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 S

Conductor Main
flux

N Magnet

(a) Conductor in a magnetic field

Flux by
conductor

Current carrying
conductor

(b) Flux produced by current carrying conductor

Cancellation
Addition

(a) Interaction of two fluxes

Gathering Direction of force

of flux
Weakening
N of flux

(b) Force experienced by the conductor

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 Field Direction of
winding motion

F F N S
Lines of
F Armature flux
Left
hand
Direction of
current

S S N N

F F F F

N N S S

(a) (b) (c) (d)

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 PNZ
60 A

+
a

+ V
Eb
– Supply
voltage

(a) Back e.m.f. in

a d.c. motor

a
+

+
Eb
–
V
Ra

(b) Equivalent circuit

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 PNZ
60 A

V Eb
Ra

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 Pm
Eb I a VIa I a2 R a
dPm
Pm
dI a

V 2 I a Ra

V V
Ia I a Ra
2 Ra 2

V
Eb Ia Ra Eb
2

V
Eb
2

Eb

Rotation
R

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 Work done
Time
F R
Time for 1 rev

Shaft

Armature Ta LOAD
torque Lost Shaft
or torque torque
PNZ Generated or
60 A torque Useful torque

PNZ
60 A

PZ
Ia
A

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 V E b0
Ra

Pout
IL Ia
Ra
1 ZI a P
Ta
2 A
PNZ
Eb Eb I a Ra
60 A
Eb 45 0.6 Eb

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 25 10 3 800 N 4 Eb I a Eb I a
Ta
60 2 2 N
60
383.6255 163.745
1 25 10 3 800 45 4 2 568.334
Ta
2 2 60

1 PZ
Pout Pout 8.2 10 3 60 Ta Ia
Tsh 2 A
2 N 2 289.5
1 4 450
60 45 10 3 163.745
2 2

Pout
Tsh

Tsh
Pout
FL

Ra R sh

Pout 60 10 3
Pin 66.298 10 3
0.905

Pin V IL
Bore diameter 30 10 – 2
66.298 10 3 400 I L P 4

IL
V
IL Ia I sh I sh
R sh
/ Pole
Ia
0.2356 20 10 – 2 0.4
Eb V I a Ra PNZ 0.0188 4 1500 400
Eb
400 163.745 0.1 60 A 60 4

383.6255 V
PNZ Eb
Eb
60 A
Eb I a
3
45 10 4 N 450 Eb I a Eb I a 4700 60
60 2 Ta
2 N 2 1500
60

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 D.C. motor

D.C. shunt motor D.C. series motor D.C. compound motor

Long shunt Short shunt

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 + Eb V I a Ra
IL
Ia Ish
Ra
240 230
M Ra Supply Ra
Rsh 35.5
voltage
V

LOAD Eb Eb
–
V
V I a Ra Ia
Ra

240
Ia
0.2817

V
R sh

Eb R sh I sh IL

IL Ia I sh

Ia
V V
I sh
R sh 160

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 +
Ise IL R
Rse
R se
Ia
Supply E b + I a R a + I a R se
voltage
M Ra V Eb

Eb
LOAD –
PNZ
Eb
60 A

25 10–3 4 N 200
60 2

Ta

R a + R se
PZ
Ia
A
4 944
Ia
2

Ia

Eb I a R a + R se

PZN
Eb
60 A
Ia IL
N
+
Ia Rse IL

Ra V = 250 V
M

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 +
IL
Rse

Ia Ish
Supply
Ra voltage
M Rsh V

LOAD –

IL
+
Ise Ish
Rse
Ia
Rsh
V
M Ra

V I L R se Eb I a R a Vbrush
LOAD – R sh R sh

V
R sh

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 V Ia R a

V Ia R a

N no load Nfull load

N full load

E b0 V I a0 R a 230 3.3 0.3

V 230
I sh
R sh 160

I a1 I L1 I sh 40 1.4375
E b1 V I a1 R a 230 38.5625 0.3
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 + T1 I a1
a0 1
3.3 A T2 2 I a2
V = 230 V M Ra 160
0.3 2 I a2

E b1 V I a1 R a 220 40 0.5
–
N0 = 1000 r.p.m.
(a)
L1 = 40 A sh1
Eb
+
a1
N1 E b1 2
V = 230 V M Ra Rsh N2 E b2 1

N1 200 2
= 0.96 0
– 1 1.5 N 1 E b2 1
N1 = ? flux reduced
by 4 %
(b)
E b2 300 2
1

E b2 V I a2 R a 220 0.5 I a2

Eb N0 E b0 1
20 0.5 I a2 300 2
1
N1 E b1 0
1
I a2 40
1000 229.01 2
0.96 N1
N1 218.4312
20 0.5 40 300 2
1
1 2 1
E b0 I a0 229.01 3.3
Ta0 2 1 x
2 N0 2 1000
60 60 300
220 20 x 20 x 2 220 x 300
x

Ta0 0 I a0
Ia
T1 1 I a1
7.2167 0.96 38.5625 1
T1
3.3 2

Ra I a1
N2 N1

Ia

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 N1 I L1
Ra

Vbrush R sh I sh1
V 250
R sh 125

I L1 I a1 I sh1 I a1

I a1 Vt
Ra
E b1 V I a1 R a Vbrush
P 4 10 3
Ia
Vt 220

Eg Vt I a Ra 220 18.1818 0.4

I L0 I sh2 I sh1

I a0 I L0 I sh
g
E b0 V I a0 R a Vbrush
Ia

m g 0.1 g 1.1 g
Eb
Eb I sh
Eb V I a Ra 220 18.1818 0.4

N1 E b1 600 228.8
N0 E b0 N0 246.8 Eb Ng Eg m
Nm Eb g
N0
Ng 227.2727
I a2 N2 1.1
Nm 212.7272
E b2 V I a2 R a Vbrush

Eb

N1 E b1
N2 E b2

600 228.8
800 232
V
R sh

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 Ia IL +
E b2 + I a2 R a + I se2 R se
Ish
E b2
M V
Ra Rsh
E b2

Eb

Eb
I se Ia
N1 E b1 2
N2 E b2 1
N0 E b0
N FL E bL N1 E b1 I a2
N2 E b2 I a1
363.5 1450
396.5 E b2 I a1
N2 N1
E b1 I a2

N I I a1

I I a2
P 100 10 3
IL 434.7826 A
Ra R se Vt 230
I + Ia IL
Ish
Rse P = 100 kW
Ia Ra Rsh
G Vt Load
V = 250 V 0.018 115
Ra M

Vt = 230 V
(a) Generator
–
Ia IL

Ish
Pin = 9 kW
Ra M Rsh V = 230 V
E b1 + I a1 R a + I se1 R se

I1 I a1 = I se1 = 20A
(b) Motor
E b1

E b1

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 Vt 230
I sh 2 A,
R sh 115

Ia IL I sh 436.7826 A

Eg Vt I a Ra 230 4 0.018

237.862 V

Pin 9 10 3
IL 39.1304 A
V 230

V
I sh 2 A,
R sh

Ia I L – I sh 37.1304 A

Eb V – I a Ra 230 – 37.1304 0.018

229.3316 V

E
E

is constant as I sh is constant

Ng Eg 750 237.862
Nm Eb Nm 229.3316

Nm 723.103 r. p. m.

Speed as a motor

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 T
Ta Tsh

Ta0 Loss
Tf
torque

0
Ia0 a

V Ia R a

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 N
Constant speed line

N
Constant speed line
N0

Drop is small
as Ra is small.

Ia

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 T T a Ta Tsh

2
T Ia Point of
saturation
Tf

0 Ia0 a

V Ia R a

For small a
speed is very high.

0 Ia

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 T N
Differential N
Differential
Series
Cumulative Constant
Shunt Shunt Shunt
Differential Cumulative Cumulative
Series
Series

(a) T Vs Ia a (b) N Vs Ia a (c) N Vs T T

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 V
Ra

Power input on full load

Supply voltage

V
Ra

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 A1
F1
+
Run Start M
V F2
Starting
resistance A2
–

R3
R2 R4
R1 R5
Starting No volt coil
resistance
3 4
2 5
1 Run
OFF
Soft iron piece

Starter handle

Spring
Overload
release

L F A

Lever Triangular
+ iron piece
F1 A1
V
D.C. M
– F2 A2

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®
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 2 3 4
5
1 Run
OFF

Brass
or copper arc

L F A

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 R3
R2 R4
R1 R5 Parallel connection
No volt coil of NVC and field
Starting
resistance
3 4 5
2
1 Run
OFF
Soft iron piece
Brass arc

Starter handle

Spring
Overload
release

L N F A

Lever Triangular
+ iron piece
F1 A1
V
D.C. R M
– F2 A2

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 R3
R2 R4
R1 R5
Starting No volt coil
resistance
3 4
2 5 RUN
1
OFF
Soft iron piece

Starter handle

Spring
Overload
release

L F

Lever Iron piece Series

+ field
V
D.C.
M Armature
–

Eb V Ia R a

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 Vrated
I f rated

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 +
Start
Rheostat
R
A1
Supply
M F1 V
A2 Rsh rated
F2

+
Min Start

R F1
A1
Rsh Supply
Max V
N M F2
A2

Normal
speed Ish
Ish rated ( )

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 N
Normal
speed
Nrated

Below
normal
Va
0 Vrated

Max

F1 R
A1 as Supply
potential V
F2 M divider

A2 Start

N
Nrated Speed
below
normal

0 V
Vrated

Voltage required to overcome

inertia and friction + aRa drop

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 +220 V +
Neutral 0V
440 V
–220 V
–

F1 F2

M
A1 A2 Ra

V
R sh

sh L
+
a

Eb
Rsh M V = 500 V

Ra
–

Eb

N0 E b0 1000
N F.L. E b1 N F.L.

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 1 PZ
Ta Ia
2 A

1 4 900
I sh 0.01305 75
2 4
I sh2

Pm
T1 I a1
T2 I a2 Eb I a
28.75 Pm Pout 17625 15 10 3
I a2

Pin V IL V Ia If 250 75 1.5

Pout 15 10 3
Eb N1 E b1 100 100
Pin 19125
N2 E b2

924.1466
N2
Ia
T1 1 I a1
1 T1 T2
T2 2 I a2

1 75
I a2
0.7 I a2

1.5 E b2 V I a2 R a 250 107.1428 0.2

Eb

N1 E b1 2
N2 E b2 1
Ra
Ia If Pout 1200 235
0.7
N2 228.5714
Eb V I a Ra 250 75 0.2
PNZ E b 60 A N2
Eb
60 A PNZ

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 Rx

L1
+
a1 sh1
= 50 A
IL1
500 V M Ra Rsh
0.4 Ia1
Ish1
– 230 V Ra M Rsh
N1 = 700 r.p.m.

(a)

L2
+ (a) N1 = 800 rpm
a2 sh
Rx
Rsh IL2 Ish2
500 V +
Ia2
M
Ra Rx
230 V Ra M
–
N2 = 600 r.p.m. Rsh

(b) –

(b) N2 = 1000 rpm

E b1 V I a1 R a 500 50 0.4

Ia Ia
T1 I a1
T2 I a2

I a2 I a1
Eb N1 E b1
Eb
N2 E b2

is constant
480
E b2
E b2

E b2 V I a2 R a Rx

500 50 0.4 R x

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 Ish2 IL2
+
Ia2
Rx

Ra V = 250 V
M
Rsh

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®
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 L +

Rse Rx
a Supply
V
Ra M volts

–
(a) Field divertor

Speed
N

As Rx is decreasing

Without Rx
0 a

(b) Speed-current characteristics

IL
+

Rse

A1 Ia
Supply
Rx V
M Ra volts

A2
–

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 Series
+
A1

Ra Supply
M
V
volts
A2

–
(a)

Parallel

+
A1

3 4 Supply
2 M Ra
Ia V
1
S + volts
A2
A1
–
Supply (b)
M Ra V
volts
A2

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 +
L

Rx

Supply a
V
volts
M Ra

Rse

–
(a)

Speed Without Rx
With Rx
1=30 A
Rse
Current
(b) a1
V = 250 V

Ra M

(a)

Ia Rx se2
Generator Rse
field = 0.1
+
Rse
a2
V = 250 V
Ia
Rx A1
M
Variable
P.M. G voltage M Ra

A2 (b)
–

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 IT
I1 I2
Eb
R1 R2

N1 E b1 I se2
N2 I se1

242.5 25.9807
239.607 30

T1 I se1 I a1
T2 I se2 I a2

IT

R2
R1 R 2

R1
R1 R 2

n n n n
+
Ia1= 50 A

Rx 0.1 Ra
V = 230 V M
Rx R se 0.1 0.1

T1 30 30 n n
1.5 T1 0.5 I a2 I a2 Ia2
+ Ia2/2 n n
Ia2
Ia2/2

V = 230 V Ra M

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 N1 N2 I a1
N2 N1 I a2
N1 I a1 2000
N2 I a2 N2

I a2 I a2
2n 2n
2 2

1 200 n 100
2 2 n I a2 I a2

T1 I a1
T2 I a2
Ia2 +

Rx
T1 N1
T2 N2 Rse

V = 200 V
N1 I a1
N2 I a2
M Ra
N1 E b1
N2 E b2
–

N1
N2
N1 1
N2 0.6

I a1 I a1
I a2 I a2

T1 I a1
T2 I a2
I a2
T1 N1
100 I a2
T2 N2

N1 I a1
N2 I a2

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 Eb Eb
a

N1 E b1 I a2
N2 I a1

375 r. p. m

E b1 V I a1 (R a R se ) 200 15 1

E b2 V I a2 (R a R se Rx )

Ia1 = 15 A
+
T1 I a1
T2 I a2 Ra+Rse
V = 200 V
=1
M

T1 N1 –
T2 N2 N1 = 800 r.p.m

(a)
N1 I a1
N2 I a2
Ia2 = 15 A
+
300 15
Rx 5
375 I a2

Eb Eb V = 200 V
Ra+Rse
a =1
M
N1 E b1 I a2
N2 I a1 –
N2 = ?
(b)

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 20 15 6 E b2 V I a2 (R a R se Rx )
220 15 (1 R x )

Eb Ia
Eb I a1 I a2 Eb N1 E b1 I a2
N
N2 E b2 I a1
N1 E b1 800 E b1
N2 E b2 N2 190 15
[220 15 (1 R x )] 30
N2
Rx 10.5

T N2 Ra R se
Ia

Eb V I a (R a R se )

220 30 (0.6 0.4)

Pm Eb I a 190 30 5700 W

Eb I a Eb I a 5700
2 N 2 400
60 60

N2 N1 I a1

T I 2a T N2

N1 2 I a1 2
N2 I 2a
N2 I a2

2
30
I a2
I a2

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 +

M2 G M1

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 L +

sh a

Rsh M V
Ra

–
(a) Running

sh +

+
R
Rsh M V
Eb
–

–
(b) Braking

Eb

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 L +

sh a

Rsh M Ra V

–
(a) Running
L +

sh L +
sh a
A1
a
Rsh M Ra V

Rsh M V
A2
Eb

–
(a) Running –

L + (b) Braking

sh
A1
R
Rsh M V
A2 a

Eb
–
Eb
(b) Braking

( Eb

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 S2 S1 +
Rse
a
A1
Ra M V
A2 Eb

–
(a) Running

S2 S1 +
Rse

A1
R Ra M
A2 Eb

–
(b) Braking

+
S1 a
V Rse
S2
A1 V

Eb M Ra
A2
Outer shell for fixing
permanent magnets
–
(a) Running

+
S1 a
Rse N S
S2
V Rotor
A1 Permanent magnets
E R
V Ra M
A2
–
(b) Braking

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 ZP
A

Eb Ka

PZ
Ia
A
ZP
Ia
A

Ka Ia

Eb Km
Km Ka = Constant
Eb
Km

Eb I a
Km I a

Eb I a R a Km Ia Ra
V I a Ra
Km

+
Ra

Supply
M Eb
voltage V

–
Speed

Power
Ra output
Input current

Speed

ZNP ZnP N
Eb
60 A A 60 Torque

ZP
n
A
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®
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 V
Eb
2

Eb

Ia

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 N no load Nfull load
N full load

V
Ra

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®
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Ia
Ia Eb
1
I a (R a R se ) N
Ia
Ia

1
T I 2a N
Ia
1
N
T

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®
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®
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 Ia

B 1.6
m

m3

B2m
I 2a

I 2sh

I 2se

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 I 2a R a

I 2sh R sh
Vt
R sh

Ia IL

Ish

G Load Vt

Vt2
R sh

Vt2
200
Vt
R sh

P 5000
Vt 230
I 2a R a

Mech. power Electrical

input = power developed Electrical
Pin Output of in armature power output Pout
driving machine = Eg a watt = V watt

Iron and Copper

friction losses losses

Electrical Power developed

(mechanical) in Motor
power input
Pin armature = output Pout
to motor = V in watts
watt Eb a watt

Copper losses Iron and

friction losses

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 360
(22.6086) 2

I 2a I2

VI
1
2
VI I + Pi

1
100
I Ra Pi
1
V VI

max at which
Eg I a variable losses
% m 100 equal to fixed
Pin (mechanical) % losses Variable
and losses
Eg I a losses
100 Efficiency
Output of driving machine
Fixed
losses

Load
current
Vt I L
e 100
Eg I a

d I Ra Pi
1
dI V VI

Ra Pi
V V I2
Pout Vt I L
100 100
Pin Pin

% % m % e

Output
g 100
Output + Losses

Input Losses
% m 100
Input
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 I sh
VI sh
I 2a R a
I 2a R a Pi

Pi Constant losses 10666.67

Ia 220
Ra Armature resistance
V
R sh
I sh , I a IL

533.33
(45.73) 2

I 2a (R a R se ) Pi

Pi
Ia
R a + R se

Motor output
Motor input
13736.03
15400

Output
Input

Output 9600
% 0.9

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 85464
(500 0.14 I a2 ) I a2

2
I 2

I 22

I a2

E b2 N2 203.18
E b1 N1 208.56 Output
Input
203.18
208.56

V
R sh

PNZ

P1 Eb 1 I a1 474.8 180
P2 Eb 2 I a2 (500 0.14 I a2 ) I a2

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 Pm Pm

PZ
Ia
A

Power output Power input Losses

Power input Power input
Pout

Pout
100
Pin

Output
Input

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 R sh
Ra

Ra

R’
A2
sh V
+ A1 I sh
R a f1
A1 R sh
Supply
voltage V M f2
V
A2 I sh
R sh
–
I sh2 R sh

I F.L.

I F.L.
V
I F.L.
Ia I sh

Ia
I 2a R a 2
I F.L.
I sh Ra
4

2
I F.L. I F.L.
I 2a Ra V I sh Ra
4
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 I F.L.
V Ia

Output Input losses

Input Input

I F.L.
V Ia 2 R a WF W
4
I F.L.
V
4

I 2a R a

WF

Input Losses VI I 2a R a WF W
100 100
Input VI

Vt I L I 2a R a

WF
Output Vt I L
100 100
Output + Losses Vt I L 2
I a Ra WF W

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 Output
Input

44760
49692.5

I 2a R a

Ia I I sh

I sh Ia

I 2a R a 3.5 2 0.15

P 50 10 3
V 440

Ia I sh

Ia I I sh

I 2a R a 112.13 2 0.15

I 2a R a I 2a

I 2a

I 2a

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 Output 50
g 100 100
Input 54.084

3
P
4

37.5 10 3 Io Ra
440 R sh
Ia I I sh V Io 500 5
2
I 2a Ra 83.72 0.15 I sh
V 500
R sh 125

I ao I o I sh 5 4

I 2ao R a 1 2 0.25

Ia I I sh 100 4

Output 37.5 I 2a R a 96 2 0.25

% g 100 100
Input 40.75

1 1
P 50 10 3
2 2
V 440
Output 45.2
Ia I I sh 56.81 1.5 100 100
Input 50

I 2a R a 55.31 2 0.15

Output 25
% g 100 100
Input 27.657
I0 4 N0 700
R sh 100 Pin 8 kW

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 6 Pout
Ra 0.6 L 100
10 Pin
V 220 Pin Total losses
I sh 2.2 100
R sh 100 Pin

I a0 I 0 I sh 4 2.2 1.8 A 8 10 3 1570.69

100 80.366
E b0 V I a0 R a 8 10 3

220 1.8 0.6 218.92 V

Pin V IL
8 10 3
IL 36.364
220

I aL IL I sh 36.364 2.2 34.1636 A

E bL V I aL R a 220 34.1636 0.6

199.5018 V
Eb
Eb I sh

N0 E b0 700 218.92
NL E bL NL 199.5018

NL

Pm E bL I aL 199.5018 34.1636

6.8157 kW

Pm Pm 6.8157 10 3
2 N 2 637.91
60 60

102.0287 Nm

VI0 220 4 880 W

I 2sh R sh 484 W

I 2a0 R a 9.6

I 2aL R a 700.29

0.8

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 sh
+ –
A

A
L
F
+ Rsh
D.C. +
supply V M Ra
–
– Belt
+ and
–
A pulley
I
(a) Experimental setup

g 81.24%
Handle

Spring
balance

W1 W2
Belt
R

IL 2.2814 A, N1 1045.95 r. p. m
(b) Belt and pulley arrangement

87.14 % I a

W1

W2

W1 W2 W1 W2

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Tsh W1 W2 W1 W2

Tsh W1 W2
Tsh W1 W2

2 N
Pout Tsh Tsh
60
Pin
6.1067 2 1320

Pin
Pout
Pout 844.133
Pin
Pin 1100

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 Starting
resistance
1 1’ +
+ A1 f
Switch V1 1
D.C. S Separately D.C.
Supply V excited Supply
field
– f2
A2 –
2 2’

Load
resistance RL

d d A
dt dt
Speed C

d B
dt Time

d
dt
d OA (in r. p. m.)
d dt OB (in seconds)
dt

d
dt

dN
dt

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 d
dt 1
d
dt 1
d
dt 2
d
dt 2

d d W W 1 / dt 2 dt 1 t1
dt 1 dt 2 W 1 / dt 1 dt 2 t2

I I1 (dN / dt 1 )
I (dN / dt 2 )
t2
dN dN t1 t2
(I I 1 )
dt 2 dt 1
d
dN / dt 2 dt 1
(dN / dt 1 ) (dN / dt 2 ) d
dt 2
dt 1
dt 2 dt 1

t1
t2 t1

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 dN
I N
dt 1
I av Ra 0.4 R sh 250 t1
dN t2
I N
dt 3
W (Vav ) (I av ) 232.5 10

W t2 W 6
W t1 t2 2325 25 6

t2
t3 t2 V 250
I in I sh
R sh 250

Ia I in I sh 25 1
dN
I N
dt 3 I 2a R a

60 I 2sh R sh
I
15
734.2105 230.4 250 1214.6105 W

Pin V I in 250 25

Pout Pin Total loss

Pout 5035.3895
Wm t3 % m 100 100
Pin 6250
Ws t1

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 I1 I2 S
+ A1
V A3
I4 (I1+I2)
I3

A1 A1
A2 A4
Supply f1 f1
voltage
V Motor Generator
A2 A2
f2 f2

R1 R2

–
I1 I2

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 I2
I1 I2

I2
I1 I2

(I 1 I2 – I4)2

Ws
)2
2

Output Input Losses

m Input Input

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 2 Ws
V (I 1 I2) I1 I2 I4 Ra VI 4
2
m V (I 1 I2)

Ws
2

Output Output
g Input Output Losses

VI 2
g
Ws
V I 2 + (I 2 I3 )2 R a V I3
2

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 5A

50 A 330 A
+
(330) 2 0.02 380 A
4.2 A

M G Field
250 V Field
(380) 2 0.02

380 A 50 A330 A
–
55 A 5A

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 3.5 A

1.8 A 30 A 200 A

M
M GG
500 V Field Field

230 A 30 A 200 A

3.5 A

I 2a R a

I 2sh R sh I sh

Output
Input

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 m

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®
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