Introduction to Science, Technology and Society

Nature of Science

• It's a structured knowledge derived from observation, study, and experimentation that aims
to uncover the true nature of what's being studied.

• Originating from the Latin word "scire," meaning "to know, "science was initially referred to
as the "Philosophy of the natural world."

• Science is a methodical approach that not only helps acquire knowledge but also provides
a framework for processing and understanding information.

The Scientific Approach

1. Ask a query

2. Accomplish Background Research

3. Create a Hypothesis

4. Experiment to Test Your Hypothesis

Nature of Technology

• The primary purpose of technology is survival.

• Technology, often known as craft science, is the collection of techniques, skills, methods,
and procedures employed in the creation of things or services or the achievement of goals
such as scientific research.

• Every technological product advance humanity and makes life more comfortable.

Nature of Society

• Man's human nature grows only when he lives in society and shares with his fellow
creatures.

• Man exists in society because he has no choice.

• Society protects and transmits our culture to future generations. It both liberates and limits
our individual potential, shaping our attitudes, beliefs, morals, and ideals.

• People form the community that is society.

• The utilization of superior scientific knowledge and technical development results in

situations where society bears the repercussions.

SCIENCE

• A systematic and organized body of knowledge that explains or predicts nature and
universe.

• The description, understanding, and prediction of physical phenomena through the use and
generation of verifiable theories, laws. and principles.
• Usually associated with research and development as its process.

TECHNOLOGY

• The use of scientific knowledge and/or empirical knowhow for the production,
improvement, and distribution of goods and services, as well as the satisfaction of other
material needs.

• A collection of methods. techniques, and processes used in the production of goods and
services, or the accomplishments of objectives, such as scientific investigation, or any other
consumer demands.

SOCIETY

• A group of persons joined together for common purpose or by a common Interest.

How SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY affect the SOCIETY in general?

• Improved Science and Technology result to industrialization and thus converting a simple
society to a complex one.

• People's life and lifestyle change because of improved Science and Technology.

• Urbanization results when Science and Technology improve because people usually
migrate to a place where their basic needs are met.

• People have stronger desire for material goods when Science and Technology improve in
the place.

• More discoveries and inventions that benefit the people due to improved Science and
Technology.

Historical Antecedents which Changed the Course of Science and Technology

A. History of Science and Technology in the World: Ancient, Middle and Ages

• Science and technology have existed since the beginning of human life, evolving from
efforts to improve living conditions.

• The earliest artifacts were stone tools (about 2.3 million years ago) found in Eastern Africa.

• Around 400 B.C. in Mesopotamia, ancient Mesopotamians documented early knowledge of

disease symptoms, chemicals, and astronomy, showing the first steps towards organized
science.

1. ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Egypt (Nile Valley)

• In ancient Egypt, people knew how to treat wounds, diseases, (e.g., myrrh and aloe) and
even calculate the volume of pyramids.
Greece (300-400 В.С.)

• From 300 to 400 B.C., philosophers explored topics like psychology and biology. Figures
like Euclid and Archimedes made lasting contributions to science and math.

Bronze Age (around 3000 B.C.)

• Discovery of copper and alloying with tin to create bronze.

Mesopotamia (3500 В.С.)

• Invention of the two-wheeled cart for transporting heavy goods from one place to another.

• Development of urbanization - first cities around 3000 B.C.

Development of Science in Mesoamerica

Maya Civilization

• The Mayans predicted eclipses, help them to decide what is the best time to plant, harvest
and hold ceremonies.

•Used two complicated calendar system (Tzolk'in 260-day rituals calendar and Haab 365-
day solar calendar)

• Developed advanced farming (e.g., terraces)

• Created hydraulic systems - canal or waterways to supply water to different communities.

• Created weaving looms - machine for creating fabric

• Mica-based paints - glittery paints from mineral

• Early rubber products (e.g., rubber ball&footwears)

• Introduced the concept of zero, and developed hieroglyphic writing

Inca civilization

The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help them in everyday
life:

1. Road paved with stones

2. Stone buildings - surmounted earthquakes and other disaster

3. Irrigation systems and water storage - techniques for their crops grow in all types of land

4. 12-month calendar - to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season.

5. Suspension bridge - bridge that made from woven grass and rope

6. Quipu - made from knotted ropes to record information

7. Inca textiles - fabric made by Incas that used for trade, clothing and show social status

Aztec civilization

Also made substantial contributions to science and technology and to the society as a whole.
Some of their contributions are the following:

1. Mandatory education - The Aztec put value on education; that is why their children are
mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender or age. It is an early form
of universal or inclusive education.

2. Chocolates - made from cacao beans and other spices and Aztec valued cacao beans
highly and made it as part of their tributes to their gods.

3. Antispasmodic medication - to prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles

4. Chinampa - land divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.

5. Aztec calendar - this enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season.

6. Invention of the canoe - light narrow boat used for travelling in water system

Development of Science in Asia

India

• Metallurgy: Advanced iron and steel production.

• Medicine: Development of Ayurveda (before 2500 B.C.), medicinal plants, surgical texts
like Susruta Samhita.

• Astronomy: Theories of the universe, Earth's spherical shape, 360-day year with 12
months.

• Mathematics:

 Indus Valley (Mohenjo-daro ruler)

 Aryabhata (476-550 A.D.)- trigonometry, algebra, astronomy

 Brahmagupta (628 A.D.)-concept of zero, Hindu-Arabic number.

 Madhava of Sangamagrama -founder of mathematical analysis.

China

• China is one of the oldest civilizations with major contributions in medicine, astronomy,
mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music.

• Known for traditional medicine using plants, animals, and acupuncture

• Developed the compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools

• Created tools like the iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller

• Made engineering advancements with bridges, seismological detectors, and dry dock
facilities

Development of Science in Africa

• Ancient Egyptian used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar

• Lebombo Bone (35,000 BCE): Oldest known mathematical artifact

• Studied human anatomy, pharmacology, and early diagnostic, treatment.

• Created metal tools for agriculture, construction, and daily life

• Built irrigation systems, dams, and developed plant propagation

2. MIDDLE AGES

During the Middle Ages (450-1450 A.D.) gave birth to many scientific and technological
development. Also during the middle ages (often called dark ages), warfare had improved
tremendously.

Technological Advances in the Medieval Period:

• Vertical windmills and improved water mills

• Mechanical clocks and hourglasses

• Spectacles for vision correction

• Improved agricultural tools

• Mirrors and oil paints

Development of Science in Asia

Middle East Countries

• Golden Age of Islam (7th-13th century) - flourishing of science, philosophy, and

technology.

• Ibn al-Haytham - "Father of Optics," proved intromission theory of light.

• Al-Khwarizmi - introduced the algorithm

• Arabic numeral system refined with decimal point notation.

• Jabir ibn Hayyan - "Father of Chemistry," advanced alchemy and chemistry.

• Ibn Sina (Avicenna) - pioneer of experimental medicine and clinical trials. His two most
notable works in medicine, The Canon of Medicine and Book of Healing
3. RENAISSANCE ERA

• The Renaissance Era in Europe (1450-1600 A.D.) was the period known as rebirth of
knowledge.

• In Germany, Gutenberg developed the printing press. In Italy, Leonardo da Vinci, stressed
the importance of experiment.

• Copernicus rediscovered what some of the ancient Greeks had known that the sun was at
the center of the solar system and the earth revolves around it.

• The invention of triangle sail and magnetic compass.

4. MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AROUND 1600 A.D.

Galileo Galilei

• First to use modern scientific methods. (experiment and testable observation)

• Improved the spyglass into the telescope.

• Invented the microscope and the thermometer.

Isaac Newton

• Formulated the laws of gravity and planetary motion.

• Co-founded calculus

• Explained the nature of light and color (optics).

Albert Einstein

• Contributions to quantum theory.

• Work influenced nuclear power and the atom bomb.

Industrial Revolution (1700s-1800s)

• Start of factories mass production of goods.

• Growth of industry, transportation, and urbanization

Late 1800s

• Invention of the light bulb replaced candles and oil lamps.

20th Century

• The 20th Century gave birth to the radio, the first car to run with engine power. The first
man went to space in a rocket. It was also the start of the modern digital age.
Science and Technology in the Philippines: A Historical Perspective

Pre-colonial Era

• Wet rice and dry rice agriculture

• Handicrafts, pottery, weaving, metal ware and boats

• Medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants, extracting medicine from herbs

• Alphabet, system of writing, method of counting, weights and measure

• Counted the years by the period of the moon and from one harvest to another

• Farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving

• Banaue Rice Terraces- sophisticated product of engineering

Spanish Colonial Period

• Colonization contributed to the growth of science and technology

• Spaniards introduced formal education and founded scientific institutions

• Parish schools: religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music

• Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture

• Colleges and universities including University of Santo Tomas

• 1871 - School of medicine and pharmacy opened at UST

• Constructed government buildings, churches, roads, bridges and forts

• Jesuits promoted meteorological studies

• 1865 - Manila Observatory founded at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila

American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era

• 1901 - Bureau of Government Laboratories established

• 1905 - Bureau of Government Laboratories replaced by Bureau of Science

• Bureau studied tropical diseases

• 1933 - National Research Council of the Philippines recognized

• Bureau of Science primary research center until World War II

• 1946 - Bureau of Science replaced by Institute of Science

• 1958 - Science Act established National Science Development Board

Marcos Era and Martial Law

• 1973 Constitution: advancement of science and technology shall have priority in national
development

• Directed DepEd to revitalize science courses in public high schools

• NSDB project: science teaching equipment in high schools, training programs, scholarships
(1967)

• 1968: technology recognized as leading factor in economic development

• Philippine Atomic Energy Commission created

• PAGASA established (1972)

• Philippine National Oil Company created (1973)

• National Academy of Science and Technology (1976)

• NSTA created (1982) reorganizing NSDB

• Philippine Science High School campuses in Mindanao & Visayas established (1986)

Fifth Republic (Corazon Aquino)

• National Science and Technology Authority replaced by Department of Science and

Technology

• Medium Term Philippine Development Plan (1987-1992)

• Science and Technology Master Plan (1988): NIC status by 2000

• R.A. 6655 (1988) - Free Public Secondary Education Act

• "Science for the Masses Program" - scientific and technological literacy

President Fidel V. Ramos' Term

• Increase in personnel specializing in science and technology

• STAND (1993-1998) - Science and Technology Agenda for Development

• 1998 presidential task force for R&D and S&T development Medium-Term Plan (1999-
2004) -6 flagship programs

6 Flagship Programs:

1) Comprehensive program to enhance technology enterprises;

2) Integrated program on clean technologies;

3) Establishment of a packaging R and D center;

4) Expansion of regional meteorology centers;

5) S & T intervention program for the poor, vulnerable and disabled; and

6) Comprehensive science and technology program for Mindanao.

Laws:

• R.A. 8439 - Magna Carta for S&T Personnel

• R.A. 7687 - Science and Technology Scholarship Law

• R.A. 7459-Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act

• R.A. 8293-Intellectual Property Code

President Joseph Estrada's Term

• R.A. 8749 (1999) - Clean Air Act

• R.A. 8792 (2000) - Electronic Commerce Act

• Irrigation technologies program

• Announced basic health care, nutrition, and useful education

• Science and Technology During President Gloria M. Arroyo's Term

• Science and technology sector called the "golden age"

• "Filipinovation" - innovation hub in Asia

• Strengthened Philippine Science High School system

• R.A. 9367 - Biofuels Act → promote biofuels as cheaper, cleaner alternative

President Benigno C. Aquino

• R.A. 10601 - AFMech Law (Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization)

• R.A. 10068 (2010) - Organic Agriculture Act → Aquino as "Father of Organic Agriculture"

• Supported International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

• Harmonized Agenda for S&T (2014): inclusive growth, disaster risk reduction

• R.A. 19844-DICT Act of 2015 → created Department of ICT

Science Education in the Philippines

• School science education should support scientific literacy and motivate careers in STEM

• Links science to technology and industry (national development priority)

• K-12 Program

• Science starts in Grade 3

• Spiral progression: life science, chemistry, physics, earth science taught every year

• Shift from traditional to inquiry-based, learner-centered approach.

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

Science has always been part of human life, helping us explain the natural and
physical world. From the beginning of time, people have observed their surroundings, asked
questions, and searched for answers. Over the centuries, science has taken many forms, as
an idea, as an intellectual activity, as a body of knowledge, and as a social practice that
improves the way we live.

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION was a period of enlightenment during the 16th to 18th
centuries. It transformed how people understood the universe, life, and society. This
revolution was made possible by the invention of the printing press, the rise of universities,
and the growing exchange of knowledge among scholars.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

[Link] AS AN IDEA refers to theories, explanations, and systematic observations

about the natural and physical world.

Example: Copernicus' idea of a heliocentric universe was first only a theory, an idea that
challenged the geocentric model.

[Link] AS AN INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY means the practice of systematic

observation and experimentation.

Example: Galileo tested the motion of falling objects, while Darwin observed species on the
Galápagos Islands to develop his theory of evolution.

[Link] AS A BODY OF KNOWLEDGE refers to organized disciplines and fields of

study that accumulate over time.

Example: Biology, chemistry, physics, and astronomy are taught in schools as bodies of
knowledge built from centuries of discoveries.

4. SCIENCE AS A PERSONAL AND SOCIAL ACTIVITY highlights how humans use

science to improve life and survive.

Example: The discovery of vaccines to fight diseases, the invention of electricity to power
homes, and the development of smartphones to connect people.

THE IMPACT OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• The Scientific Revolution gave birth to modern science. It encouraged reflection,

questioning, and the reexamination of traditions. While many scientists faced opposition from
religious institutions, their discoveries forever transformed human understanding of nature
and the universe.

INFLUENCES TO SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• The progress of the revolution was driven by the interaction of science ideas, human
curiosity, and society. These influences worked together to create the foundation of modern
science.

SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR IDEAS

REVOLUTIONARY THINKERS

• Scientific progress depended on individuals who dared to challenge the accepted truths of
their time. Driven by curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking, they pursued their passion to
know and to discover. Their ideas sparked revolutions in thought, technology, and society.

CREATIVITY, CURIOUSITY, CRITICAL THINKING > SCIENTIST - PASSION TO KNOW -

PASSION TO DISCOVER

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

• Nicolaus Copernicus, a Renaissance thinker, questioned the ancient belief in an Earth-

centered universe. Inspired by earlier works, he began to explore a Sun-centered model. His
ideas challenged knowledge that had stood for more than 1,500 years.

• In De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543), Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model

where the Sun, not the Earth, was at the center of the universe. The Moon still orbited Earth,
but Earth and the planets revolved around the Sun. This marked the beginning of the
Scientific Revolution.

• Copernicus arranged planets in a natural order. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and
Saturn. He showed how inner planets orbit closer and faster, while outer planets move
farther and slower. His model explained the puzzling motions of planets in the night sky.

• Copernicus' work reshaped astronomy and inspired scientists like Galileo, Kepler, and
Newton. Despite fears of persecution, his heliocentric model forever changed how humanity
understood its place in the universe.

CHARLES DARWIN

• Charles Robert Darwin

• Was an English naturalist and biologist best known for his theory of evolution through
natural selection.

• Born: 12 February 1809

• Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England

• Died: 19 April 1882 (aged 73)

• Down House, Down, Kent, England

CHARLES DARWIN VOYAGE of the HMS BEAGLE

• From 1831 to 1836, he was part of a survey expedition carried out by the ship HMS
Beagle, which included stops in South America, Australia, and the southern tip of Africa. At
each of the expedition's stops, he had the opportunity to study and catalog the local plants
and animals.

OBSERVATION DURING HIS VOYAGE

• He made crucial geological observations, like fossil seashells in mountains, suggesting

Earth's surface changes over time, and gathered biological data, such as the diversity of
Galápagos finches, which led him to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection.

• (Galápagos finches) are a group of about 18 species of passerine birds. classic example of
adaptive radiation and for their remarkable diversity in beak form and function.

1. large ground finch,

2. medium ground finch,

3. small tree finch, and

4. green warble finch

• seashell fossils high in the Andes Mountains of South America, particularly during an
expedition over the Peruvian Andes in March 1835.

• Charles Darwin's book "the Origin of Species" (1859) introduced the theory of evolution
through natural selection, explaining how species change over time through adaptation and
variation.

THEORY OF EVOLUTION

• species change over time through a process called natural selection. Individuals with traits
that fit their environment better are more likely to:

1. Survive

2. Reproduce

3. Pass those traits to offspring

Other Evidence of Evolution

• Biogeography is the study of how and why plants and animals live where they do. It
provides more evidence for evolution.

SIGMUND FREUD

• Freud was an Austrian neurologist (1856-1939) who studied the brain and later focused on
psychology.

• He founded psychoanalysis a new way of understanding and treating the mind.

• He created talk therapy, the foundation of modern psychotherapy. created talk therapy, the
foundation of modern psychotherapy.
FREUD'S PERSONALITY COMPONENTS

• ID (instincts) - Represents instincts and desires; it wants pleasure immediately.

• Superego (reality) - represents morals and conscience, it asks if actions are right or wrong.

• Ego (morality) - balances the Id and Superego to make realistic decisions.

• Erogenous Zone - A specific area that becomes the focus of pleasure needs.

• Fixation - results from failure to satisfy the needs of a particular psychosexual stage.

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

• Freud said childhood experiences shape personality through stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic,
Latency, and Genital.

Oral stage (birth to 18 months)

• In this stage, the erogenous zone is the mouth. During the oral stage, the child is focused
on oral pleasures (sucking).

Oral Receptive - have a stronger tendency to smoke, drink alcohol, overeating.

Oral Aggressive - with a tendency to bite his or her nails, or use curse words or even gossip.

Anal stage (18 months to 3 years)

• The child's focus of pleasure in this stage is the anus. The child finds satisfaction in
eliminating and retaining feces.

Anal Retentive - an obsession with cleanliness, perfection, and control

Anal Expulsive - where the person may become messy and disorganized.

Phallic Stage - (ages 3 to 6)

• The pleasure or erogenous zone is the genitals. During the preschool age, children
become interested in what makes boys and girls different.

Oedipus Complex - Boys may fear that their father will punish them for these feelings, thus,
the castration anxiety. These feelings comprise what Freud called Oedipus Complex.

Electra Complex - Psychoanalysts also believed that girls may also have a similar
experience, developing unconscious sexual attraction towards their father. This is what is
referred to as the Electra Complex.

Latency Stage - (age 6 to puberty)

• It's during this stage that sexual urges remain repressed. The children's focus is the
acquisition of physical and academic skills. Boys usually relate more with boys and girls with
girls during this stage.

Genital Stage - (puberty onwards)

• The fifth stage of psychosexual development begins at the start of puberty when sexual
urges are once again awakened. In the earlier stages, adolescents focus their sexual urges
towards the opposite sex peers, with the pleasure centered on the genitals.

ISAAC NEWTON

• Isaac Newton was born in 1642 in Woolsthorpe, England. His studies at Trinity College,
Cambridge came at a time when mechanical philosophies were replacing older Aristotelian
views. Newton would go on to transform scientific thought by bringing these ideas into a
rigorous and powerful framework.

• In his Principia (1687), Newton introduced the law of universal gravitation: every object in
the universe attracts every other object, with a force that grows with mass and decreases
with the square of the distance between them. This single law unified the physics of Earth
and the heavens.

Formula:

• A falling apple inspired Newton to realize that the same force pulling it to Earth also
governs the Moon's orbit. This insight bridged terrestrial physics with astronomy and brought
distant celestial bodies under the same universal law.

• Newton used his gravity law to mathematically derive Kepler's laws, explaining why planets
move in ellipses, why they sweep equal areas in equal times, and how orbital periods tie to
distances. His work turned celestial motion from observation into predictable math.

• Newton's brilliance extended beyond gravity. He developed calculus, essential for modeling
motion and change. In optics, he showed that white light splits into colors using a prism. He
also built the first reflecting telescope, improving how we observe the skies.

• Newton insisted on evidence over speculation, famously saying, "I frame no hypotheses."
His methodology emphasized that theories must come from observation and rigorous
mathematics, not guesses.

• By uniting mechanics, optics, mathematics, and astronomy, Newton laid the foundation of
classical physics. His work redefined how humanity understood the universe and set the
path for centuries of scientific thought.

• Newton's laws continue to power our world-from engineering bridges to launching

spacecraft. He remains a monumental figure in intellectual history, reminding us how
observation, creativity, and perseverance shape progress.

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING

PRE-COLONIAL ERA

• People relied on their own knowledge and skills to survive and thrive.
• They developed technologies for farming, fishing, building boats, and making medicine
using local materials.

• Innovation was practical, focused on solving everyday problems and meeting the needs of
their communities.

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

EDUCATION

They established schools for boys and girls and introduced the concept of subjects and
disciplines. It was the beginning of formal science and technology in the country, known now
as school of science and technology.

TRADING

The galleon trade has brought additional technology and development in the Philippines.

AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA

The Americans have more influence in the development of science and technology in the
Philippines compared to the Spaniards.

They established the public education system, improved the engineering works and the
health conditions of the people.

WORLD WAR II

The human spirit to survive and to rebuild the country may be strong but the capacity of the
country to bring back what was destroyed was limited. The reparation funds from Japan
focused on building some institutions and public facilities like schools, hospitals, and
transportation systems.

GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

AGENCIES OF PH GOVERNMENT FOR S&T DEVELOPMENT

[Link] of Science and Technology (DOST)

2. National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP)

3. Philippine Science High School

NCRP POLICIES

1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education International Policies.

2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and
Mathematics.

3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences.

4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry

OPPORTUNITIES PH GOVERNMENT FOR S&T DEVELOPMENT

[Link] of Science and Technology (DOST) Scholarship (Undergraduate, Masters,

and PhD)

2. Balik Scientist Law

3. The establishment of the National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex
within the University of the Philippines campus in Diliman

4. Establishment of science and technology business centers to assist, advise, and incubate
techno-preneurship ventures.

GREAT FILIPINO SCIENTISTS

1. Ramon Cabanos Barba - for his outstanding research on tissue culture in Philippine
mangoes.

2. Josefino Cacas Comiso - for his works on observing the characteristics of Antarctica by
using satellite images.

3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. - known internationally in the field of electrical engineering; was
elected as officer of the famous Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz - notable for her research on sea snail venom.

5. Fabian Millar Dayrit - for his research on herbal medicine.

6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III - for his research on tilapia culture.

7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. - for inventing the meconium drugs testing.

8. Lilian Formalejo Patena - for doing research on plant biotechnology.

9. Mari Jo Panganiban Ruiz - for being an outstanding educator and graph theorist.

10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan - for his research in the field of communications technology.

There are other outstanding Filipino scientists who are recognized here and abroad
for their outstanding contributions in science;

Caesar A. Saloma - an internationally renowned physicist

Eduardo Gomez - famous scientist in marine science

William Padolina - chemistry and president of the National Academy of Science and
Technology (NAST)-Philippines
Angel Alcala - marine science

GOVERNMENT LAWS PERTAINING TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

• R.A. 2067 "Science Act of 1958" - An Act to Integrate, Coordinate and Intensify Scientific
and Technological Research and Development and To Foster Invention to Provide Funds
Therefore and for Other Purposes

• R.A. 3589 - An Act Amending RA 2067 Modifying the National Science Development
Board, National Institute of Science and Technology, and the Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission, Extending Tax Exemption, Privileges and Grants, Requests and Donations for
Scientific Purposes to Private Educational Institutions and For Other Purposes enacted June
22, 1963.

• R.A. 5207 - An Act Providing for the Licensing and Regulation of Atomic Energy Facilities
and Materials, Establishing the Rules of Liability for Nuclear Damage and for Other
Purposes.

• Presidential Decree No. 78, s. 1972 - established the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical
and Astronomical Services (PAGASA). Its function was to provide environmental protection
and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the people.

• Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973 - created the Philippine National Oil Company to
promote industrial and economic development through effective and efficient use of energy
resources.

• R.A. 8749 The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 - was enacted by Congress on June 23,
1999 to protect and preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable development of its
natural resources.

• R.A. 8792 - An Act Providing for the Recognition and Use of Electronic Commercial and
Non-Commercial Transactions and Documents, Penalties for Unlawful Use Thereof and For
Other Purposes passed in June 15, 2000.

• R.A. 9367 "Biofuels Act of 2006" - An Act to Direct the Use of Biofuels. Establishing for this
Purpose the Biofuel Program, Appropriating Funds Therefore, And for Other Purposes.

• R.A. 9513 "The Renewable Act of 2008" - was passed by Congress to accelerate the
development of the country's renewable energy resources by providing fiscal and non-fiscal
incentives to private investors and equipment manufacturers/fabricators/suppliers.

• R.A. 10175 - Philippine Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 passed September 12, 2012.
An Act Defining Cybercrime, Providing for the Prevention, Investigation, Suppression and
the Imposition of Penalties Therefore and For Other Purposes.

• R.A. 10612- An Act Expanding the Coverage of the Science and Technology Scholarship
Program and Strengthening the Teaching of Science and Mathematics in Secondary
Schools and For Other Purposes.

SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

SCIENCE

• Systematized body of knowledge.

• It enhances the questioning skills, values, and critical thinking skills.

• It is intertwined with Technology & Industry.

SCIENCE EDUCATION

• Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding science. Teaching

science involves developing ways on how to effectively teach science. This means exploring
pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts and
processes effectively.

• Learning science, on the other hand, includes both pedagogy and the most interesting
aspect, which is helping students understand and love science. Understanding science
involves developing and applying scientific process activities in everyday life.

• John Dewey emphasized using the natural environment in science education, positing that
nature's stimuli can provide meaning through social activities and thinking. This aligns with
the view that science education is crucial, with Marx suggesting it will be a highly important
school subject in the future.

• Science education is essential for preparing citizens for a scientifically and technologically
advanced world. It equips individuals with the necessary skills and knowledge to navigate
the "age of science" and contribute to societal goals related to science, underscoring the
significant responsibility of schools in fostering a science culture.

SCIENCE EDUCATION IN BASIC AND TERTIARY EDUCATION

SCIENCE IN BASIC EDUCATION

• In basic education, science education helps students learn important concepts and facts
that are related to everyday life (Carale & Campo, 2003; Meador, 2005; Worth & Grollman,
2003) including important skills such as process skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills
that are needed in coping up with daily life activities (Chaille & Britain, 2002).

• Science education also develops positive attitude such as: the love for knowledge, passion
for innovative things, curiosity to study about nature, and creativity (Lind, 1997). Science
education will develop a strong foundation for studying science and for considering science-
related careers in the future. This is an investment for the country to develop a scientifically
cultured and literate citizenry.

• Tertiary science education aims to enhance students' comprehension and appreciation of

scientific concepts and work, primarily through foundational science courses within the
General Education curriculum. It also serves to train future science teachers, scientists,
engineers, and professionals in diverse science-related sectors like engineering, agriculture,
medicine, and health sciences. Government scholarships are offered to motivate student
enrollment in science programs.

SCIENCE SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES

• One outstanding program for science education supported by the government is the
establishment of science schools in various parts of the country. There are also several
government programs implemented by the Department of Education and few private schools
for science education.

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)

• The Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS) is a government program for gifted
students, operating as a service institute of the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST). Established by Republic Act No. 3661, it provides free secondary education
scholarships with a strong focus on science subjects to prepare students for science
careers.

• The PSHSS maintains dormitories for all its students and aims to cultivate Filipino science
scholars with scientific minds and a passion for excellence. Its graduates are expected to
pursue science and technology degrees locally or internationally, and students have
achieved distinction in international competitions and research, bringing honor to the
Philippines.

SPECIAL SCIENCE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS (SSES) PROJECT

• The Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project is in pursuance to DepEd Order
No. 73 s. 2008, and DepEd Order No. 51 s. 2010. This project started in June 2007 with 57
elementary schools that were identified as science elementary schools in the country. Since
its inception, the number have grown to more than 60 schools nationwide and this now its
sixth year of implementation.

• The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children equipped with scientific and
technological knowledge, skills, and values. Its mission is to provide a learning environment
to science-inclined children through a special curriculum that recognizes the multiple
intelligences of the learners; promote the development of lifelong learning skills; and foster
the holistic development of the learners.

• The subject Science and Health is taught in Grade 1 with a longer time compared to other
subjects: 70 minutes for Grades I to III and 80 minutes for Grades IV to VI. The curriculum
also utilizes different instructional approaches that address the learning styles and needs of
the learners like the use of investigatory projects.

QUEZON CITY REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGHSCHOOL

• Established on September 17, 1967, as Quezon City Science High School, the institution
became a regional science high school for the National Capital Region in 1999. Its inception
stemmed from a vision to provide a specialized science education for gifted students in
science and mathematics.

• The curriculum emphasizes science and technology, supplementing the standard

Department of Education (DepEd) basic education courses with additional science and
technology subjects. The school aims to foster inquiry and creativity in science-gifted
students, supported by the local government unit and the PTA, and operates under the
DepEd.
MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

• Manila Science High School (MSHS), established on October 1, 1963, is the Philippines'
first science high school, emphasizing science and mathematics in its curriculum. It aims to
cultivate well-rounded scientists with souls by incorporating humanities courses and
electives, alongside encouraging extracurricular participation.

• Admission is based on the Manila Science High School Admission Test (MSAT), which
assesses aptitude and problem-solving skills in science and mathematics, as well as English
proficiency. The school is recognized for its outstanding alumni and success in national
competitions.

CENTRAL VISAYAN INSTITUTE FOUNDATION

• The institution is recognized as the origin and proponent of the Dynamic Learning Program
(DLP), an educational innovation designed to enhance learning, creativity, and productivity
through a blend of classical and modern teaching theories. It also houses the Research
Center for Theoretical Physics (RCTP), founded in 1992, which facilitates international
workshops for the exchange of ideas on challenging issues in physics and mathematics.

THE HUMAN FLOURISHING

INTRODUCTION

Eudaimonia, meaning "good spirited," was coined by Aristotle to describe the highest
form of happiness attainable by humans. It is often translated as "human flourishing,"
comparing humans to flowers achieving full bloom. Aristotle's concept, discussed in the
Nicomachean Ethics, arises from components like phronesis, friendship, wealth, and power.
Ancient Greeks believed acquiring these qualities leads to happiness and allows
participation in the greater notion of the Good.

FROM SURVIVAL TO STARGAZING: HOW WE'VE EVOLVED

Initially, human flourishing was all about survival finding food, shelter, and staying
safe. But as we got smarter and invented things, our definition of a good life expanded. We
moved from simply existing to exploring space, curing diseases, and connecting across
continents. We've gone from just getting by to dreaming big and working together on a
global scale.

EAST MEETS WEST: NOT EVERYONE SEES "FLOURISHING" THE SAME WAY

The Western Way (Think "Me First!"): Many Western thinkers have focused on the
individual. It's about personal achievements, finding your own path, and becoming the best
"you" you can be. Think of it as your personal quest for success and happiness.

The Eastern Way (Think "We Together!"): In places like ancient China (Confucianism) or
Japan (Bushido), the focus shifts to the community. Your flourishing isn't just about you; it's
deeply connected to how well your family, friends, and society are doing. Sometimes, this
means putting the group's needs before your own, believing that a strong community
ultimately benefits everyone.

ARISTOTLE'S ANCIENT WISDOM

• Even in ancient Greece, Aristotle explored a similar idea. He termed human flourishing
"eudaimonia," defining it not merely as feeling good but as living virtuously and actively
contributing to one's community. He believed that by serving the greater good, individuals
truly reached their highest potential. So, whether it's about individual triumphs or collective
harmony, human flourishing is about more than just personal happiness. It's about finding
your place, making a difference, and contributing to something bigger than yourself.

• Today's concept of human flourishing differs from Aristotle's original view. Humans are now
expected to be global citizens, working collaboratively with institutions and governments to
achieve common goals. Competition is becoming outdated, and coordination is the new
trend.

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND HUMAN FLOURISHING

This passage discusses how science and technology are connected to human flourishing, or
living a good life. It argues that humans naturally want to understand their place in the world,
and this desire drives them to explore science and create technology. This process of
seeking knowledge and innovation gives people a sense of purpose and is important for their
well-being. This also states that science and technology aim to find truth, which is linked to
what we consider "good." Therefore, progress in these areas helps humans live more
meaningful and fulfilling lives.

SCIENCE AS METHOD AND RESULT

• Science is seen as trustworthy because it follows a careful and organized method. This
method helps keep personal opinions out of the way, making science seem more fair and
reliable. By using logic and testing things with real-world evidence, science builds a strong
case for its findings. This approach is why many people see science as a dependable way to
understand how the world works.

• Ever wonder why new, big ideas sometimes have a tough time getting accepted? This
explains it, showing how science isn't always a straight line.

• It starts by talking about groups like the Vienna Circle who believed that only things you
could see or prove right away were important. This made it hard for really new ideas to grow,
because they might not have proof yet. For example, if Einstein's idea about gravity waves
needed proof right away, it would have been dismissed.

VIENNA'S CIRCLE
• The Vienna Circle was a group of influential philosophers, scientists, and mathematicians
who met regularly in Vienna from 1924 to 1936, under the leadership of Moritz Schlick.
Prominent members included Moritz Schlick, Rudolf Carnap, Otto Neurath, Kurt Gödel, and
Philipp Frank.

• The Vienna Circle's primary goals were to revolutionize philosophy by making it more
scientific, emphasizing a strict reliance on logic and empirical observation. They aimed to
reject all metaphysical claims, deeming them meaningless if they couldn't be verified through
experience, and thus established a crucial verifiability principle for all meaningful statements.
Ultimately, they sought to unify all sciences under empirically grounded framework, believing
that all legitimate knowledge could be connected and understood through a consistent
scientific method.

EINSTEIN GRAVITATIONAL WAVE

• Einstein's theory of general relativity, proposed in 1915, introduced the concept of

gravitational waves as ripples in the fabric of space-time, revolutionizing our understanding
of gravity.

• What are Gravitational Waves: Gravitational waves are disturbances in the curvature of
space-time, generated by accelerated massive objects. These waves propagate outward
from the source, transporting energy in the form of gravitational radiation.

• Einstein's Prediction: Einstein predicted these waves in 1916 as a consequence of his

theory of general relativity. He suggested that the movement of masses would cause
gravitational radiation, rippling through space-time like tremors.

• Space-time Distortion: Einstein's theory posits that massive objects cause a distortion in
space-time, much like a heavy object placed on a trampoline. When these objects accelerate
or orbit each other, they create ripples or waves that spread through the universe at the
speed of light.

VERIFICATION THEORY: The idea that something is only meaningful if you can prove it's
true using evidence.

• Vienna Circle andmVerificationism: The Vienna Circle emphasized verificationism as a way

to define what is meaningful and scientific. They believed that statements must be
empirically verifiable to be considered knowledge. legitimate

• Thomas Kuhn's Critique: Thomas Kuhn challenged the idea that verificationism is the
ultimate standard for science. He argued that science is more complex, influenced by
paradigms, and that evidence isn't always interpreted objectively.
ERWIN SCHRODINGER

• Then, it jumps to Schrödinger's cat, a famous thought experiment. Imagine a cat in a

sealed box. Inside, there's a device that might kill it. The weird part is, until you open the box
and look, quantum physics says the cat is both alive AND dead at the same time. It's a
strange way to show how tiny particles can be in many states until we observe them., it
jumps to Schrödinger's cat, a famous thought experiment. Imagine a cat in a sealed box.
Inside, there's a device that might kill it. The weird part is, until you open the box and look,
quantum physics says the cat is both alive AND dead at the same time. It's a strange way to
show how tiny particles can be in many states until we observe them.

• Schrödinger's Cat is a famous thought experiment in physics that illustrates a paradox of

quantum mechanics, specifically the concept of superposition. Proposed by Austrian
physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, it was designed to criticize the Copenhagen
interpretation quantum mechanics, which suggests that a particle can exist in all possible
states until it is observed. of

• But it's not just about science. This also talks about how we, as people, often see what we
expect to see. A philosopher named Thomas Kuhn warned that we tend to twist facts to fit
what we already believe.

• Thomas Kuhn was an influential American philosopher of science, best known for his work
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions". He challenged the traditional view of scientific
progress by introducing concepts like paradigms and paradigm shifts.

FALSIFICATION THEORY

• Falsification theory is a key idea in science today. It says that a theory is good if it hasn't
been proven wrong yet and explains things better than other theories. Scientists should keep
testing theories to see if they can find evidence to disprove them. Instead of trying to prove a
theory is right, falsification says it's more important to try to prove it wrong. The best theories
are the ones that have survived many attempts to disprove them and can make bold
predictions that can be tested.

Example: The Theory That All Swans Are White

The Theory: For centuries, people in Europe believed that all swans were white.

Falsifiable Prediction: If you travel the world, you will only see white swans.

The Test: When explorers went to Australia, they discovered black swans.

• Karl Popper's ideas about falsification are still important. He said that real scientific theories
must be falsifiable, meaning it must be possible to prove them wrong. He was notorious for
stating that up-and-coming theories of the time, such as Marx's Theory of Social History and
Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalysis, are not testable and thus not falsifiable, and subsequently
as questioning their status scientific.
SCIENCE AS A SOCIAL ENDEAVOR

• We used to think of science as just a set of facts and rules. But now, many people see it as
something more: a social activity. Philosophers like Paul Thagard, Imre Lakatos, Helen
Longino, David Bloor, and Richard Rorty have presented an alternative demarcation that
explores the social dimension of science and technology effectively. They have shown us
that science is deeply connected to society and technology. It's not just about scientists in
labs; it affects everyone. Science should help society. But sometimes, we still think of
science as something distant and separate.

• This new view also recognizes that science isn't the same everywhere. In some places, like
parts of South America, there are tribes that don't use Western science. But their way of
understanding the world is just as good. Instead of just being about facts, science can also
bring people together. It presents an alternative notion that goes beyond the boundaries of
cold, hard facts of science and instead projects it as a manifestation of shared experience
forging solidarity over communities.

SCIENCE AND RESULT

People are often impressed by science when it produces results they don't understand,
similar to how miracles gained followers for Jesus. However, science isn't the only way to
get results; religion, luck, and even random chance can also work. Communities without
access to science may rely on divination or superstition. Science isn't perfect and doesn't
always get it right, as seen with weather forecasts and disaster predictions. The best we can
do is prepare for disasters and rebuild afterward. Ultimately, science doesn't have a
monopoly on achieving definite results.

SCIENCE AS EDUCATION

• Science isn't just one fixed method. Scientists can use different ways to experiment and get
results. Discoveries in physics, especially in quantum mechanics, have challenged the idea
that science is purely objective. Instead, there's a concept called intersubjectivity. Even
though objectivity might not be as strong as we thought, people still tend to have a special
respect for those who are good at science, sometimes making others feel less adequate.

• In the Philippines, many schools really push science and math, mainly to help students
pass college entrance tests. This creates a lot of competition for spots in these programs.
Everyone knows that studying STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math) can lead to
good, high-paying jobs after graduation.

• But a thinker named Paul Feyerabend had a different idea. He believed that science
shouldn't be the only thing we value, or that it's the only way to find answers. He felt that
schools should encourage students to be creative, think for themselves, and explore
different ideas. He thought that new discoveries often come from people who think outside
the box, not just those who follow strict rules. Sometimes, people who think differently are
even seen as outsiders.
• Ultimately, for people to truly thrive, we should learn science in a way that includes all kinds
of thinking and doesn't just stick to one narrow path. It's not enough to just be good at
technology or think a lot on your own. A truly well-rounded person, as Aristotle would say,
needs to know about more than just science. They should also have qualities that help them
tell what's true from what's false. A person who is really living a good life is someone who is
good at many things, like language, art, and being active in their community. So, it's
important not to focus on just one thing.

HOW MUCH IS TOO MUCH?

• Back in the year 2000, leaders from around the world came together and set up the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Their main aim was to help poorer countries get
better and develop. Many people at that time strongly believed that the best way for a
country to improve was through economic growth meaning making more money, producing
more goods, and expanding businesses. They thought that by using more technology,
finding more natural resources, and having more people work, nations would become
successful. However, this way of thinking often misses a very important point: our planet has
only a certain amount of resources. We can't keep taking and producing endlessly, hoping
that there will always be enough for everyone's growing desires.

• Imagine development as a big ship. If everyone tries to get on this "growth ship" at once,
hoping to reach a better future, the ship will become too heavy and sink before it even
leaves the dock. This is why thinkers like Joseph Hickel have suggested a different path. He
believes that richer countries, especially, shouldn't try to grow even bigger. Instead, they
should focus on something he calls "de-development, which means making sure everyone
has what they truly need to live well, rather than constantly striving for more and more wealth
for just a few. Right now, our very fast technological advancements are causing a lot of harm
to nature, creating damage that might be impossible to fix. We are already seeing big
changes in our climate, which is hurting plants and animals, and many species are
disappearing forever at a very fast rate.

8 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger: Reduce the proportion of people living in extreme
poverty and those suffering from hunger by half.

2. Achieve universal primary education: Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course
of primary schooling.

3. Promote gender equality and empower women: Eliminate gender disparities in primary
and secondary education by 2005, and at all levels by 2015.

4. Reduce child mortality: Reduce the mortality rate among children under five by two-thirds.

5. Improve maternal health: Reduce the ratio of women dying in childbirth by three-quarters.
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases: Halt and begin to reverse the spread. of
these major diseases.

7. Ensure environmental sustainability: Integrate sustainable development principles into

country policies, and reduce the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe
drinking water.

8. Develop a global partnership for development: Foster a universal partnership involving the
private sector, civil society, and international cooperation to provide access to new
technologies and essential drugs.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were not updated, but rather replaced by a
new, more comprehensive framework called the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in
2015. While the MDGs, established in 2000, focused on tackling extreme poverty and other
development priorities by 2015, the SDGs were designed to build upon their achievements
and address a broader range of global challenges with a target date of 2030.

THE 17 SDGS

 No Poverty (Goal 1)

 Zero Hunger (Goal 2)

 Good Health and Well-being (Goal 3)

 Quality Education (Goal 4)

 Gender Equality (Goal 5)

 Clean Water and Sanitation (Goal 6)

 Affordable and Clean Energy (Goal 7)

 Decent Work and Economic Growth (Goal 8)

 Industry, Innovation, and infrastructure (Goal 9)

 Reduced Inequalities (Goal 10)

 Sustainable Cities and Communities (Goal 11)

 Responsible Consumption and Production (Goal 12)

 Climate Action (Goal 13)

 Life Below Water (Goal 14)

 Life on Land (Goal 15)

 Peace, Justice, and Strong institutions (Goal 16)

  Partnerships for the Goals (Goal 17)

THE GOOD LIFE

THE SCHOOL OF ATHENS

Idealism (Plato)

Theory of Forms: Physical world: constantly changing and imperfect & Ideal world: a spiritual
realm of abstract, [Link]

Realism (Aristotle)

Empiricism: knowledge comes from experience

Eudaimonia: meaning the pinnacle of happiness every human action is determined by a

purpose (telos), aspiring towards human flourishing happiness or

JOHN STUART MILL AND UTILITARIANISM - greatest happiness principle

Different Ways to Think About the Good Life

The Moral Life (Being a Good Person)

What it means: Living a life where you are a good person. This means being brave, honest,
kind, helpful, and caring about others, not just yourself.

Who believed this: Philosophers like Socrates and Plato thought being a good, virtuous
person was the most important thing, even more important than pleasure or money.

Example: They believed it's better to suffer wrong than to do wrong. Many religions also see
a good life as following God's rules and being pious.

The Life of Pleasure (Feeling Good)

What it means: Living a life where you experience a lot of pleasure and feel good. This idea
is called "hedonism."

Who believed this: The ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus said that pleasure makes life
worth living.

Modern View: Today, when people say someone is "living the good life," they often mean
they're enjoying fun things like good food, travel, and relaxation. This view focuses on how a
person feels inside.

IMPORTANT - Epicurus didn't mean just endless parties! He believed that too much
distance could lead to problems.

The Fulfilled Life (A Well-Rounded Life)

What it means: This view is more complete. It's about being happy, but not just by feeling
good. It includes many important parts of life.
Who believed this: Aristotle, another Greek thinker, believed happiness was the main goal.
He thought a truly good life wasn't just about how you feel, but also about certain objective
conditions being met.

Key Ingredients for Aristotle's Fulfilled Life:

Virtue: Being a morally good person.

Health: Being healthy and living a reasonably long life.

Money: Having enough money so you don't have to do work you hate.

Friends: Having good friends, because humans are social.

Respect: Being respected by others.

Good Luck: Recognizing that bad things can happen that are out of our control.

Using Your Brain: Developing your unique human abilities, like thinking, learning, and
creating.

The Meaningful Life (Having a Purpose)

What it means: Living a life that feels important and has a purpose beyond just your own
happiness.

Examples:

Raising a family (even if it's stressful, it can feel very meaningful).

Doing work you are passionate about (like science or art).

Working for a cause you believe in (like fighting for justice or protecting the environment).

Being deeply involved in a community (like a church or a sports team).

DIVERSE VIEWS ON WHAT CONSTITUTES "GOOD"

Hedonism (Hedonists)

• Believe that pleasure is the only good thing

• "Eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we die"

•Ecclesiastes 8:15

Materialism (materialists)

•Material wealth or physical possessions are the primary source of meaning in human
existence.

•The first materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece. The atomist philosophers. first
materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece. The atomist philosophers.
Stoicism (stoics)

•To generate happiness, one must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic.

•founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in Athens by Zeno of Citium

Theism (theists)

•The ultimate basis of happiness is the communion with God. Theism is a belief that one or
more gods exist within the universe, and that gods are often omniscient (all-knowing),
omnipotent (all-powerful), and omnipresent (all-pervasive).

•Monotheism (belief in one god)

•Polytheism (belief in many gods).

Humanism (humanists)

•affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape their
own lives.

•"It is not theistic and does not accept supernatural views of reality IHEU, International
Humanist and Ethical Union.

•Scientists eventually turn to technology to ease the difficulty of life, that is, to live
comfortably.

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN ACHIEVING GOOD LIFE?

• According to Vergragt (2006), in his essay about how technology could contribute to a
sustainable world, technology will support and enhance a "good life" for all citizens without
compromising the earth's ecosystem or the prospects of later generations.

• As Stutz (2006) stated, a good life requires essentially basic human needs are met and
aspirations for freedom, belonging, and self-realization are fulfilled as much as possible.

WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN THEY SAY TECHNOLOGY ALLOWED US TAMPER TIME
AND SPACE

The pursuit of the good life is a subjective journey. influenced by individual worldviews and
perspectives. While philosophies like Plato's idealism and Aristotle's realism offer contrasting
paths, science and technology are increasingly central to humanity's quest for happiness.
Ultimately, finding a balance between ethics, technology, and personal well-being is crucial
in defining what truly constitutes a good life

TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING

INTRODUCTION

•Comparing the lives of the people before and now will make anyone realize the changes
that happened in society not just in terms of culture, language, or rights but more
importantly, changes in people's way of life due to the existence of science and technology.

•It is a challenge for people in the field of science and technology to make these technology
more accessible and less confusing for people who are not as young anymore.

•In addition, people live easier with technology, develop skills of people and makes the
people enjoy to see what future of technology may cause to the lives of people.

THE HUMANS CONDITION BEFORE COMMON ERA

•People before the common Era are gifted with brains, more advance than other creatures.
Humans are able to utilize abundant materials for their own ease and comfort that they
discover new things to motivate their selves to do, and use the tools with a purpose.

•Homo erectus have been using fire to cook, chipping to produce a spark, and without
realizing the laws of friction and heat.

•People discover minerals and began forging metal work just like their jewelries considered
to be a luxury for them such as bones of animals they hunt.

•Different Tribes, Different Gods as people who lived in the past know how to provide their
needs by rituals or ceremonies to their gods.

THE HUMAN CONDITION IN THE COMMON ERA

•Humans were content of their relationship with nature.

•Earliest case of man-made extinction occurred over 12,000 years ago, possibly brought
upon by hunting and territorial disputes. The Holocene Extinction is an ongoing extinction
and is a result of human activity.

•Growing population, overhunting and overfishing are endemic therefore it can cause
extinction of resources.

•They began to hunt, farm and produce things with prospect of profit. Technology has been
instrumental in all of these because searching for the good life, people were able to come up
with creations that would make life easier, more comfortable and more enriching.

•Advancements in medicine, technology, health and education ushered in humanity's best

yet, and show no sign of stopping.

NOTABLE COMPARISONS (IN THE USAGE OF TECHNOLOGY OF THE PAST AND THE
PRESENT ERAS)
1. Mortality Rate - Medical care for premature infants allows them to survive and develop
normally, while proper maternal care ensures that mothers can fully cover remain
empowered.

2. Average Lifespan - Science is able to prolong lives by enhancing living status and
discovering different remedies to most diseases.

3. Literacy Rate - access to education provided to more individuals generally creates a

more informed public that could determine a more just society.

4. Gross Domestic Product - determine the value of the country's goods and services
produced within the territory given a certain time period.

ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY

• Humanity has indeed come along way from our primitive ways, and has a general rule, we
are more "develop" than we were before. We see ways and means from nature to utilize and
achieve growth a goal that we believe would bring forth achieve grow

• Martin Heidegger a philosopher argued that the essence of technology, or purpose, and
being are different from each other. To achieve man's end and second which constitutes
human activity.

This is the danger presented by too much reliance on technology:

"Human lose track of things that matter thus, reducing their surrounding to their economic
value."

BACKTRACKING THE HUMAN CONDITION

• Technology's initial promises proved to be true. All in all the human condition improved only
if by improving we measure the level of comfort, various scientific breakthroughs and
improved lifestyles by of who had the luxury to afford to do so.

•Some places are still battling for their daily survival diseases, tribe wars, lack of habitable
territories, and competitions on resources are several contributing to such.