Globalization

Concepts,
Meanings,
Features, and
 Globalization
is the process in which people, ideas and goods

spread throughout the world, spurring more

interaction and integration between the world's

cultures, governments and economies.

 Globalization
is a process of interaction and integration among
the people, companies, and governments of different
nations, a process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information technology. This
process has effects on the environment, on culture, on
political systems, on economic development and
prosperity, and on human physical well-being in
societies around the world.
Example:
Globalization
People are engaged in buying and selling from other
places in far-away lands like the famed Silk Road
across Central Asia that connected China and Europe
during the Middle Age for thousands of years and they
also invested in enterprises in other countries for
centuries.
 Globalization
There were similarities in features of those
prevailing wave of globalization before the outbreak of
the First World War in 1914 to the current wave. There
is an increase cross border- trade, investment, and
migration due to policy and technical developments in
the past few decades. It is in the area of economic
development that observers believe the world has
entered a new phase.
 Globalization
Today’s globalization is farther, faster, cheaper, and
deeper in compared to earlier wave of globalization

Example:
Since 1950, the volume of world trade has increased by
20 times and from 1997 to 1999, flows of foreign
investment nearly doubled from $468 billion to $827
domestically.
 Globalization
In the years since the Second World War, and especially

during the past two decades, many governments have adopted

free-market economic systems, vastly increasing their own

productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities

for international trade and investment. Governments also have

negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce and

have established international agreements to promote trade in

goods, services, and investment.

 Globalization
Taking advantage of new opportunities in foreign
markets, corporations have built foreign factories and
established production and marketing arrangements
with foreign partners. A defining feature of
globalization, therefore, is an international industrial
and financial business structure
 Globalization
One principal driver of globalization is technology. Economic

life is dramatically transformed by advancement in

information technology. All sorts of individual economic

actors like consumers, investors, and businesses which are

valuable new tools for identifying and pursuing economic

opportunities, including faster and more informed analyses of

economic trends around the world, easy transfers of assets,

and collaboration with far-flung partners are provided by

information technologies.
 Globalization
Globalization is the process of integration of economies

across the world through cross-border flow of factors product

and information. According to the International Monetary

Fund (IMF) globalization is the growing economic

interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing

volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and

services and of international capital flows and also through

the more rapidand wide diffusion of technology.

 Globalization
is an expansion, and intensification of social
relations and consciousness across world time and
world space. It is about growing worldwide
connectivity according to Steger.
 Globalization
Further, globalization is considered a multi-dimensional

process involving economic, political, technological, cultural,

religious and ecological dimensions. It suggests a dynamic

process of change that results in either positive or negative

development. It leads to the creation of something new; it

involves the multiplication of social connections and various

activities that transgress traditional and political, economic,

cultural and geographical lines.

 Thomas Larsson
Swedish journalist. The Race to the Top: The Real Story of
Globalization (2001), stated that globalization: “is the
process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter,
things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with
which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to
mutual benefit, with somebody on the other side of the
world.”
Anthony Giddens,
Globalization is the intensification of worldwide social
1990
relations which link distant localities in such a way that
local happenings are shaped by events occurring many
miles away and vice versa.”
 Attributes,
Qualities or
Characteristi
cs of
Globalization has four characteristics or qualities.

These are:

1. It involves both the creation of new social

networks and the multiplication of existing

connections that cut across traditional, political,

economic, cultural, and geographical boundaries.

2. Globalization is reflected in the expansion and the

stretching of social relations, activities, and

connections.
Examples:
• Reaching of financial markets around the globe
• Occurrence of electronic around the clock
• Emergence of gigantic and virtually identical
shopping malls in all continents to cater to
consumers who can afford commodities all over the
world-including products whose various components
were manufactured in different countries. This
process is called social stretching.
Covered in the process of social stretching are:

• Non-governmental organization

• Commercial enterprises

• Social clubs

• Regional & global institutions and associations

(UN, EU, ASEAN, Google and others)

3. Globalization involves the intensification and acceleration of

social exchanges and activities.

Examples:

• The worldwide web relays distant information in real-time

• Satellites provide consumers with instant pictures of

remote events

• Sophisticated social networking by means of facebook or

twitter has become routine activity for more than a billion

4. Globalization processes do not occur merely or an

objective, material level but they also involve the

subjective plane of human consciousness. Without erasing

local and national attachments, the compression of the

world into a single place has increasingly made global the

frame of reference for human thought and action.

Historical
Periods of
Globalizati
 1. The Prehistoric Period
(10000 BCE-3500 BCE)
In this earliest phase of globalization, contacts
among hunters and gatherers – who were spread
around the world – were geographically limited. In
this period due to absence of advanced forms of
technology, globalization was severely limited.
 2. The Pre-modern Period
(3500 BCE- 1500 CE)
In this period the invention of writing and the wheel were

great social and technological boosts that moved globalization

to a new level. The invention of wheel in addition to roads

made the transportation of people and goods more efficient.

On the other hand writing facilitated the spread of ideas and

inventions.
 3. The Early Modern Period
(1500-1750)
It is the period between the Enlightenment and the

Renaissance. In this period, European Enlightenment project

tried to achieve a universal form of morality and law. This

with the emergence of European metropolitan centers and

unlimited material accumulation which led to the capitalist

world system helped to strengthen globalization.

 4. The Modern Period
(1750-1970)
Innovations in transportation and communication

technology, population explosion, and increase in migration led

to more cultural exchanges and transformation in traditional

social patterns. Process of industrialization also accelerated.

 5. The Contemporary
Period
The creation, expansion, and acceleration of worldwide
(from 1970 to present)
interdependencies occurred in a dramatic way and it was a

kind of leap in the history of globalization.

Dimension
s of
Globalizati
 There are six dimensions in globalization.
These include: economic, political, technological,
cultural, religious and ecological dimensions.
 1. Economic Dimension
This refers to the extensive development of
economic relations across the globe as a result of
technology and the enormous flow of capital that
has stimulated trade in both sources and goods.
 1. Economic Dimension
• Major players in the current century’s global economic

order

1. Huge international corporations (General

Motors, Walmart, Mitsubishi)

• International Economic Institutions (IMF, World Bank,

The World Trade Organization)

• Trading Systems
 1. Economic Dimension
The result of these powerful forces resulted in the wide gap

between the rich and the poor countries.

Major Sources of Economic Growth across Countries

1. Property rights

2. Regulatory institutions

3. Institutions for macro-economics

4. Stabilization

5. Institutions for social influence

 1. Economic Dimension
Economic institutions have decisive influence on

investment in physical and human capital, technology, and

industrial productions. It is also important for resource

distribution.
 2. Political Dimension
This refers to an enlargement and strengthening of

political interrelations across the globe.

Political Issues that Surface in this Dimension

1. The principle of state sovereignty

2. Increasing impact of various intergovernmental

organization

3. Future shapes of regional and global governance

 2. Political Dimension
The globalization rendered almost powerless any political

efforts to introduce restrictive policies affecting individual

states, with the results that the world in many ways turned into

a borderless world. Governments often seek to restrict the

migration ofpeoples, especially those coming from the poor

countries in the global South.

 2. Political Dimension
In the development of supra-national structures and

associations held together by common concerns and mutually

agreed upon norm, the most obvious is political globalization.

On the part of the involved parties, informal structures which

are considered binding, bring together world power centers due

to common interests.
 2. Political Dimension
Example:

• Global cities like New York, London, Tokyo, and Singapore

are closely connected with one another than they are to

various cities in their own countries.

• European Union, United nations, NATO, The World Trade

Organization
 3. Cultural Dimension
This refers to the increase in the amount of cultural flows

across the globe. Cultural interconnections are at the

foundations of contemporary globalization

 3. Cultural Dimension
Individualism and consumerism which are the dominant

cultural characteristics of our age and the drive for economic

success stimulated by the internet and other technological

devices circulate much more easily than they did in earlier

periods. In the dissemination of popular culture, transactional

media corporations play a major role which brought a sharp

rise in homogenized popular culture that is manifested in the

dominance of fast food restaurant on more aspects of life

 3. Cultural Dimension
Cultural diversity often results hybridization- a constructive

interaction process between global and local characteristics

which is often visible in food, music, dance, film, fashion, and

language. As a result there is a scarcely any society in the

world that expresses itself in its own self-contained and

authentic culture
 3. Cultural Dimension
Media empires generated and directed the extensive flow of

culture. Examples of these are Yahoo, Google, Microsoft, and

Disney. Advertisement plays an important role in this cultural

flow by featuring various celebrities in the television aside from

transforming newscast into entertainment shows.

 4. Religious Dimension
Religion is a personal or institutionalized set of attitudes,
beliefs, and practices relating to or manifesting faithful
devotion to an acknowledged ultimate reality or deity. It is the
most important defining element of any civilization as
contrasted with race, language, or way of life. As such, it is also
portrayed as a defining element in future conflicts. Whether the
root cause of a particular conflict or merely a vehicle for the
mobilization of nationalist or ethnic passions, religion is
certainly central to much of the strife currently taking place
 4. Religious Dimension
Jihadist globalism is a religious response to the materialist
assault by the ungodly West in the rest of the world. Coming
out of what they consider a pure form of Islam, its disciples
seek to destroy all those alien influences that have been
imposed on Muslim people. It applies to those extremely violent
strains of religion that convert the global imaginary into very
concrete political agendas and terrorist tactics. It is also applied
to those violent fundamentalists in the West who seek to
Example:
4. Religious Dimension
• Bin Ladin understands umma as a single community of
believers professing faith in the one and only God, but at
the same time committed to destroying not only alien
invaders but also corrupt Islamic elites in order to return
power to the Muslim masses.
• Since one third of the world’s Muslim population lives in
non-Islamic countries, the restoration of God’s proper reign
must be a global event. Hence, Al-Qaeda established
 4. Religious Dimension
Roman Catholic Teaching of Globalization
There are eight (8) principles that summarize the Roman

Catholic Teachings (15).

1. Commitment to universal human rights

2. Commitment to the social nature of the human person

3. Commitment to the common good

4. Solidarity (The principle of Solidarity affirms that

membership in the human family means that all bear

 4. Religious Dimension
5. Preferential option of the poor (In the Theology of the

Incarnation- Christ God became poor for us so as to enrich us

by his poverty. The poor are susceptible to the effects of

environmental irresponsibility because they live in countries

where cheap building materials and cheap labor are readily

available. They regularly work in farming, fishing, and

forestry, areas which suffer environmental damage).

 4. Religious Dimension
6. Subsidiary (The Catholic Church teaches that decisions

should be made at the lowest level in order to achieve the

common good.

7. Integral Humanism- is concerned with whole person

8. Justice
 4. Religious
Justice is divided in three (3) categories:
Dimension
1. Commutative justice
This aims at fulfilling the terms of contracts and other

promises on both personal and social level.

2. Distributive justice
This ensures a basic equity in how both the burden and the

goods of society are distributed and that ensures that every

person enjoys a basically equal moral and legal standing

apart from differences in wealth, privilege, talent and

 4. Religious Dimension
3. Social justice
This refers to the creation of the conditions in which the
first two categories of justice can be realized and the common
good identified and defended.
According to catholic teaching, a just society is one which

these forms of justice are assured because they are required

by human dignity.
 5. Ideological Dimensions
Ideology is a system of widely shared ideas, beliefs, norms
and values among a group of people. It is often used to
legitimize certain political interests or to defend dominant
power structures. Ideology connects human actions with some
generalized claims. Globalization is a social process of
intensifying global interdependence while globalism is an
ideology that gives the concept of neo-liberal values and
meanings to globalization.
 5. Ideological Dimensions
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global
Globalism
integration of markets.

The problem with this claim is that liberalization and

integration of markets happen through political project of

engineering free markets by interference of centralized state

power, and it is in contrast to the neoliberal ideal of limited

role of governments.
 5. Ideological Dimensions
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
Globalism
Globalists believe that spread of market forces
driven by technological innovations is inevitable
in globalization. Neoliberals use this claim to
convince people to adopt the natural discipline of
the market if they want to prosper, which implies
the elimination of government controls over the
 5. Ideological Dimensions
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
Globalism
Globalists believe that spread of market forces driven by

technological innovations is inevitable in globalization.

Neoliberals use this claim to convince people to adopt the

natural discipline of the market if they want to prosper, which

implies the elimination of government controls over the

market.
 5. Ideological Dimensions
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization.
Globalism
This claim seeks to depoliticize the public debate on

globalization and neutralizing anti -globalist movements.

 5. Ideological Dimensions
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of
4. Globalization benefits everyone.
Globalism
Globalists talk about the benefits of market liberalization

such as rising global living standards, economic efficiency,

individual freedom, and technological progress. But the reality

is that the opportunities of globalization are spread unequally

and power and wealth are concentrated among a specific

group of people, regions and corporations.

 5. Ideological Dimensions
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.
Globalism
For the globalists democracy and free markets are

synonymous.
 5. Ideological Dimensions
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of
The neoliberal explanation of globalization is ideological
Globalism
because it is politically motivated and contributes to the

construction of particular meanings of globalization which

stabilize existing power relations. Globalism tries to create

collective meaning and shape people’s identities.

 Activity: Follow the
Globalization allows for a worldwide exchange of most of
product!
the commodities that we consume. This activity will allow you

to investigate the origin and spread of the products and

services sold in our country. You will also be able to know the

countries involved in the production, distribution, and

consumption of the products being sold and consumed in the

country.
 Activity: Follow the product!
The following are the steps to accomplish this activity:

1. Choose and draw a specific foreign product/brand that is being sold

in the Philippines.

2. List down the main ingredients or raw materials used in

manufacturing the chosen product. Identify the corresponding country

from which each ingredient or raw material came.

3. Identify the countries involved in the manufacturing of the chosen

product. Indicate the corresponding service the country does for the

product (e.g., Costa Rica planting coffee beans).

 Activity: Follow the product!
4. Aside from the Philippines, list other countries in which the product is being

sold. Cite the kinds of technology that made the creation of the product

possible. Consider communications and transportation.

5. Write one to three statements about the creation of the product and answer

the following questions:

• How do economic trading institutions influence global economic activity?

• How does it affect the Philippine economy?

• Does the position of rich countries as giants in the economic chain threaten

the status of less developed countries in the global market?

Thank
You