SOLUTIONS
SOLUTIONS
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent.
Each of the substances that make up a solution is called the components of that solution.
Solvent: the substance in which a solute dissolves to produce a homogeneous mixture
Solute: the substance that dissolves in a solvent to produce a homogeneous mixture
The solvent is the substance that is present in the greatest amount.
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SOLUTIONS
Many different kinds of solutions exist. For example, a solute can be a gas, a liquid or a
solid. Solvents can also be gases, liquids or solids.
Note that in each case, the solute particles are uniformly distributed among the solvent
particles.
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CONCENTRATİON
Concentration of Solution is a measure of the amount of solute that has been
dissolved in the given amount of solvent.
It is given by the ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solution or
solvent sometimes.
However, we can express it in percentages, Parts per Million, and several other
ways.
Concentration can be expressed in both qualitative or quantitative (numerically)
terms.
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QUALİTATİVE EXPRESSİONS OF CONCENTRATİON
To qualitatively express
concentration, a solution can
be classified as a
Dilute Solution or a
Concentrated Solution
Figure 1. Dilute (left) and Concentrated (right) solutions
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SEMİ-QUALİTATİVE EXPRESSİONS OF CONCENTRATİON
To semi-qualitatively express concentration, a solution can be classified as a
saturated solution or an unsaturated solution.
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SEMİ-QUALİTATİVE EXPRESSİONS OF CONCENTRATİON
Saturated Solution
• A saturated solution is one in which the greatest quantity of solute is dissolved in
a solvent at a given temperature.
• When a solution reaches saturation, it can no longer dissolve any more solute at
that temperature. Undissolved chemicals settle to the bottom.
• The saturation point is determined as the point at which no more solute can be
dissolved in the solvent.
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SEMİ-QUALİTATİVE EXPRESSİONS OF CONCENTRATİON
Unsaturated Solution
• An unsaturated solution is one that contains less solute than the maximum
possible solute it can dissolve before the solution reaches the saturation level.
• When more solute is dissolved in this solution, there are no residual substances at
the bottom, indicating that all of the solutes have been dissolved in the solvent.
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In a saturated solution, more substances can be dissolved by
increasing the temperature of the solution.
A supersaturated solution is a solution that contains
more than the maximum amount of solute that is capable of
being dissolved at a given temperature.
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QUANTİTATİVE EXPRESSİONS OF CONCENTRATİON
Qualitative expressions of concentration are relative terms, which do not provide
the exact concentration of the solution.
To characterize the concentrations of various solutions around us in an accurate
and precise manner, we require quantitative expressions of concentration.
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To quantitatively express concentration, we use the following terms:
• Mass Percentage
• Volume Percentage
• Mass by Volume Percentage
• Parts per Million and Parts per Billion
• Molarity
• Molality
• Mole Fraction
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Percent by weight (% w/w) : It is the amount of solute in
grams in 100 g of solution.
Mass percentage has no unit as it is the ratio of the mass of
solute and solution.
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Percent by volume (% v/v):
It gives the volume of substance dissolved in 100 units of solution.
For example, a 20% alcohol solution by volume contains 20 ml of
pure alcohol in 100 ml of alcohol solution.
Volume percentage has no unit as it is the ratio of the volume of
solute and solution.
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Percent Weight by Volume (% w/v):
It is defined as the amount of solute (in grams) present in the
100ml of the solution.
This calculation is most useful when the solute is a solid
while the overall solution is a liquid.
Unit of mass by volume percentage is gram per
milliliter as it is the ratio of the mass of the solute and
volume of the solution.
For example, a sodium chloride solution of 20% by volume
contains 20 g of NaCl in 100 ml of NaCl solution.
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Parts per Million (PPM)
Parts Per Million or PPM is used to measure the very small
amount of solute dissolved in the Solvent.
Parts per Billion (PPB)
Like, Parts per million, Parts Per Billion are also used to
represent solute available in trace quantities. Parts Per Billion
represents the amount of solute in 1 billion parts of the
solution.
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Molarity:
• Molarity of a given solution is defined as the number of
moles present in the 1 liter of solution.
• Molarity is also known as the molar concentration of a
solution.
• The units of molarity are M or mol/L. A 1 M solution is said
to be “one molar.”
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Molality:
• Molality of a given solution is defined as the number of
moles present in 1 kg of solution.
• The units of molality are m or mol/kg.
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The molality describes the moles of a solute in relation
to the mass of a solvent, while the molarity is concerned
with the moles of a solute in relation to the volume of a
solution.
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Normality:
Normality is a measure of the number of grams equivalent to
solute present given volume of the solution.
• Redox reactions, precipitation reactions, and acid-base
chemical reactions all often make use of normality.
• Normality is represented by the letter “N.”
• The gram/liter is the SI unit. Other units used for normality
are eq L-1 or meq L-1.
• Normality is also called by the name equivalent
concentration.
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Normality Formula
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SOLUTIONS EXPERIMENTS-1
[Link]: Preparing of 5% Glucose Solution
Aim: Preparing %5 glucose solution in water
Materials: Glucose, distelled water and 100 mL Florence flask
Metods:
[Link] preparing %5 glucose solution firstly calculate the amount of glucose in 100 mL water
2. Evaluate the weight of sugar with using of analitik scales and then transfer the glucose into the
100 ml Florence flask. Be sure that the volumetric bottle is dry and clean before using.
3. Add the distiled water into the same Florence flask until 1/3 of it’s full.
4. Shake the bottle up to all the solids are invisible with naked eye
5. Add distiled water slowly up to see the meniscus sign when looking at with eye level.
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6. Put the plug on the bottle and spin the bottle upsidedown. And repeat it several times.
SOLUTIONS EXPERIMENTS-2
2. EXPERIMENT: Preparing of 0.05 M Copper(II) Sulfate
Solution (M/L)
Aim: Preparing 0,05 M Copper (II) Sulfat from 0,1 M Copper (II) Sulfat stock solution
Materials: Copper (II) sulfate solution (Molarite=1.00 mol/L), distelled water, 100
mL Florence flask, volumetric pipette
Metods:
1. Add the distiled water into the Florence flask approximately until 1/3 of it’s full.
2. Calculate the amount of solution in the stock to prepare of 100 mL 0,05 M copper
sülfat solution
3. Measure copper (II) sülfat with using volumetric pipette and add in the Florence
flask that have water inside.
4. Add distiled water slowly up to see the meniscus sign when looking at with eye
level.
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5. Put the plug on the bottle and spin the bottle upsidedown. And repeat it several
times.
SOLUTIONS EXPERIMENTS-3
3. EXPERIMENT: Preparation of 10% Ethanol Solution in
Water (% v/v)
Aim : To prepare a 10% (v/v) ethanol solution in water
Materials: Water, 50% (v/v) ethanol solution in distilled water, a 100 mL volumetric
flask, volumetric pipette
Metods:
1. Calculate the amount of ethanol stock solution required to prepare 100 mL of 10%
(v/v) ethanol solution in water.
2. Using a volumetric pipette, measure the ethanol stock solution and pour into the
volumetric flask. Make sure the volumetric bottle is dry and clean before use.
3. Slowly add distilled water until the meniscus is aligned with the mark when viewed
from direct eye level.
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4. Place the stopper in the bottle and mix by turning upside down. Repeat this mixture
several times.