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Module 21

Module 21 covers cryptography and data protection, defining cryptography as the art of securing information through mathematical techniques. It discusses symmetric and asymmetric encryption methods, hashing algorithms like MD5 and MD6, and the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for managing digital certificates. Additionally, it addresses email and disk encryption methods, cryptanalysis techniques, and key stretching to enhance security against attacks.

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nayan.ranjan.g2006
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2 views3 pages

Module 21

Module 21 covers cryptography and data protection, defining cryptography as the art of securing information through mathematical techniques. It discusses symmetric and asymmetric encryption methods, hashing algorithms like MD5 and MD6, and the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for managing digital certificates. Additionally, it addresses email and disk encryption methods, cryptanalysis techniques, and key stretching to enhance security against attacks.

Uploaded by

nayan.ranjan.g2006
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Module 21: Cryptography and Data Protection

Cryptography

Definition:
The art of securing information by transforming it into unreadable format using mathematical
techniques.

Goals (CIA + NAR):

• Confidentiality

• Integrity

• Authentication

• Non-repudiation

Encryption Algorithms

Symmetric Encryption

• Uses the same key for encryption & decryption.

• Examples:

o AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) – secure and fast

o DES (Data Encryption Standard) – outdated

Asymmetric Encryption

• Uses public and private key pairs.

• Examples:

o RSA – widely used for secure data transmission

o ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography)

o Diffie-Hellman – key exchange algorithm

MD5 and MD6 Hash Calculators

Hashing: Converts input into a fixed-length string (digest).

• MD5:

o Output: 128-bit hash


o Fast but vulnerable to collision attacks

• MD6:

o Output: Variable length, more secure than MD5

o Suitable for digital signatures and checksums

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

Framework for managing digital certificates and public-key encryption.

Components:

• Certificate Authority (CA)

• Registration Authority (RA)

• Public/Private Keys

• Digital Certificates (X.509)

Email Encryption

Method Description

S/MIME Uses PKI to encrypt email content

Uses public-key encryption for email confidentiality &


PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)
integrity

GPG (GNU Privacy Guard) Open-source alternative to PGP

Disk Encryption

Tool Feature

BitLocker (Windows) Full disk encryption

File Vault (macOS) Disk-level protection

VeraCrypt (Windows/Linux) Open- source, supports hidden volumes

LUKS (Linux) Secure disk encryption standard


Cryptanalysis

Study of attacking cryptographic systems to break encryption.

Techniques:

• Brute Force

• Dictionary Attacks

• Frequency Analysis

• Side-Channel Attacks

Key Stretching

• Strengthens weak keys (e.g., passwords) against brute-force attacks.

• Uses hashing algorithms repeatedly.

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