MODULE NO.
9
SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
LINEAR EQUATIONS
Consider the system of 𝑚 linear equations having 𝑛
unknowns as shown:
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + 𝑎13 𝑥3 + . . . + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑟1
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + 𝑎23 𝑥3 + . . . + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑟2
𝑎31 𝑥1 + 𝑎32 𝑥2 + 𝑎33 𝑥3 + . . . + 𝑎3𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑟3
.................................
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑚3 𝑥3 + . . . + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛
In matrix notations, the above linear equations can be
written;
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 . . . 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥1 𝑟1
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 . . . 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥2 𝑟2
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 . . . 𝑎3𝑛 𝑥3 = 𝑟3
.............. . .
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 . . . 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑟𝑛
Symbolically;
𝐴𝑋 = 𝑅
If 𝑟1 ≠ 0 in the linear equation 𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + 𝑎13 𝑥3 +
⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑟1 , then it is said to be a non-homogeneous linear
equation, otherwise, it is a homogeneous.
CRAMER’S RULE
Denote 𝐴𝑖 𝑖 = 1, 2, 3, … , 𝑛 the matrix obtained from the
given matrix 𝐴 by replacing the 𝑖𝑡ℎ column of 𝐴 by the column
of constants. If the determinant is not equal to zero, then the
values of 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , . . . 𝑥𝑛 will be;
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3 𝐴𝑛
𝑥1 = ; 𝑥2 = ; 𝑥3 = ; … ; 𝑥𝑛 =
det 𝐴 det 𝐴 det 𝐴 det 𝐴
SOLUTION BY INVERSE OF A MATRIX
If the determinant of the system of 𝑚 linear equations is
not equal to zero, then using the inverse of a matrix, the
values 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … , 𝑥𝑛 will be
𝑅
𝑋 = = 𝐴−1 𝑅
𝐴
or 𝑥1 𝑟1
𝑥2 𝑟2
𝑥3 𝑟3
. = 𝐴−1 .
. .
. .
𝑥𝑛 𝑟𝑛
EXAMPLES
Solve the system of linear equations:
a. 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 7
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = −4
−𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −5
Solution:
Transform to matrix notations;
𝐴𝑋 = 𝑅
1 −2 3 𝑥 7
2 −1 −1 𝑦 = −4
−1 3 −5 𝑧 −5
By Cramer’s Rule;
For 𝑥, 𝑦, and z
𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧
𝑥= ; 𝑦= ; 𝑧=
det 𝐴 det 𝐴 det 𝐴
where
1 −2 3
𝐴= 2 −1 −1
−1 3 −4
det 𝐴 = 4 − 2 + 18 − 3 + 3 − 16
det 𝐴 = 4
Hence
7 −2 3
−4 −1 −1
𝑥= −5 3 −4
4
28 − 10 − 36 − 15 + 21 + 32
=
4
𝑥 = 5 ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
1 7 3
2 −4 −1
𝑦 = −1 −5 −4
4
16 + 7 − 30 − 12 − 5 + 56
=
4
𝑦 = 8 ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
1 −2 7
2 −1 −4
𝑧 = −1 3 −5
4
5 − 8 + 42 − 7 + 12 − 20
=
4
𝑧 = 6 ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
By Inverse of a Matrix
For 𝐴𝑇
1 2 −1
𝐴𝑇 = −2 −1 3
3 −1 −4
For adj 𝐴
−1 3 −2 3 −2 −1
−
−1 −4 3 −4 3 −1
2 −1 1 −1 1 2
adj 𝐴 = − −
−1 −4 3 −4 3 −1
2 −1 1 −1 1 2
−
−1 3 −2 3 −2 1
7 1 5
adj 𝐴 = 9 −1 7
5 −1 3
For 𝐴−1
adj 𝐴
𝐴−1 =
det 𝐴
7 1 5
4 4 4
9 1 7
𝐴−1 = −
4 4 4
5 1 3
−
4 4 4
For 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝑅
7 1 5
𝑥 4 4 4
9 1 7 7
𝑦 = − −4
𝑧 4 4 4 −5
5 1 3
−
4 4 4
Hence
7 1 5
𝑥= 7 + −4 + −5
4 4 4
𝑥 = 5 ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
9 1 7
𝑦= 7 + − −4 + −5
4 4 4
𝑦 = 8 ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
5 1 3
𝑧= 7 + − −4 + −5
4 4 4
𝑧 = 6 ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION AND GAUSS – JORDAN
REDUCTION
Consider the system of 𝑚 linear equations having 𝑛
unknowns:
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + 𝑎13 𝑥3 + . . . + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑟1
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + 𝑎23 𝑥3 + . . . + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑟2
𝑎31 𝑥1 + 𝑎32 𝑥2 + 𝑎33 𝑥3 + . . . + 𝑎3𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑟3
...................................
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑚3 𝑥3 + . . . + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛
Let the augmented matrix 𝐴 ⋮ 𝑅 represents the above
system of linear equations:
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 . . . 𝑎1𝑛 𝑟1
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 . . . 𝑎2𝑛 𝑟2
𝐴 ⋮ 𝑅 = 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 . . . 𝑎3𝑛 𝑟3
................ .
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 . . 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑟𝑛
Gaussian Elimination is the method where the
augmented matrix 𝐴 ⋮ 𝑅 is in the row echelon form as shown:
1 𝑏12 𝑏13 . . . 𝑏1𝑛 𝑠1
0 1 𝑏23 . . . 𝑏2𝑛 𝑠2
𝐴⋮𝑅 = 0 0 1 . . . 𝑏3𝑛 𝑠3
.. ............. ..
0 0 0. . . . 1 𝑠𝑛
Gauss – Jordan Reduction is the method where the
augmented matrix 𝐴 ⋮ 𝑅 is in the reduced row echelon form
as shown:
1 0 0. . . 0 𝑡1
0 1 0. . . 0 𝑡2
𝐴⋮𝑅 = 0 0 1. . . 0 𝑡3
.. ... ..........
0 0 0. . . 1 𝑡𝑛
EXAMPLES
1. Solve the system of linear equations.
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 7
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = −4
−𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −5
Solution:
Determine 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧
By Gaussian Elimination
1 −2 3 7
𝐴⋮𝑅 = 2 −1 −1 −4 𝑟2 − 2𝑟1
−1 3 −4 −5 𝑟3 + 𝑟1
1 −2 3 7
= 0 3 −7 −18 𝑟2 ÷ 3
0 1 −1 2
1 −2 3 7
𝐴⋮𝑅 = 0 1 −7/3 −6
0 1 −1 2 𝑟3 − 𝑟2
1 −2 3 7
= 0 1 −7/3 −6 3
0 0 4/3 8 𝑟3 𝑥
4
1 −2 3 7
𝐴⋮𝑅 = 0 1 −7/3 −6
0 0 1 6
Hence
𝑧 = 6 ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
7
𝑦 − 𝑧 = −6
3
7
𝑦 = −6 + 6 = 8 ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
3
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 7
𝑥 = 7 + 2 8 − 3 6 = 5 ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
By Gauss – Jordan Reduction
1 −2 3 7 𝑟1 − 3𝑟3
𝐴⋮𝑅 = 0 1 −7/3 −6 7
𝑟2 + 𝑟3
0 0 1 6 3
1 −2 0 −11 𝑟1 + 2𝑟2
𝐴⋮𝑅 = 0 1 0 8
0 0 1 6
1 0 0 5
𝐴⋮𝑅 = 0 1 0 8
0 0 1 6
Hence
𝑥 = 5 ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑦 = 8 ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑧 = 6 ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
2. The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°. The largest
angle is 20° greater than the sum of the other two and is 10°
greater than three times the smallest angle. How large is each
angle?
Solution:
Determine the size of each angle
Let:
𝐴 → the smallest angle
𝐵 → the second largest angle
𝐶 → the largest angle
Form the necessary equations;
𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 180°
𝐶 = 20° + 𝐴 + 𝐵
or
𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐶 = −20°
𝐶 = 10° + 3𝐴
or
3𝐴 − 𝐶 = −10°
Using Gauss – Jordan Reduction:
1 1 1 180
𝐴 ⋮ 𝑅 = 1 1 −1 −20 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
3 0 −1 −10 𝑟3 − 3𝑟1
1 1 1 𝑟2 ↔ 𝑟3
180
𝐴⋮𝑅 = 0 0 −2 −200
0 −3 −4 −550
1 1 1 180 𝑟2 ÷ −3
= 0 −3 −4 −550 𝑟3 ÷ −2
0 0 −2 −200
1 1 1 180 𝑟1 − 𝑟3
4 550 4
= 0 −3 𝑟2 − 𝑟3
3 3 3
0 0 1 100
1 1 0 80 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
𝐴⋮𝑅 = 0 1 0 50
0 0 1 100
1 0 0 30
𝐴⋮𝑅 = 0 1 0 50
0 0 1 100
Hence
𝐴 = 30° ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐵 = 50°° ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐶 = 100° ← 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
EXERCISE NO. 5
1. Solve the following linear equations using Cramer’s Rule
and Inverse of a Matrix.
a. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 =2
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4
b. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 14
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑧 2 = −7
𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 8
c. 2𝑎 + 3𝑏 − 4𝑐 = −3
3𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 5𝑐 = 24
𝑎 + 4𝑏 − 3𝑐 = −6
d. 𝑤 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = −2
𝑤 −𝑦−𝑧 =2
2𝑤 + 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2
e. 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑤 = −2
−5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 − 3𝑤 = −1
7𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 𝑤 = −1
4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 3𝑤 = 7
f. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 𝑤 = 10
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 5𝑤 = −1
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3𝑤 = 0
𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 3𝑧 + 3𝑤 = 24
g. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑠 + 2𝑡 = 2
𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2𝑠 − 𝑡 = 7
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 𝑠 + 4𝑡 = −3
𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑠 − 3𝑡 = 6
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 2𝑧 − 3𝑠 − 5𝑡 = 0
2. Solve the following linear equations using Gauss – Jordan
Reduction.
a. 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 = −1
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 2𝑑 = 0
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑐 + 3𝑑 = 1
𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 3𝑐 + 4𝑑 = 0
b. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑤 = 4
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧−𝑤 =6
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 − 𝑤 = 1
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4𝑤 = 5
c. −𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 𝑤 + 𝑣 = −2
𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 2𝑤 − 𝑣 = 10
−3𝑥 +7𝑦 −𝑧 − 3𝑤 + 2𝑣 = −8
−𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 2𝑤 − 3𝑣 = −4
𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 𝑤 + 6𝑣 = 14
d. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑠 + 2𝑡 = 2
𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2𝑠 − 𝑡 = 7
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 𝑠 + 4𝑡 = −3
𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑠 − 3𝑡 = 6
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 2𝑧 − 3𝑠 − 5𝑡 = 0
1. A triangle has a perimeter of 50 in. The longest side is 3
in. longer than the second longest and 10 in. longer than the
shortest. Find the length of each side.
2. A laboratory produces a sample of an alloy of copper, tin,
and zinc having a weight of 37 grams. If the copper in the
alloy sample weighs 3 grams more than the zinc and the
zinc weighs 8 grams more than the tin, how much of each
element is in the sample?
3. A collection of nickels, dimes, and quarters has a value of
$3.40 There are twice as many dimes as quarters and there
are 32 coins in all. How many of each kind are there?
4. A company runs three production lines that together have
an output of 45 parts per hour. Twice the production of the first
line equals the combined production of the other two lines,
and the output of the second line is four parts per hour more
than the third line. Find the production rate of each line.