Induction Motor
• Idea of operation
𝑁𝑠 synchronous speed
𝑁𝑚 rotor speed
𝑁𝑟 = (𝑁𝑠 -𝑁𝑚 )
The stator supplied by three phase voltage that drive three phase
balanced current through the stator winding
The phase currents generate a circular rotating magnetic field
The field rotates at synchronous speed (𝑁𝑠 ) which is determined by the
supply frequency 𝑓 and the number of poles
120 𝑓
𝑁𝑠 =
𝑝
The starting field induces a voltage in the short circuit in the field
winding which generates a current in the rotor conductor
The interaction between the rotor current and the stator magnetic field
produces an electro-mechanical force or torque that drives the motor
𝐹 = 𝑖 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ sin(𝜃)
𝒊 → conductor current (rotor bar current)
𝐋 → conductor length in slot
𝑩 → flux density
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽) → electrical angle between conductor current and flux density
• The induced voltage magnitude is dependent on the speed difference
between the rotating stator field and the rotor
• The speed difference (slip speed) or (relative speed) is maximum during
starting and equals to zero if the motor speed 𝑵𝒎 equal to the field
speed 𝑵𝒔
• As the motor starts to rotate the speed difference is reduced
which results in the following:
Reduction of the rotor current frequency 𝒇𝒓
Reduction of the induced voltage frequency
Reduction of the induced voltage and induced current value
• If the rotor speed 𝑵𝒎 is equal to the synchronous speed 𝑵𝒔
the induced voltage, current and torque equal zero therefor the
motor speed must be less than the synchronous speed
(𝑵𝒎 <𝑵𝒔 ) and that why the induction motor is usually called
asynchronous motor
• 𝑓 ⇒ supply (stator frequency )
• 𝑓𝑟 ⇒ rotor current frequency
• Motor operation requires speed difference between the stator
generated magnetic field and the actual rotor speed. The speed
difference is usually expressed in P.u or percent
𝑵𝒓 𝑵𝒔 −𝑵𝒎
𝒔= = p.u
𝑵𝒔 𝑵𝒔
the frequency of the rotor current can be expressed as 𝒇𝒓 = 𝒔𝒇
And equal from 2 Hz to 3 Hz during the normal operation
• During the normal operation the slip in between 3 to 5 percent
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 < 𝒔 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
Notes
The majority of AC motors are working on the basis of
producing two magnetic fields one from the rotor and other
from the stator
These two fields rotate at synchronous speed but one is
lagging with respect to the other
Problem
A three phase 460 V, 100 hp,60 Hz, four pole induction machine delivers output power at slip of
0.05 determine the
a) Synchronous speed and motor speed
b) Speed of the rotating magnetic air gap field
c) Frequency of the rotor circuit
d) Slip rpm
e) Speed of the rotor field relative to the
I. Rotor structure
II. Stator structure
III. Stator rotating field
f) Rotor induced voltage at the operation speed if the stator to rotor turns ratio is 1:0.5
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒇 𝟏𝟐𝟎∗𝟔𝟎
a) 𝑵𝒔 = 𝑷
=
𝟒
= 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎
𝑵𝒎 = 𝟏 − 𝒔 ∗ 𝑵𝒔 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟎
b) 1800 rpm the same of synchronous speed
c) 𝒇𝒓 = 𝒔𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟔𝟎 = 𝟑 𝑯𝒛
d) Slip (rpm) = 𝑺 ∗ 𝑵𝒔 = 𝟗𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎
e) (i) 90 rpm (ii) 1800 rpm (iii) 0 rpm
f) Assume that the induced voltage in the stator winding is the same applied
𝑵𝟏 𝟒𝟔𝟎
voltage now 𝑬𝒓 = 𝒔 ∗ 𝑬𝟐 = 𝒔 ∗ 𝑵𝟐
∗ 𝑬𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ∗. 𝟓 ∗
𝟑
= 𝟔. 𝟔𝟒 𝒗/𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆