MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

ST. BONAVENTURE DAY SECONDARY SCHOOL

Department of Social Sciences
11A 2026 LESSON NOTES
CLIMATIC TYPES
Q. Locate on the world map major climatic types
 The climatic types are: Equatorial, Savannah, hot deserts and Mediterranean
i. Equatorial climate
The equatorial climatic regions are located near the equator spanning across
 Central Africa: Gabon, Congo and parts of Uganda and Kenya
 Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia and parts of Philippines
 Amazon Basin: parts of Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia
 Pacific Islands: places like Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands
ii. Savannah climate
 Africa: Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, parts of Namibia and South Africa and countries around the Serengeti
(Tanzania & Kenya)
 South America: Parts of Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela
 Australia: Northern Australia
 India: parts of central and western India.
iii. Hot Deserts
 Africa: Sahara covering parts of countries like Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Tunisia and Morocco
 Middle East: parts of Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq and UAE
 Australia: North America: Mojave, USA and Mexico
 Asia: Thar Desert (India/Pakistan)
iv. Mediterranean Climate
 Mediterranean Basin: Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Israel and parts of North Africa (Morocco & Tunisia)
 USA: California
 South America: Chile
 South Africa: Cape Province
 Australia: Southwestern areas

Q. Describe the characteristics of climatic types

i. Equatorial
 heavy rainfall, high
 high humidity
 high temperature
 one season
ii. Savannah
 Summer rainfall
 Distinct seasons
 Cool winters
iii. Hot deserts
 High day-time and low night temperatures
 Little or no rain

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  Large diurnal temperature range
iv. Mediterranean
 Winter rains and dry summers
 Mild temperature

NATURAL VEGETATION
This refers to plant life that grows in an area without human interference.

Q. Explain the characteristics of natural vegetation (adaptation).

i. Equatorial
 Layered,
 poor undergrowth,
 evergreen,
 closed canopy,
 multiple species
ii. Savannah
 Tall grass with short scattered trees,
 umbrella-shaped trees,
 deep roots
iii. Hot deserts
 Drought resistant,
 scanty vegetation,
 deep roots
iv. Mediterranean
 Evergreen coniferous forests,
 poor grass growth

NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

Q. Describe the natural environmental hazards
 Earthquakes,
 Volcanoes,
 Avalanches,
 Rock falls,
 Landslides,
 Cyclones,
 Tsunamis.
Q. Explain the impact of human activities on the physical environment.
 Deforestation,
 Pollution,
 Soil erosion,
 Overgrazing
Q. Describe effects of hazards on people and the environment
 Destruction of life and property
 displacement of people
Q. Suggest possible solutions to natural environmental hazards
 Reaforestation, afforestation, population control, controlled grazing
Q. Assess the impact of climate change on the environment
 Global warming, droughts, floods, desertification
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FARMING
Farming is the practice of growing crops and raising livestock for food, fiber and other products

Question
Explain the importance of farming
 Food & Nutrition: The primary role of agriculture is producing food for the global population, directly impacting health and
preventing starvation.
 Raw Materials: It supplies crucial materials like cotton, timber, rubber, and herbs for industries such as textiles, construction,
biofuels, and pharmaceuticals.
 Economic Engine: Agriculture fuels economies through production, sale, exports, and by supporting related sectors, contributing
significantly to GDP and foreign exchange.
 Employment: It provides jobs for millions, especially in rural areas, reducing poverty and creating livelihoods.
 Rural Development: By generating income and supporting local businesses, agriculture fosters growth and stability in rural
communities.

Question
Locate major farming types on the world map.

1. TROPICAL AGRICULTURE
Tropical agriculture involves farming within the tropics (between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn), characterized by high heat,
humidity, and unique soil challenges like acidity, focusing on diverse crops such as bananas, coffee, cocoa, cassava, and maize.

2. TEMPERATE AGRICULTURE
Temperate Agriculture refers to farming in regions with four distinct seasons, characterized by warm summers and cold winters,
supporting diverse, high-yielding crops like grains, fruits, and vegetables due to fertile soils and sufficient rainfall, making temperate
zones major global food producers, often focusing on seasonal cycles for planting and harvesting.
The major areas include
 North America: [corn, soybeans, wheat]
 Europe: UK, France, Germany [wheat, barley, potatoes]
 Asia: Japan, parts of China [rice, wheat]
 Southern Hemisphere: New Zealand, Parts of Australia [sheep farming, wheat]

FACTORS INFLUENCING AGRICULTURE

QUESTION
Describe factors that influence farming
i. Physical factors
 The environment
 It determines the type of agricultural activity that takes place.
 Land slopes/Relief
 Low lands are most suited to wide range of crop cultivation e.g. Wheat, coconuts, rubber, sugar-cane and paddy.
 Very steep slopes require terraces if the land has to be cultivated and on undulating land, cultivation should follow the
contours in order to conserve moisture and reduce run off.
 Soils/Edaphic factors
 The type and nature of soils varies from place to place, hence determines the type of crops to be grown and the type of
farming techniques to be used.
 Climatic factors

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  Successful farming is dependent on adequate, well distributed and reliable rainfall, moderate temperatures, humidity,
winds and sunshine.
 Biotic factors/ pests and diseases
- Numerous pests and diseases afflict crops and livestock.
- Deferent areas are prone to deferent types of diseases and pests. Such areas have to be avoided or reclaimed

ii. Economic factors

- Agriculture is dependent on capital. Therefore, the famer ought to have enough financial resources to meet the operational
costs.
- The location is important in setting up a plantation or grazing land.
- The locations have to be favourable with well-developed transport routes and near the highly populated centres that offer
market for agricultural produce.
- The markets demand directly influences the price of the produce and consequently the method of production

iii. Socio-cultural factors

- Affects the types of crops grown and animals kept in an area.
- What people eat and like affects their production. Religious traditions of different societies affect the type of crops grown and
animals reared by the society.
- Land ownership system. Practices like land inheritance results in intense land sub-division.
- Large scale farming is not possible were land has been divided into smaller plots

iv. Political factors

- Government involvement in farming is a major.
- Influence mostly through land ownership.
- Land ownership influences the way which land is used and its productivity.
 There are four main systems of land ownership namely:
Owner occupied – individual where people work on their own land for their own benefits.
Tenant farmers - land is owned by a landlord who receives rent this prohibits the long-term development of agricultural
projects on the piece of land
Company plantations and estates - only one type of crop is cultivated on a large piece of land, usually referred to as plantations.
Ensures maximum agricultural productivity and mechanisation of land
State owned – most of them are research or demonstration farms often attached to university. In communist countries, all land is
owned by the state so all farms are state farms.

v. Technological factors
1. Farm products
 Developing new breeds and Varieties of crops of animals with characteristics that can withstand hash conditions such as
droughts and that are resistant to diseases and pest. Attacks hence increased yield.
 Chemicals development of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and medicines for animal diseases, which will
facilitate increased production.
2. Machinery
 Developing new machines for ploughing, cultivation of land, planting of crops, harvesting, collecting and storing farm
products and also keep farm records, for example, and computers.
3. Farm building
 creation of ideal conditions for storing crops or keeping animals, for example, construction of haematic cyperm, bins,
galleries and cattle sheds

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Q3. Describe major farming types.
1. TROPICAL AGRICULTURE
Tropical agriculture involves farming within the tropics (between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn), characterized by high heat,
humidity, and unique soil challenges like acidity, focusing on diverse crops such as bananas, coffee, cocoa, cassava, and maize.

The major types of tropical agriculture include:

a. Primitive subsistence or shifting cultivation (practiced mainly in Africa and Asia)
Primitive subsistence agriculture is a basic, labor-intensive farming method where families grow just enough food for their own
needs using simple tools (hoes, sticks) and natural resources, often relying on shifting cultivation (slash-and-burn) in tropical
regions, but it's not sustainable for large populations due to low yields and soil depletion
Problems associated with subsistence farming
 Increase in population forces many cultivators into marginal areas where conditions are not favourable due to droughts,
floods and pests
 Subsistence farmers have limited resources to fight the setbacks caused by uncertainties in farming
 Many farmers are ignorant on the new farming techniques as traditional methods are prevalent
 Farmers use simple tools like hoes and pangas which result in low yields
 Pests and diseases often destroy crops
 Farmers lack adequate storage facilities

b. Intensive subsistence agriculture (mainly practiced in highly populated regions of Asia)

This is a labor-heavy farming method in densely populated areas (like Asia) using small plots to maximize food for the family,
relying on family labor, manual tools, and techniques like terraces, irrigation, and crop rotation to get high yields from limited
land, often growing rice or other grains, while facing challenges like land fragmentation and potential soil degradation.

c. Plantation agriculture (practiced in countries like Zambia for sugar cane, Brazil for coffee)
This is a large-scale commercial farming system focused on growing a single, high-value cash crop (like sugar, coffee, or rubber)
on vast estates for export, using intensive, labor-heavy methods often relying on monoculture (single-crop farming) and
significant capital for machinery and management, historically linked to colonial exploitation but continuing globally to serve
distant markets.

Characteristics
 Monoculture (where one crop is grown) is practiced, for example, tea, coffee, sugarcane and wheat.
 Plantation occupies a large area of land, for instance, hundreds of hectares.
 Some plantations are labour intensive hence accommodation and other facilities for workers are provided on the
plantations.
 Most plantations are financed by foreign capital bot worked by labour.
 Large amount of capital is required, located intensive.
 Processing factories are normally located on or near the plantation.

Advantages of plantation
 Generation of large profits due to high yields
 Easier to manage and focus on one other than a variety of cash crops.
 Production of crops on large-scale ensures a constant supply of produce.
 Control of product quality is easy due to specialisation.
 Products are exported and sold in the world markets.
 Leads to generation of employment opportunities in the plantations.
 Leads to development of telecommunication and transport infrastructure.

Disadvantages
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  Plantation Farming is capital intensive.
 Monoculture encourages soil exhaustion and erosion.
 The periods between harvesting of the crop and the planting season leaves tracts of land idle.
 Huge losses are experienced if world market prices fall; in the event of a diseases outbreak or occurrence of natural
calamities like fires.
 Concentration on cash crop farming may result to food shortages due to neglect of food crop farming
 Use of large tracts of land for crop farming leaves many families landless

2. TEMPERATE AGRICULTURE
The major farming types found under temperate agriculture include
a. Extensive mechanized cereal cultivation
this is a large-scale farming of grains (like wheat, corn) using machinery (tractors, harvesters) on vast, often semi-arid, low-
population lands, focusing on high output with less labor, common in regions like North America's Great Plains and Eurasia's
steppes, characterized by monocultures, low input costs, and reliance on machinery for efficiency and timeliness, though facing
risks of land degradation and weather vulnerability.
b. Livestock Farming
This is a type of agriculture focused on raising grazing livestock like cattle, sheep, goats, or camels for products such as meat,
milk, and wool.
 Intensive livestock farming
This mainly involves keeping of livestock in small pieces of land such as subsistence mixed farming, small holding
commercial livestock farming where zero grazing is practiced and intensive large scale cattle farming (mainly daily
farming).

 Extensive livestock farming

This is the keeping of animals on large pieces of land, for example, pastoralism and commercial ranching (dairy farming and
beef cattle farming).

Pastoralism
This system of farming is characterised by extensive grazing where animals exhaust pasture on a given piece of land then they
are moved to a different location in search of water and pasture. There are three major forms of pastoralism:
i) Nomadic pastoralism
ii) Sedentary pastoralism,
iii) Transhumance pastoralism

Nomadic pastoralism
- Practised in areas with low and unreliable rainfall for cultivation such as desert fringes and marginal lands.
- Animals are mainly reared for subsistence, for example the Masai.

Sedentary pastoralism
- Pastoralists raise the animals in a permanently closed area, for example, the homestead.
- Animals are grazed during the day and locked in sheds at night.
- Very common in farming areas as crops are also grown.
- Mainly practised for subsistence.

Transhumance pastoralism
- Practised in temperate areas where animals are grazed in plains during summer.
- During winter, animals are taken to the highlands, for example in the Bulozi flood plains.

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 c. Mixed farming
This is an integrated agricultural system combining crop cultivation and livestock raising on the same farm, creating a balanced
ecosystem where resources like manure fertilize crops and crop residues feed animals, reducing waste, diversifying income,
spreading risk, and promoting soil health through natural nutrient cycling and crop rotations

FUEL AND ENERGY

1. Define energy.
Energy is the power or fuel needed to run machines to assist humanity in production.
 There are basically two major sources of energy namely;
- Renewable
- Non – renewable
Renewable sources of energy;
- These are sources of energy that are recycled and are able to regenerate.
- They can be tapped any time without affecting the amount available in the future and these include.
a. Solar energy
- This energy is tapped from the sun.
- It can be converted into heat, chemical and electrical energy.
- Solar panels are used to tap solar energy
- This type of energy is abundant in tropical countries, where there is a lot of sunshine throughout the year.
Advantages of solar energy
- Solar energy is not pollutant, hence environmentally friendly.
- It can be stored in batteries for later use.
- It lessens dependence on oil or coal for domestic use.
- It is cheap as it is absolutely free.
Disadvantages of solar energy
- Solar energy is limited to domestic use since it cannot run heavy machines
- The storage batteries are cumbersome to carry and need to be replaced often
- Solar panels are expensive to manufacture
- Large number of solar panels are required a useful amount of power
- Solar technology is relatively new. Most people are not familiar with it
- Not effective in the areas of low sunshine
b. Wind energy
- Wind is the moving air which can be harnessed using wind mills
- Wind mills are used to convert wind energy into mechanical energy that is used in pumping water, grinding
grains and generating electricity
- Wind energy has been used to propel ocean going vessels
- In Kenya, it is common in arid and semi-arid areas
- Wind mills are common in countries like Denmark, Spain, the Netherlands and France.
Advantages of wind energy
- It is an inexhaustible source of energy as long as wind is blowing
- It is cheap source of energy
- It does not pollute the environment
- Wind energy can be produced in small scale for local consumption
Disadvantages of wind energy
- It is expensive to generate and maintain
- It produces low energy which might require several wind mills

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 - Not fully reliable since wind changes direction and does not blow constantly
c. Hydro electric energy
- This is power generated from water
- It is generated from moving water using turbines
- Initially it was used in powering saw mills and grinding mills which common near waterfalls with the
development of generators running water is used to is used to produce hydroelectric power.
- Hydroelectric power are built next to the dam below waterfall
Advantages of hydroelectric energy
- It is not pollutant and is the cleanest form of energy.
- It is an inexhaustible source of energy as long as there is sufficient rainfall and proper management of water
as a resource.
- It can be transmitted over long distances to millions of consumers.
- of hydroelectric dams leads to creation of employment to the local people and creation of lakes used for
fishing, irrigation and recreation activities
- It is the most reliable form of energy that can be used for a variety of purposes.
- Its use can easily be controlled
Disadvantages of hydro electric energy
- Power supply fluctuates with fluctuating water levels or during droughts
- Silting of dams due to soil erosion reduces the water holding capacity of the reservoirs
- It is too costly to construct the dams and power plants
- It is expensive to transmit electricity over long distances
- Equipment used needs heavy capital outlay to purchase
d. Wave and tidal energy
- Oceans contain potential energy in form of tidal and wave power.
- In areas of high tides, a dam is created cross estuary to tap the wave which drives a mill to produce
electricity.
- A good example of a plant producing such energy is in France
Advantages of wave and tidal energy
- It is a cheap source of energy
- It is a clean source of energy if tapped
- It supplement other sources of energy if tapped
Disadvantages of wave and tidal energy
- It is only available along the sea where tidal and waves are high
- Its production is limited to the presence of strong waves
- Requires a lot of capital to install power generating plant
e. Geothermal energy
- This is the energy derived from heat in the interior of the earth.
- The core of the earth is very hot with very high temperatures
- Convectional heat currents heat up the rocks which in contact with water, turn it into steam and super-heated
water
- Through cracks, the steam manifests itself inform of geysers and hot springs
- This steam is then transmitted to the station where it is used to turn the turbines that generate electricity.
Advantages of geothermal energy
- it is a cheap source of energy as only steam is used to turn the turbines
- the generation of power is continuous as water can be pumped back underground to generate more steam
- it is a clean form of energy
- cost of production is relatively lower that hydro-electricity

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 Disadvantages of geothermal energy
- geysers and hot springs are confined to very few places
- its generation causes noise pollution
- exploration requires a lot of high technology
- energy produced per geyser is low
- leads to resettlement of people
f. Thermal energy
- produced using diesel steam, and gases
- It is used to run generators that produce electricity.
- It is not widely developed compared to other sources like (HEP)
- The main thermal power plants in Africa are in Kipevu in Mombasa Kenya, South Africa and Togo
g. Biomass energy
- Biomass refers to a mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
- It is produced from locally available raw materials, for example, manure, sewage (human and animal), green
waste, plant material and crops.
- It is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of biodegradable materials.
- It comprises of methane and carbon (1V) oxide gases
- Biogas is mainly for domestic use.
Advantages of Biogas
- It is inexhaustible source of energy as long as there is a steady supply of plant and animal remains.
- It is not a pollutant.
- It is a cheap source of energy as it makes use of waste materials
- Requires little skills to produce
- It is available anywhere in the world.
Disadvantages of Biogas
- It cannot be transported over a long distances
- It produces little energy, therefore, limited for commercial use
- It is a pollutant if the material if the materials are burnt directly.
- Storing it is difficult.
h. Wood fuel
- Refers to firewood and charcoal.
- This is the common source of energy in developing countries
- The use of wood fuel as a source of energy has put pressure on the existing forests.
- It has resulted in the indiscriminate cutting of trees.
- It has been the main cause of deforestation and environmental degradation.
Advantages of wood fuel
- It is available throughout the world.
- The ash from charcoal or firewood can be used to add fertility in the farm, preservation of grains and
decoration of traditional houses.
- It is a cheap source of energy.
Disadvantages of wood fuel
- It leads to indiscriminate cutting of trees, resulting in soil erosion and desertification.
- It interferes with the ecosystems, leading to climate change.
- A lot of wood is required to produce enough energy, which leads to deforestation.
- Wood fuel is dirty due to soot and also a pollutant due to smoke.
Non-renewable sources of energy
- They lack the natural capacity to recycle after use.

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 - They are, therefore, exhaustible source of energy.
- They are mainly fossil fuels and include :
a. Petroleum (Oil)
- This is an inflammable mixture of hydrocarbon with complex chemical properties.
- It is found in rocks occurring in the Earth’s interior – flowing freely as a liquid or in gaseous state.
- Oils is mined and processed to get various oil products that are used to run machines. Examples of these products
include petrol, diesel, aviation fuels, bitumen, liquefied gases, asphalt, kerosene and lubricants
- It is mainly produced in the Middle East Countries as crude oil.
Advantages
- It is found in abundance and new deposits are being discovered.
- Has a wide range of domestic and industrial uses.
- Can be easily stored. `
- Used in generating other forms of energy

Disadvantages
- Crude oil is bulky, hence expensive to transport.
- It is an exhaustible form of energy.
- It pollutes the environment when burnt.
- It is expensive to explore and prospect.
- It is expensive, hence not easily available to everyone.
- Due to inflammable nature, it is very dangerous and requires careful handling.
- It is a transboundary resource and may lead to conflicts, like the conflict between Sudan and South Sudan.
b. Coal
- This is a black or brown rock consisting of carbon, formed from energy and vegetation remains
- It is the oldest source of energy discovered and used during revolution
- In Zambia it is mined in mamba.
- There are four types of coal based on the amount of energy released and time taken for their formation:
i. Anthracite coal – produces the highest heat value and carbon content of 95%.
 It has very little volatile matter, is practically smokeless, burns quietly with great heat and leaves
very little ash behind
 It is used mainly for steam-raising in industrial plants and for domestic heating.
ii. Bituminous coal – Has low heat value mostly used for cooking and can be sub-divided into three namely;
 steam coal,
 coking coal and
 gas coal
iii. Lignite/brown coal – mainly used for extracting petroleum substitutes and smelting iron in the blast
furnace.
iv. Peat – this is exclusively of vegetative matter and has low heat value hence little industrial use.
Advantages
 It is more efficient in generating thermal power than oil
 Most suitable for smelting wood fuel.
 It is easily obtained from the ground.
 It does not require processing to produce heat like petroleum.
Disadvantages
 It produces a lot of smoke, hence pollutant
 It is exhaustible.
 Mining of coal leads to environmental degradation by creation of open pits.

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  Coal produces low heat or energy value compared to other forms of energy.
 Coal is black, dusty and produces smoke, hence a health hazard.
 Coal mining is very expensive if the mines are very deep
 It is bulky, hence expensive to transport.
c. Natural gas
 Natural gas occurs in association with petroleum, found in the upper layer of oil. Sometimes exists independently.
 It is mainly used for domestic purposes, generating thermal electricity and for industrial activities.
Advantages
 It is a clean source of energy to use
 It is easy to use.
 Natural gas is cheap to transport using pipelines.
 Costs of transportation and maintenance are low.
 It is not affected by weather changes
Disadvantages
 It is an exhaustible source of energy.
 Since it is highly inflammable, any leakage may lead to an explosion
 It is an expensive source for the low income earners.
 It is an air pollutant.
d. Nuclear/ atomic energy
 Naturally occurring radioactive minerals are used to produce nuclear energy or atomic energy
 In a nuclear reactor, uranium creates a chain of reactions known as nuclear fusion producing heat used to generate
thermal energy
 Nuclear power stations are found mainly in developed countries like German, Britain, France, Canada U.S.A and china
 Stations are located in sparsely populated areas due to its high risk involved
Advantages
 A reliable sources of energy due to its long lasting supply
 Generates large amounts of energy
Disadvantages
 Construction of nuclear plants and stations is very expensive
 Wastes from power reactors are radioactive, hence they are harmful to the environment
 Reactors can also be used to generate dangerous weapons to mankind
 Uranium is rare and is exhaustible, hence not a permanent source of energy
 It requires high technological and scientific know-how to install stations.

Q4. Distinguish methods of transportation of fuel and energy

 Transportation of fuels and energy involves the use of fixed infrastructure like roads, railways, airways, waterways, cables
and pipelines.
a. Water Transport
 Water transport is the movement by use of water craft like barges, boats, ships, tankers, submarines, cables on water.
 Oils are the most dominant type of fuel transported on water mainly using huge ships known as oil tankers.
 Marine cables over or under water surfaces are also used to transport electric current from plants to consumers and
industrial areas.

b. Land transport
 Land transport basically involves the use of identifiable routes, ways or paths between two places. It involves use of
roads, rail, pipeline and overhead cables

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 i. Road transport-it basically uses automobiles to transport energy and fuels. The automobiles used include;
tankers and trunks that move oils/petroleum, natural gas and coal.
ii. Overhead cables-this uses a series of wire cables connected by metals or wooden poles mainly
transporting electric energy which has been produced from hydro, uranium, wind, from plants to consumer
and industrial areas.
iii. Pipeline transport- this involves the sending of fuel through pipe. Most commonly liquid fuels like oil and
gas fuel like natural gas and bio-gas are transported through pipelines.
- A net-work of pipelines is laid from producing areas connecting to various processing plants and
consumer areas.
- It is the cheapest and the most efficient method of transporting oil overland for great distance.
iv. Rail transport-this involves trains moving on constructed track routes known as railways. In developed
countries they electrified and move faster.
- Rail transport can any form of energy and fuel such as oil, natural gas, coals as long as it is well
safely packaged.

Q5. Describe uses of deferent type forms of fuel and energy.

 Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce electricity and heat through combustion.
 Meteorological coke from coal which is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from low ash is used as fuel and as a
reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace.
 Coal can also be liquidised into synthetic fuels equivalent to gasoline and fuel
 Some oil is bunt in liquid form to genera light and heat
 Crude oil is converted diesel fuel, gasoline (petrol), jet fuel, kerosene and benzene. These are used to generate power
for industries, electricity, automobile and domestic consumers
 Crude oil can also produce other products like detergents, fertilisers, medicines, paints, plastics synthetic fibre,
synthetic rubber and much more
 Hydroelectric power provide energy for lighting, heating, cooking, industrial use, to run some automobile among others
 Natural gas, solar energy and wind power provides energy for heating, lighting and also is a source of fuel for vehicles
 Nuclear energy provides energy for lighting and making weapons among others
 Wind energy is used for domestic and industrial activities such as lighting and running machines
 Solar energy can be used for lighting and in industries for running machines.

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