y ⇒ y = 1
 equation of the tangent is y = 1 A1

[5 marks]

14. [Maximum mark: 30] [Link].TZ0.2

In this question you will be exploring the strategies required to solve a system of
linear differential equations.

Consider the system of linear differential equations of the form:

and ,
dx dy
= x − y = ax + y
dt dt

where x, y, t ∈ R
+
and a is a parameter.

First consider the case where a = 0 .

(a.i) By solving the differential equation

dy

dt
= y , show that y = Ae
t
where
A is a constant. [3]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

dy
= y
dt

(M1)
dy
∫ = ∫ d t
y

ln y = t + c OR ln |y| = t + c A1A1

Note: Award A1 for ln y and A1 for t and c.

y = Ae
t
AG
 METHOD 2

rearranging to AND multiplying by integrating factor e M1

dy −t
− y = 0
dt

ye
−t
= A A1A1

y = Ae
t
AG

[3 marks]

([Link]) Show that dx

dt
− x = −Ae
t
. [1]

Markscheme

substituting y = Ae
t
into differential equation in x M1

dx t
= x − Ae
dt

dx

dt
− x = −Ae
t
AG

[1 mark]

([Link]) Solve the differential equation in part (a)(ii) to find x as a function of t. [4]

Markscheme

integrating factor (IF) is e ∫ −1dt

(M1)

= e
−t
(A1)

−t dx −t
e − xe = −A
dt

xe
−t
= −At + D (A1)

x = (−At + D)e
t
A1
 Note: The first constant must be A, and the second can be any constant for the
final A1 to be awarded. Accept a change of constant applied at the end.

[4 marks]

Now consider the case where a = −1 .

(b.i) By differentiating
dy

dt
= −x + y with respect to t, show that
2
d y

dt
2
= 2
dy

dt
. [3]

Markscheme

2
d y

dt
2
= −
dx

dt
+
dy

dt
A1

EITHER

(M1)
dy
= −x + y +
dt

A1
dy dy
= +
dt dt

OR

= −x + y + (−x + y) (M1)

= 2(−x + y) A1

THEN

AG
dy
= 2
dt

[3 marks]

([Link]) By substituting Y =
dy

dt
, show that Y = Be
2t
where B is a constant.
 [3]

Markscheme

dY

dt
= 2Y A1

∫
dY

Y
= ∫ 2 d t M1

ln|Y | = 2t + c OR ln Y = 2t + c A1

Y = Be
2t
AG

[3 marks]

([Link]) Hence find y as a function of t. [2]

Markscheme

dy 2t
= Be
dt

y = ∫ Be
2t
d t M1

y =
B

2
e
2t
+ C A1

Note: The first constant must be B, and the second can be any constant for the
final A1 to be awarded. Accept a change of constant applied at the end.

[2 marks]

([Link]) Hence show that x = −

B

2
e
2t
+ C , where C is a constant. [3]

Markscheme

METHOD 1
 substituting and their (iii) into M1(M1)
dy 2t dy
= Be = −x + y
dt dt

Be
2t
= −x +
B

2
e
2t
+ C A1

x = −
B

2
e
2t
+ C AG

Note: Follow through from incorrect part (iii) cannot be awarded if it does not lead
to the AG.

METHOD 2

dx B 2t
= x − e − C
dt 2

dx B 2t
− x = − e − C
dt 2

−t
d(xe )

dt
= −
B

2
e
t
− Ce
−t
M1

−t B t −t
xe = ∫ − e − Ce d t
2

xe
−t
= −
B

2
e
t
− Ce
−t
+ D A1

B 2t t
x = − e + C + De
2

M1
dy 2t B 2t t B 2t
= −x + y ⇒ Be = e − C − De + e + C ⇒ D = 0
dt 2 2

x = −
B

2
e
2t
+ C AG

[3 marks]

Now consider the case where a = −4 .

(c.i)
2

Show that . [3]

d y dy
− 2 − 3y = 0
dt 2 dt

Markscheme

dy
= −4x + y
dt

seen anywhere M1
d y dx dy
= −4 +
dt 2 dt dt
 METHOD 1
2
d y dy
= −4(x − y) +
dt 2 dt

attempt to eliminate x M1

1 dy dy
= −4( (y − ) − y) +
4 dt dt

A1
dy
= 2 + 3y
dt

AG
d y dy
− 2 − 3y = 0
dt 2 dt

METHOD 2

rewriting LHS in terms of x and y M1

2

A1
d y dy
− 2 − 3y = (−8x + 5y) − 2(−4x + y) − 3y
dt 2 dt

= 0 AG

[3 marks]

From previous cases, we might conjecture that a solution to this differential equation is
y = F e , λ ∈ R and F is a constant.
λt

([Link])
2

Find the two values for λ that satisfy . [4]

d y dy
− 2 − 3y = 0
dt 2 dt

Markscheme

(A1)
dy λt d y 2 λt
= F λe , 2 = Fλ e
dt dt

Fλ e
2 λt
− 2F λe
λt
− 3F e
λt
= 0 (M1)

λ
2
− 2λ − 3 = 0 (since e λt
≠ 0 ) A1
 λ1 and λ are 3 and −1 (either order)
2 A1

[4 marks]

([Link]) Let the two values found in part (c)(ii) be λ and λ . 1 2

Verify that y = F e + Ge is a solution to the differential equation

λ1 t λ2 t

in (c)(i),where G is a constant. [4]

Markscheme

METHOD 1

3t −t
y = Fe + Ge

(A1)(A1)
dy 3t −t d y 3t −t
= 3F e − Ge , = 9F e − Ge
dt dt 2

2
d y dy 3t −t 3t −t 3t −t
− 2 − 3y = 9F e + Ge − 2(3F e − Ge ) − 3(F e − Ge )
dt 2 dt

M1

= 9F e
3t
+ Ge
−t
− 6F e
3t
+ 2Ge
−t
− 3F e
3t
− 3Ge
−t
A1

= 0 AG

METHOD 2

λ1 t λ2 t
y = Fe + Ge

(A1)(A1)
dy λ1 t λ2 t d y 2 λ1 t 2 λ2 t
= F λ1 e + Gλ 2 e , 2 = F λ1 e + Gλ 2 e
dt dt

2
d y dy 2 λ1 t 2 λ2 t λ1 t λ2 t λ1 t λ2 t
2 − 2 − 3y = F λ 1 e + Gλ 2 e − 2(F λ 1 e + Gλ 2 e ) − 3(F e + Ge )
dt dt

M1

= Fe
λ1 t
(λ
2
− 2λ − 3) + Ge
λ2 t
(λ
2
− 2λ − 3) A1

= 0 AG
 [4 marks]

15. [Maximum mark: 7] [Link].TZ1.9

Two boats A and B travel due north.

Initially, boat B is positioned 50 metres due east of boat A.

The distances travelled by boat A and boat B, after t seconds, are x metres and y metres
respectively. The angle θ is the radian measure of the bearing of boat B from boat A
. This information is shown on the following diagram.

(a) Show that y = x + 50 cot θ . [1]

Markscheme

OR A1
50 y−x
tan θ = cot θ =
y−x 50

y = x + 50 cot θ AG
 Note: y − x may be identified as a length on a diagram, and not written explicitly.

[1 mark]

(b) At time T , the following conditions are true.

Boat B has travelled 10 metres further than boat A.

Boat B is travelling at double the speed of boat A.
The rate of change of the angle θ is −0. 1 radians per second.

Find the speed of boat A at time T . [6]

Markscheme

attempt to differentiate with respect to t (M1)

A1
dy dx 2 dθ
= − 50(cosec θ)
dt dt dt

attempt to set speed of B equal to double the speed of A (M1)

dx dx 2 dθ
2 = − 50(cosec θ)
dt dt dt

A1
dx 2 dθ
= −50(cosec θ)
dt dt

θ = arctan 5(= 1. 373 … = 78. 69 …°) OR

2
cosec
2
θ = 1 + cot
2
θ = 1 + (
1

5
) =
26

25
(A1)

Note: This A1 can be awarded independently of previous marks.

dx 26
= −50( ) × −0. 1
dt 25

So the speed of boat A is 5. 2 (ms −1

) A1

Note: Accept 5. 20 from the use of inexact values.

 [6 marks]

16. [Maximum mark: 15] [Link].TZ0.H_11

Consider the curve C defined by y 2
= sin (xy) , y ≠ 0 .

(a) Show that

dy
=
y cos (xy)
. [5]
dx 2y−x cos (xy)

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.

attempt at implicit differentiation M1

A1M1A1
dy dy
2y = cos (xy)⌊x + y⌋
dx dx

Note: Award A1 for LHS, M1 for attempt at chain rule, A1 for RHS.

dy dy
2y = x cos (xy) + y cos (xy)
dx dx

dy dy
2y − x cos (xy) = y cos (xy)
dx dx

M1
dy
(2y − x cos (xy)) = y cos (xy)
dx

Note: Award M1 for collecting derivatives and factorising.

y cos (xy)
AG
dy
=
dx 2y−x cos (xy)

[5 marks]
(b) Prove that, when
dy

dx
= 0 , y = ±1 . [5]

Markscheme

setting
dy
= 0
dx

y cos (xy) = 0 (M1)

(y ≠ 0) ⇒ cos (xy) = 0 A1

⇒ sin (xy)(= ±√ 1 − cos

2
(xy) = ±√ 1 − 0) = ±1 OR
π π π
OR A1
3
xy = (2n + 1) (n ∈ Z) xy = , ,…
2 2 2

Note: If they offer values for xy, award A1 for at least two correct values in
two different ‘quadrants’ and no incorrect values.

y
2
(= sin (xy)) > 0 R1

⇒ y
2
= 1 A1

⇒ y = ±1 AG

[5 marks]

(c) Hence find the coordinates of all points on C , for 0 < x < 4 π, where
. [5]
dy
= 0
dx

Markscheme

y = ±1 ⇒ 1 = sin (±x) ⇒ sin x = ±1 OR

y = ±1 ⇒ 0 = cos (±x) ⇒ cos x = 0 (M1)

π π
A1A1
5
(sin x = 1 ⇒)( , 1), ( , 1)
2 2

π π
A1A1
3 7
(sin x = −1 ⇒)( , − 1), ( , − 1)
2 2
 π
Note: Allow ‘coordinates’ expressed as x =
2
, y = 1 for example.
Note: Each of the A marks may be awarded independently and are not dependent
on (M1) being awarded.

Note: Mark only the candidate’s first two attempts for each case of sin x.

[5 marks]

17. [Maximum mark: 17] [Link].TZ0.H_11

The following diagram shows part of the graph of 2x 2
= sin
3
y for 0 ⩽ y ⩽ π.

(a.i) Using implicit differentiation, find an expression for

dy

dx
. [4]

Markscheme

valid attempt to differentiate implicitly (M1)

 A1A1
2 dy
4x = 3 sin y cos y
dx

A1
dy 4x
= 2
dx 3 sin y cos y

[4 marks]

([Link]) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point ( 1

4
,
5π

6
) . [4]

Markscheme

at ( (M1)
1 5π dy 4x 1
, ), = 2
= 2
4 6 dx 3 sin y cos y 1 √3
3( ) (− )
2 2

A1
dy 8
⇒ = − (= −1.54)
dx 3√ 3

hence equation of tangent is

y −
5π

6
= −1.54 (x −
1

4
) OR y = −1.54x + 3.00 (M1)A1

Note: Accept y = −1.54x + 3 .

[4 marks]

The shaded region R is the area bounded by the curve, the y-axis and the lines y = 0

and y = π.

(b) Find the area of R. [3]

Markscheme

x = √
1

2
sin
3
y (M1)

π
∫
0
√
1

2
sin
3
y dy (A1)

= 1.24 A1

[3 marks]
 (c) The region R is now rotated about the y-axis, through 2π radians, to
form a solid.

By writing sin 3
y as (1 − cos 2
y)sin y, show that the volume of the
solid formed is 2π

3
. [6]

Markscheme

use of volume = ∫ πx
2
dy (M1)

A1
π 1 3
= ∫ π sin y dy
0 2

1 π 2
= π∫ (sin y − sin y cos y)dy
2 0

Note: Condone absence of limits up to this point.

reasonable attempt to integrate (M1)

π
=
1
2
π[−cos y +
1
3
cos
3
y]
0
A1A1

Note: Award A1 for correct limits (not to be awarded if previous M1 has not been
awarded) and A1 for correct integrand.

=
1

2
π (1 −
1

3
) −
1

2
π (−1 +
1

3
) A1

=
2π

3
AG

Note: Do not accept decimal answer equivalent to 2π

3
.

[6 marks]

18. [Maximum mark: 6] [Link].TZ1.H_5

A camera at point C is 3 m from the edge of a straight section of road as shown
in the following diagram. The camera detects a car travelling along the road at
t = 0. It then rotates, always pointing at the car, until the car passes O, the point

on the edge of the road closest to the camera.

A car travels along the road at a speed of 24 ms−1. Let the position of the car be [6]
X and let OĈX = θ.

Find dθ

dt
, the rate of rotation of the camera, in radians per second, at the instant
the car passes the point O .

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.

let OX = x

METHOD 1

dx

dt
= 24 (or −24) (A1)

dθ

dt
=
dx

dt
×
dθ

dx
(M1)

3 tan θ = x A1

EITHER

3 sec
2
θ =
dx

dθ
A1

dθ 24
= 2
dt 3 sec θ

attempt to substitute for θ = 0 into their differential equation M1

OR

x
θ = arctan ( )
3
dθ

dx
=
1

3
×
1
x2
A1
1+
9

dθ 1
= 24 × 2
dt x
3(1+ )
9

attempt to substitute for x = 0 into their differential equation M1

THEN

dθ
dt
=
24
3
= 8 (rad s−1) A1

Note: Accept −8 rad s−1.

METHOD 2

dx

dt
= 24 (or −24) (A1)

3 tan θ = x A1

attempt to differentiate implicitly with respect to t M1

3 sec
2
θ ×
dθ

dt
=
dx

dt
A1

dθ 24
=
dt 3 sec 2 θ

attempt to substitute for θ = 0 into their differential equation M1

dθ
dt
=
24
3
= 8 (rad s−1) A1

Note: Accept −8 rad s−1.

Note: Can be done by consideration of CX, use of Pythagoras.

METHOD 3

let the position of the car be at time t be d − 24t from O (A1)

tan θ =
d−24t

3
(=
d

3
− 8t) M1

Note: For tan θ =

24t

3
award A0M1 and follow through.
 EITHER

attempt to differentiate implicitly with respect to t M1

sec
2
θ
dθ

dt
= −8 A1

attempt to substitute for θ = 0 into their differential equation M1

OR

θ = arctan (
d

3
− 8t) M1

dθ

dt
=
d
8
2
A1
1+( −8t)
3

at O, t =
d

24
A1

THEN

dθ

dt
= −8 A1

[6 marks]

19. [Maximum mark: 9] [Link].TZ1.H_7

Find the coordinates of the points on the curve y 3
+ 3xy
2
− x
3
= 27 at
which . [9]
dy
= 0
dx

Markscheme

* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain minor
differences in marking or structure.

attempt at implicit differentiation M1

2 dy
A1A1
2 dy 2
3y + 3y + 6xy − 3x = 0
dx dx

Note: Award A1 for the second & third terms, A1 for the first term, fourth term & RHS
equal to zero.
substitution of M1
dy
= 0
dx

2 2
3y − 3x = 0

⇒ y = ±x A1

substitute either variable into original equation M1

y = x ⇒ x
3
= 9 ⇒ x = √9
3
(or y
3
= 9 ⇒ y = √9
3
) A1

y = −x ⇒ x
3
= 27 ⇒ x = 3 (or y
3
= −27 ⇒ y = −3 ) A1

, (3, −3) A1
3 3
(√ 9, √ 9)

[9 marks]

© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2025