Mensuration and
MODULE
Measurements
GEOMETRIC FIGURES
The geometric figures commonly used in drawing pictures are lines, angles,
triangles, quadrilaterals, regular polygons, circles and arcs and solids.
LINE
A line is a set of points. A portion of the line between two distinct points is a called a
line segment. The following are the different kinds of lines.
1. Straight line. It is the shortest distance between two points.
2. Parallel lines. These are lines on the same plane which will not meet no matter how
long you extend them.
3. Perpendicular lines. These are two intersecting lines which form right angles.
ANGLE
An angle is a figure formed by two rays with common end point. Angles are classified
according to their measures. The following are the different kinds of angles.
1. Straight angle. It is an angle whose measure is 180,
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2. Right angle. It is an angle whose measure is 90.
3. Acute angle. It is an angle whose measure is less than 90,
4. Obtuse angle. It is an angle whose measure is more than 90 but less than 180,
5. Complementary angles. These are two angles whose sum measures 90,
6. Supplementary angles. These are two angles whose sum measures 180
POLYGON
A polygon is a closed figure formed by line segments intersecting at end points. The
line segments are called sides of the polygon. Polygon is classified according to the number
of sides. The following are the different kinds of polygon.
1. Triangle. It is a three-sided polygon. The different kinds of triangles are as follows:
a) Equilateral has all three sides equal.
b) Isosceles has two of the sides equal
c) Scalene- has three sides of unequal length.
d) Right is where one of the angles is a right angle
2. Quadrilateral
It is a four sided polygon. The different kinds of quadrilaterals are as follows:
a) Parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of opposite sides parallel and
equal.
b) Rectangle is a parallelogram with a right angle.
c) Square is a rectangle with four equal sides.
d) Rhombus is a parallelogram with a right.
e) Trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel in which
one of them is longer than the other.
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f) Isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid with its nonparallel sides equal.
g) Trapezium is a quadrilateral with no parallel sides and no equal angles.
h) Pentagon. It is a five-sided polygon. If all the sides and angles of the
pentagon are equal, it is a regular pentagon. The measure of each included
angle is 108.
i) Hexagon. It is polygon with six sides. If all the sides and angles are equal, it
is a regular hexagon. The measure of each included angle of a regular
hexagon is 120,
j) Heptagon. It is a polygon with seven sides. If all the sides and angles are
equal, it is a regular heptagon and the measure of each angle is
approximately equal to 128.56,
k) Octagon. It is a polygon with eight sides. If all the sides and angles are equal,
it is a regular octagon and the measure of each angle is 1350,
l) Nonagon. It is a polygon with nine sides. If all the sides and angles are equal,
it is a regular nonagon and the measure of each angle is 140.
m) Decagon It is a polygon with ten sides. If all the sides and angles are equal, it
is a regular decagon and the measure of each angle is 144,
CIRCLE
A circle is a closed curve, all points are equally distant from the center. An arc is a
portion of the circumference of the circle. The following are terms related to a circle or parts
of a circle.
1. Concentric circles consist of two or more circles with a common center
2. Eccentric circles are circles having no common center.
3. Ellipse is an oblique circle with two axes, the minor axis and the major axis.
4. Radius is a line segment from the center to any point on the circle.
5. Chord is a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle.
6. Diameter is a chord that passes through the center.
7. Sector is a portion of a circle bounded by two radii and the intercepted arc.
8. Segment is a portion of a circle bounded by an arc and a chord.
9. Circumference is the distance around the circle. The circumference is equal to the
diameter multiplied by 3. 1416.
10. Quadrant is one-fourth of the entire area of the circle.
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SOLID
A solid is a three-dimensional figure. The three dimensions are the length, width and
height. The following are the different kinds of solids.
1. Sphere is a three dimensional figure whose points are located at a constant distance
away from the center.
2. Prism is a three dimensional figure with a polygonal base and triangular lateral
faces.
3. Cube is a prism whose faces are congruent squares. An example of a cube is a
dice.
4. Cylinder is a solid figure with two circular bases in parallel plane and parallel line
segments connecting to these bases. An example of a cylinder is a tin can.
5. Cone is solid figure with a circular base and a surface formed by line segments
joining every point on the edge of the base to a common point in a parallel plane.
6. Tetrahedron is a solid figure composed of four equilateral triangles.
7. Dodecahedron is a solid figure bounded by twelve equal regular pentagons.
8. Icosahedron is a solid figure bounded by twenty equilateral triangles.
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