Science

Chapter 1:
BY COPILOT :
1. What Is Matter?
o Matter encompasses everything with mass and occupies space. It’s
the tangible stuff we encounter daily—what we touch, see, hear, taste,
and even smell.
o Matter consists of minuscule particles that cannot be seen with the
naked eye.
2. States of Matter: Solid, Liquid, and Gas
o Matter can exist in three primary states:
▪ Solid: Has a fixed shape and volume. Particles are closely
arranged.
▪ In solids, particles vibrate around fixed positions due to
strong intermolecular forces.
▪ Examples: Ice, wood, and metals.
▪ Liquid: Takes the shape of its container but has a definite
volume. Particles are more randomly arranged.
▪ Liquids have weaker intermolecular forces than solids,
allowing particles to move more freely.
▪ Examples: Water, milk, and oil.
▪ Gas: Neither has a fixed shape nor volume. Particles are widely
spaced.
▪ Gaseous particles move rapidly and independently, filling
any available space.
▪ Examples: Air, oxygen, and helium.
o These states are interconvertible by altering temperature and pressure.
For instance:
▪ Melting: Solid to liquid (adding heat).
▪ Freezing: Liquid to solid (removing heat).
▪ Vaporization: Liquid to gas (boiling or evaporation).
▪ Condensation: Gas to liquid (cooling).
3. Physical Properties of Matter
o Physical properties are observable characteristics that don’t alter the
nature or composition of matter. Examples include:
▪ Color: The appearance of matter.
▪ Density: Mass per unit volume.
▪ Melting Point: Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.
▪ Boiling Point: Temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas.
▪ Solubility: Ability to dissolve in a solvent.
▪ These properties remain consistent regardless of the amount of
matter present.
4. Characteristics of Particles of Matter
o The behavior of matter depends on its constituent particles:
 ▪ Spaces Between Particles: Matter particles have gaps between
them.
▪ Interparticle Attraction: Despite these gaps, particles are
attracted to one another.
▪ Influence on State and Properties: Particle arrangement
influences physical and chemical properties.
▪ For example, tightly packed particles in solids lead to
their rigidity, while freely moving particles in gases allow
them to fill containers.
5. Atomic View of the Three States of Matter
o Solid: Regularly arranged particles with minimal movement.
▪ Imagine a lattice of atoms or molecules held in place.
o Liquid: Random arrangement with moderate movement.
▪ Particles slide past each other, allowing liquids to flow.
o Gas: Sparsely arranged particles with free, constant, and random
motion.
▪ Gas particles collide elastically with container walls.
▪ Kinetic theory explains gas behavior.
6. Evaporation
o Evaporation occurs when a liquid changes to a gas due to heat energy.
o It’s a vital process in our surroundings, leading to the water cycle and
cooling effects.
▪ When you hang wet clothes to dry, it’s evaporation at work!
By byjus :

Matter In Our Surroundings Class 9 Notes

- Chapter 1
Anything that has mass and takes up space is referred to as matter.
hydrogen and oxygen, sugar and sand, air and water, etc. Small,
minuscule particles make up matter. Due to the space between them,
matter particles are attracted to one another.

States of Matter
• Matter can be classified as solid, liquid or gas on the basis of
interparticle forces and the arrangement of particles.
• These three forms of matter are interconvertible by increasing or
decreasing pressure and temperature. For example, ice can be
converted from solid to a liquid by increasing the temperature.

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Shape and volume Fixed shape and No fixed shape but Neither definite
volume has volume shape nor volume

Energy Lowest Medium Highest

Compressibility Difficult Nearly difficult Easy

Arrangement of Regular and Random and little Random and more

molecules closely arranged sparsely arranged sparsely arranged

Fluidity Cannot flow Flows from higher Flows in all

to lower level directions

Movement Negligible Depends on Free, constant and

interparticle random
attraction

Interparticle space Very less More Large

 Interparticle Maximum Medium Minimum
attraction

Density Maximum Medium Minimum

Rate of diffusion Negligible It depends on Maximum

interparticle
attraction.

Show more

For more information on the States of Matter, watch the below video
 Solid

Liquid Gas
Physical Nature of Matter
• A physical property is an aspect of matter that can be observed
or measured without changing its nature or composition.
• It is independent of the amount of matter present.
• Physical properties include appearance, colour, odour, density,
texture, melting point, boiling point, solubility, etc.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

• Everything that we can touch, see, hear, taste and also smell is
matter.
• It is made up of really tiny particles which cannot be seen
through the eye.

The particles of which the matter is comprised influence its state and
properties (physical and chemical).

1. Particles of matter have spaces between them

• This characteristic is one of the concepts behind the solubility of

a substance in other substances. For example, on dissolving
sugar in water, there is no rise in the water level because the
particles of sugar get into the interparticle spaces between the
water particles.

2. Particles of matter are always in motion

• Particles of matter show continuous random movements due to

the kinetic energy they possess.
• A rise in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the
particles, making them move more vigorously.

3. Particles of matter attract each other

In every substance, there is an interparticle force of attraction acting
between the particles. To break a substance, we need to overcome this
force. The strength of the force differs from one substance to another.
To know more about the Characteristics of Particles of Matter, visit
here.

Diffusion

When the particles of matter intermix on their own with each other, the
phenomenon is called diffusion. For example, spreading of ink in water.

• During diffusion, the particles occupy the interparticle spaces.

• The rate of diffusion increases with an increase in temperature
due to increase in the kinetic energy of the particles.

To know more about Diffusion, visit here.

Can Matter Change Its State?

Effect of Change of Temperature on the State of Matter

On increasing the temperature, the kinetic energy of the particles of

the matter increases, and they begin to vibrate with higher energy.
Therefore, the interparticle force of attraction between the particles
reduces, and particles get detached from their position and begin to
move freely.

• As a result, the state of matter begins to change.

• Solids undergo a phase change to form liquids.
• Similarly, liquids also undergo a phase change to form gases.

To know more about the Changing State of Matter, visit here.

Melting Point

The melting point of a solid is defined as the temperature at which solid

melts to become liquid at the atmospheric pressure.

• At the melting point, these two phases, i.e., solid and liquid, are
in equilibrium, i.e., at this point, both solid state and liquid state
exist simultaneously.

Fusion

When two atoms collide to create a heavier atom, such as when two
hydrogen atoms combine to create one helium atom, this process is
known as fusion. This process generates enormous amounts of energy,
many times more than fission, and powers the sun. Furthermore, it
doesn’t generate radioactive fission products.

The melting point at which ice, a solid, turns to water, a liquid, is 32°F
(0°C).

Boiling Point

The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the

vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.

The boiling point for any material is the temperature point at which
the material transforms into the gas phase in the liquid phase. This
happens at 100 degrees centigrade for water. The Celsius scale was in
fact created on the basis of the ice/water melting point and the liquid
water/vapor boiling point.

Read more: Celsius to Kelvin

Latent Heat of Fusion

It is the amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a solid

into liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point.

Latent Heat of Vaporisation

It is the amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a liquid

into gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.

Sublimation

The transition of a substance directly from its solid phase to gaseous

phase without changing into the liquid phase (or vice versa) is
called sublimation.
Sublimation – Solid to Gas Phase Transformation

Effect of Change in Pressure on the State of Matter

By applying pressure, the interparticle spaces between particles of

matter decrease. Thus, by applying pressure and reducing
temperature, we can convert a solid to liquid and a liquid to gas.

Flowchart for Inter-Conversion of the Three States of Matter