Applied Mathematics for EEE (AMEE341944E)
COMPLEX NUMBERS
COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Algebraic form: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦, where ➢ Basic arithmetic operations
− 𝑥 = Re 𝑧 is the real part − Addition/Subtraction
− 𝑦 = Im 𝑧 is the imaginary part ( x1+ jy1) ( x2 + jy2 ) = ( x1 x2) + j ( y1 y2)
− 𝑗 is the imaginary unit, defined such that 𝑗 2 = −1 + Exp: Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be two complex numbers
➢ Two complex numbers are equal z1 = 3 − 3 j z2 = −6 − 6 j
z1 = z2 x1 = x2 & y1 = y2 o 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 3 − 6 + −3 − 6 𝑗 = −3 − 9𝑗
➢ Example o 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 3 + 6 + −3 + 6 𝑗 = 9 + 3𝑗
− z1 = 4 + j 5; Re z1 = 4; Im z1 = 5 − Multiplication
− z2 = a + jb; Re z2 = a; Im z2 = b ( x1 + jy1 )( x2 + jy2 ) = ( x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + j ( x1 y2 + x2 y1 )
− z1 = z2 a = 4 & b = 5 + Exp: Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be two complex numbers
z1 = 3 − 3 j z2 = −6 − 6 j
o 𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧2 = 3 − 3𝑗 −6 − 6𝑗 = −18 − 18𝑗 +
18𝑗 − 18 = −36
ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế
COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Complex conjugate ➢ Division
− Definition: The conjugate of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 is: − Multiply both numerator and denominator by the
𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 − 𝑗𝑦 (Reflection across the real axis) conjugate of the denominator.
− Important properties z1 z1 z2 z1 z2
= = 2
z2 z2 z2 x 2 + y 22
+ 𝑧 ∙ 𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2
(Always a non-negative real number) − Exp: Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 be two complex numbers
z z z1 = 3 − 3 j z2 = −6 − 6 j
+ z1 z2 = z1 z2 ; z1 z2 = z1 z2 ; 1 = 1 , z2 0
z2 z2
z1 (3 − 3 j )(−6 − 6 j )
1 = = −0,5
+ Finding the real part: (z + z )
Re z = x = z2 (−6) + (6)
2 2
2
1
+ Finding the imaginary part: Im z = y = ( z − z )
2i
ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế
COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Complex plane ➢ Polar Form
− The horizontal axis (𝑥) represents the real axis − Conversion: 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ; 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
− The vertical axis (𝑦) represents the imaginary − Formulas:
axis z = r ( cos + j sin ) or z = r
− The complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 is represented − Where:
as the point M(𝑥, 𝑦)
+ Modulus (Magnitude) is the distance from the
origin 𝑂 0,0 to the point 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 .
z = r = x2 + y 2
+ Argument (Phase Angle) is the directed angle
from the positive real axis to the vector 𝑂𝑃
( )
= arg z = arctan y x
ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế
COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Complex plane ➢ Polar Form
− The horizontal axis (𝑥) represents the real axis − Conversion: 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ; 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
− The vertical axis (𝑦) represents the imaginary − Formulas:
axis z = r ( cos + j sin ) or z = r
− The complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 is represented − Where:
as the point M(𝑥, 𝑦)
+ Modulus (Magnitude) is the distance from the
origin 𝑂 0,0 to the point 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 .
z = r = x2 + y 2
+ Argument (Phase Angle) is the directed angle
from the positive real axis to the vector 𝑂𝑃
( )
= arg z = arctan y x
ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế
COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Polar Form
− Rules for calculating the argument
+ Formulas for determining 𝜃 based on the signs
of 𝑥 and 𝑦 (corresponding to the four
quadrants)
o Quadrant I (𝑥 > 0; 𝑦 ≥ 0): = arctan ( y x )
o Quadrant II (𝑥 < 0; 𝑦 ≥ 0): = + arctan ( y x )
o Quadrant III (𝑥 < 0; 𝑦 < 0): = − + arctan ( y x )
o Quadrant IV (𝑥 > 0; 𝑦 < 0): = arctan ( y x )
+ Special cases on the axes:
x = 0, y 0 =
2
x = 0, y 0 = −
2
ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế
COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Polar Form
− Exp 1: Argument Calculation for 𝑧 = 3 + 3𝑗 − Exp: Express the complex number 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑗 in
polar form.
x = 3, y = 3 r = 12 + 12 = 2
y x = 1
= tan −1 ; x 0, y R 1
x y = 1 = arctan =
1 4
3
= tan −1 =
3 4
z = 2(cos + j sin ) or z = 2
4 4 4
− Exp 2: Argument Calculation for 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑗
x = −1, y = −1
y
= − + tan −1 ; x 0, y 0
x
−1 −3
= − + tan −1 =
−1 4
ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế
COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Polar Form
− Let z1 = r1 ( cos1 + j sin 1 ) & z2 = r2 ( cos 2 + j sin 2 ) − Exp: Let
3 3
+ Multiplication in Polar Form z1 = 3 2 cos + i sin & z2 = 6 2 cos + i sin
4 4 4 4
z1 z2 = r1 r2 cos (1 + 2 ) + j sin (1 + 2 ) + Multiplication
z1 z2 = r1 r2 (1 + 2 ) 3 3
z1 z2 = 36 cos + + j sin + = −36
+ Division in Polar Form 4 4 4 4
z1 r1
= cos (1 − 2 ) + j sin (1 − 2 ) ; z2 0 + Division
z2 r2
z1 r1 z1 3 2 − 3 − 3
= (1 − 2 ) = cos − + j sin − = −0,5
z2 r2 z2 6 2 4 4 4 4
+ The Inverse of 𝑧 + The Inverse of 𝑧1
1 1 1 1
z = r ( cos + j sin ) = cos(− ) + j sin(− ) = cos( − ) + j sin( − )
z r z1 3 2 4 4
ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế
COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Integer Powers of z ➢ Roots of z
− De Moivre’s formula + 2 k + 2 k
n
z = n r (cos + j sin )
n n
( cos + j sin ) = cos n + j sin n
n
where : k = 0,1,..., n − 1
z n = r n ( cos n + j sin n )
− Exp: Evaluate 𝑧 3 for 𝑧 = 1 + 1𝑗 − Exp: Evaluate 3
𝑧 for 𝑧 = 3 + 3𝑗
4 + 2 k 4 + 2 k
r = 12 + 12 = 2
→3z= 3
( )
2 cos
3
+ j sin
3
→ z = 2 cos + j sin
−1 y 4 4
= tan =
x 4
k = 0 → 3 z = ?;
3 3 3
( )
3
→ z = 2 cos
3
+ j sin = 2 2
4 4 4 k = 1 → 3 z = ?;
ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế
COMPLEX NUMBERS
➢ Complex number equations
− Quadratic Formula − Case 2: ∆ a complex number
−b + Exp: = −3 + 4i
z1,2 = ; = b 2 − 4ac
2a + Step 1: Let = z → −3 + 4 j = x + jy
− Case 1: ∆ is a negative real number + Step 2: Square both sides of the equation to
+ Exp: Find the roots of the following equation obtain ( x 2 − y 2 ) + ( 2 xy ) j = −3 + 4 j
z2 + z + 2 = 0 + Step 3:Equate the real and imaginary parts
x 2 − y 2 = −3 ( Re )
= 12 − 4.2 = −7 = −7 = 7i 2 xy = 4 ( Im )
+ Step 4: Solve the system of equations for 𝑥 and
−1 + 7i −1 − 7i
z1 = z2 = 𝑦
2 2
+ Result: = 1 + 2i
= −1 − 2i
ThS. Phạm Huỳnh Thế