Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering - TBIT206L

(Module-1)

Dr. Asmita Mishra

Assistant Professor
Department of Biotechnology
School of Bio Sciences & Technology (SBST)
Email: [Link]@[Link]
Module: 1

Dimensions and System of Units 7 hours

Fundamental quantities; Derived quantities and conversions; Basic chemical
engineering calculations; Atomic, molecular and equivalent weights; Molar
concepts; Concentration units for pure components, vapour pressures, moles,
mixtures and solutions; Molarity, molality, normality and partial pressures;
Composition of mixtures and solutions; Weight fraction, mole fraction,
volumetric composition, partial pressures density and specific gravity.
Units and Dimensions

• Dimensions are
basic concepts of
measurements such
as length, time,
mass, temperature,
and so on….
• Units are the means
of expressing the
dimensions such as
length in meters,
mass in kilograms,
time in seconds, etc.
Dimensions and Measurements
“Dimension” is characteristic of the object, condition, or event and is described
quantitatively in terms of defined “units”.
• A physical quantity is equal to the product of two elements:
– A quality or dimension
– A quantity expressed in terms of “units”
• Dimensions
– Physical things are measurable in terms of three primitive qualities (Maxwell
1871)
• Mass (M)
• Length (L)
• Time (T)
Note: (Temperature, electrical charge, chemical quantity, and luminosity were added
as “primitives” some years later.)
Fundamental vs Derived Quantities

Fundamental Quantities Derived Quantities

➢Consists of length(L), ➢Derived quantities are

mass(M), Time(T) and derived from
Temperature(θ) fundamental quantities such
as area,Pressure , Force etc.,
➢ Represented by different ➢ Represented algebraically in
System of units terms of multiplication and
• FPS division of fundamental
• MKS quantities
• SI
Fundamental Quantities;

Fundamental
Quantity System of units
SI Metric FPS
Length Meter Meter Foot
Mass Kilogram Kilogram Pound
Temperature Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit
Time Second Second Second
Electric Current Ampere Ampere Ampere
Amount of
substance Mole - -
Luminous Intensity Candela - -
Derived Quantities
Tools for Converting One Unit to Another
• Step 1: Find an equivalence statement that relates the 2 units
• Step2: Choose the conversion factor by looking at the direction of the
required change (cancel the unwanted units)
• Step 3: Multiply the original quantity by the conversion factor
• Step 4: Make sure you have the correct number of significant figures
Derived Quantities and Conversions
Conversion Factors Commonly Used
1m = 3.28084 Feet
1 cm = 0.393701 Inch
1 km = 0.62137 Miles
1 Hectare = 10000 m2 = 2.47105 Acre
1 m3 = 1000 dm3 = 1000 L
1 litre = 0.219969 Imperial gallon
= 0.264172 US Gallon
1 Torr = 133.3224 Pa
1 Bar = 105 Pa = 102 Kpa
= 0.145038 PSI (Pounds per
1 Kpa Square Inch)
1 Kpa = 0.010197 Kgf/cm2
1 Kg = 2.204623 lb
1K = 1.8˚R (R – Rankine)
1N = 0.224809 lbf
˚F = (9/5) X ˚C +32
Absolute Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure - Vacuum Pressure
Problems
1. Convert 120 km/h to m/s.
2. Convert 110 ft/s to m/h.
3. How many minutes in 3.5 days?
4. How many seconds are there in 5 days?
5. Convert 400 in3/day to cm3/min
6. What is 14 miles in terms of km?
7. How many inches in 4 feet?
8. How many feet in 96 inches?
9. How many miles in 15100 feet?
10. How many liters is 23500 mL?
Basic Chemical Engineering Calculations
1. The Volumetric flow rate of kerosene in an 80 mm diameter pipe is
75 Imperial gallons per min. Taking the density as 0.8 Kg/L. Find
the mass flow in kg/s.
2. Steam is flowing at the rate of 2000 Kg/h in a 3.068 ̋ diameter pipe
at a specific volume of 0.46166 m3/kg. Calculate the velocity of
steam in the pipe in SI unit.
3. A force equal to 19.635 Kgf is applied on a piston with a diameter
of 5 cm. Find the pressure exerted on the piston in Kpa, bar, PSI.
4. Iron metal weighing 500 lb occupies a volume of 29.25 L. Calculate
the density of iron in Kg/L.
5. In a double effect evaporator plant, the second effect is maintained
under vacuum of 475 Torr (mm Hg). Find the absolute pressure in
Kpa, Bar and Psi.
Basic Chemical Engineering Calculations
1. Change 400 in3/day to cm3/min
2. Convert 50 lbf/inch2 to N/m2
3. The superficial mass velocity is found to be 200 lb/h ft2. Find its
equivalent in Kg/(s. m2 )
4. The diameter and height of a vertical cylindrical tank are 5̒ and 6̒ 6 ̋
respectively. It is full upto 75% Height with CCl4. The density of
which is 1.6 Kg/L. Find the mass of CCl4 in Kg.
Atomic, Molecular and Equivalent weights
Atomic Weight Molecular Molecular
Element Symbol Molecule
(amu) Formula Weight (amu)
• Atomic weight: The
atomic mass is the mass Hydrogen H 1.008 Water H₂O 18.015
of the atom of this
Carbon C 12.01 Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 44.01
element based on the
scale that assigns carbon Oxygen O 16 Methane CH₄ 16.04
a mass of exactly Nitrogen N 14.01 Ammonia NH₃ 17.03
twelve. Sodium Na 22.99 Sodium Chloride NaCl 58.44
• Molecular weight: Sulfur S 32.07 Sulfuric Acid H₂SO₄ 98.08
Molecular weight is a
Hydrochloric
measure of the sum of Chlorine Cl 35.45
Acid
HCl 36.46
the atomic weight
Calcium
values of the atoms in a Calcium Ca 40.08
Carbonate
CaCO₃ 100.09
molecule.
Iron Fe 55.85 Ferric Oxide Fe₂O₃ 159.7

Phosphorus P 30.97 Phosphoric Acid H₃PO₄ 97.99

Molar Concepts
• Gram atom: It is defined as the mass in grams of an element which is
numerically equal to its atomic weight.
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
• 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
• 𝐾𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

• Gram mole: It is defined as the mass in grams of a substance which is

numerically equal to its molecular weight.
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
• 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
• 𝐾𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Methods of Expressing Composition of Mixtures and
Solutions

❖ Weight Percent: weight of any component expressed as a percentage of the total

weight of the system.
Weight of component A 𝑊𝐴
• Weight % of A = × 100 = × 100
Total weight of system 𝑊

❖ Volume Percent: pure component volume of any component expressed as a

percentage of the total volume of the system.
Pure component volume of component A 𝑉𝐴
• Volume % of A = × 100 = × 100
Total volume of system 𝑉
Methods of Expressing Composition of Mixtures and
Solutions
❖ Mole fraction: ratio of the number of moles of particular components to the total
moles of the system.
𝑊𝐴
Moles of component A 𝑀𝐴
• Mole fraction of A (xA) = =
Total moles of system 𝑊𝐴 𝑊𝐵
+
𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐵

❖ Mole percent: mole of any component expressed as a percentage of the total

moles of the system.
𝑊𝐴
Moles of component A 𝑀𝐴
• Mole % of A = × 100 = × 100
Total moles of system 𝑊𝐴 𝑊𝐵
+
𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐵
Moles to Mass Fraction
Moles to Mass Fraction
Principle of Atom Conservation

• The (POAC) states that the total number of atoms of reactants must equal the number of atoms of
products.

• Explanation:

• The POAC comes from the Law of Conservation of Mass.

❖ Mass of atoms of element in reactant = mass of atoms of element in product

❖ Number of atoms of element in reactant = number of atoms of element in product

❖ Moles of atoms of element in reactant = moles of atoms of element in product

Molarity
• Molarity (M):Molarity is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution. It is defined as
the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution.

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
• 𝑀=
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

• Units: Moles per liter (mol/L)

• Applications:

❖ Used in preparing solutions for chemical reactions. Important for stoichiometric calculations in
titrations and other analytical methods.

❖ Critical in controlling the reactivity and properties of a solution in various chemical processes.

❖ It is widely used in chemistry for solutions where the solute is dissolved in a liquid solvent.
Molality

• Molality (m): Concentration of a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute per kilogram
of solvent. 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀=
𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

• Units: Moles per kilogram (mol/kg)

• Applications

❖ Used in determining colligative properties (boiling point elevation, freezing point depression,
osmotic pressure).

❖ Important for understanding solution behavior in different conditions, especially in

thermodynamics and chemical engineering.
Molarity vs Molality
• Explanation

❖ Molality is used when the temperature and pressure conditions of a solution are variable, as it does
not change with temperature because it depends on the mass of the solvent, not its volume.

❖ It is particularly useful in colligative properties calculations such as boiling point elevation and
freezing point depression.

• Comparison with Molarity

❖ Molarity (M): Moles of solute per liter of solution.

❖ Molality (m): Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

❖ Molality is independent of temperature and pressure, whereas molarity can vary with temperature
and pressure because it depends on volume.
Normality
Normality (N): Normality is a measure of concentration equivalent to molarity, but it accounts
for the reactive capacity of the solute. It is defined as the number of gram equivalents of solute
per liter of solution.

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑁=
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Units: Gram equivalents per liter (eq/L)

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Calculation of Gram Equivalent
❖ For acids, it is the molar mass divided by the number of H⁺ ions the acid can donate.
❖ For bases, it is the molar mass divided by the number of OH⁻ ions the base can accept.
❖ For redox reactions, it is the molar mass divided by the number of electrons transferred.