Chapter 4

Learning Objectives

1. Speak politely and confidently using greetings, requests, apologies, and kind words in daily
situations.
2. Listen and speak clearly by pronouncing diphthong sounds correctly.
3. Identify and use nouns and verbs correctly in sentences.
4. Understand and use sentence structure (subject, verb, and object).
5. Make statements and questions using correct punctuation and question words.
6. Write clear and meaningful sentences by using correct grammar and subject–verb agreement.

Reading and Understanding

Title: Helping at the Library – Role Play

Characters:

 Amina – friendly, helpful, polite

 Bilal – worried, looking for a book

 Boy – confused, needs help

Scene: A library with shelves of books.

Dialogue Script:

Amina: (noticing Bilal) Hi Bilal! You seem worried. What are you looking for?

Bilal: I’m trying to find a book about space, but I can’t seem to locate it anywhere.

Amina: Don’t worry. Let’s search together—two heads are better than one.

(They walk toward the science section and notice the boy frowning at history books.)

Amina: Hello! You look a little confused. Do you need some help?

Boy: Yes, please. I need a book about Ancient Egypt for my project, but I don’t know where to start.
Bilal: Let’s look together. It’s easier when friends help each other.

(They find the books and sit down at a table.)

Amina: Listening attentively and asking questions politely really helps.

Boy: And even a simple ‘thank you’ can make someone’s day much brighter.

Bilal: Helping others isn’t only about completing a task. It’s about showing respect, understanding, and
kindness while communicating.

All Together: (smiling) Meaningful communication makes the library a friendly and welcoming place for
everyone!

Activity Instructions for Students:

1. Assign roles: Amina, Bilal, Boy.

2. Practice reading the dialogue aloud with expression.

3. After performing, answer the comprehension questions using the sentence starters.

Comprehension Questions:

1. How did Amina assist Bilal and the boy?

2. What polite words or actions did the friends use?

3. Why is listening carefully important when someone asks for help?

4. How can a small gesture, like saying “thank you,” improve communication?

5. What could you say to someone who looks confused or worried?

Sentence Starters:

1. Amina assisted them by…

2. They used polite words or actions such as…

3. Listening carefully is important because…

4. A small gesture improves communication by…

 5. I could say…

Vocabulary Builder

Word Meaning / Explanation Example Sentence Urdu

To find the exact place of ‫ مقام‬،‫تالش کرنا‬

Locate We used the map to locate the school.
something ‫معلوم کرنا‬

The students listened attentively to the

Attentively Paying close attention ‫ غور سے‬،‫توجہ سے‬
teacher.

Learning and Speaking

Learning to Speak

We use English to communicate politely in daily life.

1. Greetings

Examples: Good morning • How are you? • I am fine, thank you.

2. Saying Sorry

Examples: I am sorry • Please forgive me • It’s okay • Be careful next time.

3. Making Requests

Examples: Can you help me? • Could you please…? • Yes, sure • No problem • I’m sorry, I can’t.

4. Asking Questions

Examples: Where is the library? • When does the class start? • It is near the office.

5. Expressing Feelings

Examples: I am happy • I am sad • I am worried • That’s great! • Oh no!

6. Agreeing and Disagreeing

Examples: I agree • I don’t agree • I think so • I don’t think so.

🧠 Speaking Tip

Speak clearly • Use polite words • Take turns while speaking

Pair Practice

Work with a partner:

 Ask for help or directions.

 Say sorry for being late.

 Talk about your feelings.

 Make a polite request.

Tips for Speaking

 Use please, sorry, and thank you.

 Take turns.

 Speak clearly and politely.

 Listen carefully without interrupting.

 Use the right tone for questions, requests, or feelings.

Learning the Sounds: Diphthongs

What is a Diphthong?
A diphthong is a sound made by combining two vowels in one syllable. The sound starts with one vowel
and glides to another.
Examples: soil, plain, cow

Read and Pronounce the Diphthongs in These Sentences:

 Amina noticed Bilal looking worried.

  “Can you help me find a book?” Bilal asked.

 The boy needed a book about Ancient Egypt.

 “Let’s search together,” Amina said kindly.

Grammar

Nouns

A noun is the name of:

 a person

 a place

 an animal

 a thing

1. Common and Proper Nouns

Common Nouns

General names of people, places, or things.

Examples:
boy • school • river • mountain • cat • tree
Proper Nouns

Special names.
They always begin with a capital letter.

Examples:
Ali • Lahore Museum • River Indus • Swat • Lake Saif-ul-Maluk

Practice (Oral / Written)

• The children went to a museum.

• The children went to the Lahore Museum.

. Circle the common nouns and underline the proper nouns in the given sentences.

 Amna and Sana are playing with their dolls.

 Hamza's cat is very naughty.

 Their school is going on a trip to Mazar-e-Quaid.

 Satpara Lake is a beautiful lake in Pakistan.

 The River Ravi flows through Lahore.

2. Gender Nouns

Some nouns show gender.

Masculine

Names of males
Examples: king • uncle • lion • prince

Feminine

Names of females
Examples: queen • aunt • lioness • princess

Common Gender
Can be male or female
Examples: teacher • cousin • patient • friend • neighbour

Read the following use of gender nouns.

 My nephew is learning to ride a bicycle.

 We stayed in a hotel.

 Raza met his aunt last year.

 There is a lioness in the zoo.

 Ali’s grandfather lived in Jhelum.

 There are many trees in the farmhouse.

ii. Classify the given gender nouns and write them in their respective columns.

king lioness tree milkmaid chair pencil

uncle lion niece prince goose desk

Masculine Feminine Neutral

3. Singular and Plural Nouns

Singular

One person or thing

Examples: boy • child • tree

Plural

More than one

Examples: boys • children • trees

Verb
Verbs show action or state of being.
In correct writing:

• The verb tense should stay the same.

• The verb should match the subject.

Examples:
• The boy is running.
• The boys are running.

Every sentence has three main parts:

• Subject (S) – who does the action

• Verb (V) – the action
• Object (O) – who or what receives the action

Example:
The dog (S) chased (V) the ball (O).

Sometimes a sentence has two objects:

• Indirect object – for whom the action is done

• Direct object – what is given or done

Sentence Structure

iii) Read the sentences and notice their structure.

Sentence with One Object

Subject + Verb + Direct Object

Toqeer planted a tree.

Zia built a house.
Raza drew a picture.

Sentence with Two Objects

Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object

Grandmother told the children a story

Subject + Verb + Object

My father gave me an old watch.

Ayesha bought her son a new car.

🧠 Quick Reminder for Learners

 S = Subject (who does the action)

 V = Verb (the action)

 IO = Indirect Object (to whom / for whom)

 DO = Direct Object (what is given or done)

iv) Writing Practice

Write five sentences with:

• a direct object
• an indirect object

Write them in your notebook.

Subject–Verb Agreement Practice

Rewrite the sentences using the correct plural forms and matching verbs.

• The cat is hiding in the bush.

• The student is sitting on the bench.
• There was a child standing outside the gate.
• He has a toothache.

Final Writing Task

Write five sentences following the S + V + O pattern.

Underline the predicate in each sentence.

Subject + Verb + Object

(e.g., Ali + plays + football)

Statements and Questions

Statements tell something or give information.
Questions ask something.

Examples

 Amina noticed Bilal looking worried.

 Bilal is trying to find a book about space.

 Do you need some help?

 Can we search together?

Practice 1

Write S for a statement and Q for a question.

1. Amina saw Bilal standing by the shelves. ______

2. What book are you looking for? ______

3. Bilal cannot find a book about space. ______

4. Do you need help with your project? ______

5. Helping friends makes tasks easier. ______

Practice 2

Write five statements and five questions in your notebook.

Question Words

Question words are used to ask questions.

Examples: what, where, who, which, whose

Examples

•  What book are you looking for?

 Where is the library?

 Who needs help with the project?

 Which book do you want to read?

Practice 3

Read the answers and write the questions.

1. Your books are on the table.

2. This is my trophy.

3. Liaquat Ali Khan was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan.

4. I like cats.