AN EVALUATION ON THE EFFICIENCY OF BANANA (Musa

acuminata) PEELINGS EXTRACT AND EGGSHELLS AS ORGANIC

A Study Presented to the Junior High School Program

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

by

ALEXA JULIET M. CASAYAS

April 2021
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Organic fertilizers are commonly known to be an efficient way for soil productivity and

plant development to be sustained (Dong, Ji, Min, & Shi, 2017). Instead of chemical fertilizers,

organic fertilizers affect the structure of soil microorganisms (Wei, 2017). The use of organic

fertilizers has quite a couple of eco-friendly advantages relative to chemical fertilizers, including

reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Liu et al., 2015). Fertilization influences the soil's microbial

composition by affecting the content of soil nutrients. (Asao, Bell, Calderon, Wallenstein, &

Wolk, 2015). Thus, in the study, the efficiency of banana (Musa acuminata) peelings extract and

eggshells is evaluated.

Banana peels have potassium and are a rich source of nutrients that plants need to grow

(Nabukeera, 2019). Banana peel has caused significant effects in plants on different biological

aspects (Abdallah, Bakry, El-Bassiouny, & Ibrahim, 2016). Presently, the peelings aren't used for

anything else and are usually stored as food waste at a high cost (Anitta, Devi, Mythili, Sudha, &

Thejomayah, 2015). It's a problem that needs to be adequately handled, especially at the

industrial level (Jariwala & Syed, 2016). So, consumers themselves should also contribute to the

reduction in the amount of food waste. (Amani, Aschemann-Witzel, Bech-Larsen, de Hooge, &

Gustavsson, 2015).

About seventy million eggs were produced in the industrial egg sector alone in 2014,

resulting in eight million eggshell waste (Conte, De Angelis, & Medeghini, Mignardi, 2017).

Furthermore, eggshell is classified as hazardous waste under European Union legislation

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(Manuspiya & Ummartyotin, 2018; Quina, Quinta-Ferreira, & Soares, 2017). In the food

industries, it is a common type of waste that still has usable components (Adeogun, Idowu,

Kareem, & Ofudje, 2018). Because of this, eggshells could potentially be a cheaper fertilizer

option for their nutritional content (Arabhosseini & Faridi, 2018). The macronutrients are

nitrogen, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium (Huff, Huff, Makkar, Packialakshmi,

Rath, 2015). And the calcium level in the soil may improve along with other nutrients in the

eggshell (Bianchini, Rabelo, Rabêlo, Rezende, Silveira, 2016).

A study has been conducted about eggshell and fruit peels for the plant's growth by the

Department of Mechanical Engineering, B. R. H. C. E. T., Mumbai University, India. The

research discusses eggshells and fruit peels in a plant's growth. They control the quantity, and it

will be check by testing the fruit peel and eggshell formulation for pH evaluation. Their study

paper seeks to use the CHNS Analyzer to investigate and measure the nitrogen (N), hydrogen

(H), and carbon (C) content of fruit peels and eggshell powder. Research findings indicate sweet

lime peelings as a high concentration powder of carbon and nitrogen. Compared to the last

samples of the powder of banana peelings, it has a high hydrogen concentration. The

experimental study shows that it is possible to use fruit peel powder and eggshell powder as a

cost-free fertilizer as these are in our household waste (Khairnar & Nair, 2019).

There are few research studies and applications of bio-fertilizers, and the widespread use

of chemical fertilizers destroys organic biodiversity and affects plant development (Bahinda,

2019). In our locality and with the limited studies were conducted by researchers. This study

aims to contribute natural ways in making organic fertilizer to lessen the use of chemical

fertilizer to the plants. Furthermore, the present research will evaluate the efficiency of banana

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(Musa acuminata) peelings and eggshell as organic fertilizer for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

plant.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

According to Barbano (2020), Banana peelings are good fertilizer regardless of what they

do not produce. They don't produce nitrogen. Loads of leaves that are green colored and few

fruits or berries if many nitrogens are released, as plants need some nitrogen (remember the NPK

on fertilizers). For plants such as tomatoes, peppers, or bulbs, this means potassium-rich banana

peels are excellent. Banana peels also contain calcium, which keeps tomatoes from blossoming

and rotting. The manganese in the peels of bananas is by photosynthesis. The sodium in the peels

of bananas allows water to pass between cells. They also have magnesium and sulfur traces,

which are components that help produce chlorophyll.

According to Gul, Hussain, & Wazir (2018), Eggshells can make use of soil amendment.

It produces ninety-five percent carbonate which, is an inexpensive method to subdue the acid

soils. The research found that a clover grew 10 mm larger when fertilized soil was on the

eggshells, compared to a plant that no eggshells.

According to Nelz (2017), Eggshells contain various carbohydrates, vitamins, and

minerals, so they can be easily disposed of in the garden because they provide powerful plant

benefits. A significant amount of calcium is in the eggshells, and it decomposes without any

effort. Moreover, the shells have minerals, like peppers and tomatoes, that are useful in growing

plants.

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 Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Banana Peelings Extract and

Combined treatments:

a. 25% banana peelings Growth and Development of

b. 50% banana peelings

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 1 represents the Conceptual Framework of the study. It includes two sets of

variables. The independent variable, which is the concentration level of banana peelings extract

and eggshells. Below is the percentage of concentration of banana peelings extract and eggshells.

From combined treatments (a) 25% banana peelings extract, 75% eggshells, (b) 50% banana

peelings extract, 50% eggshells, (c) 75% banana peelings extract, 25% eggshells. On the other

hand, the dependent variable is the growth and development of the tomato plant.

Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of banana (Musa acuminata) peel

extract and eggshells as organic fertilizer for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant.

Furthermore, below are the questions the study sought to answer.

1. What is the level of concentration of banana peelings extract and eggshells that’s

efficient to promote the tomato plant's growth and development?

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 a. 25% banana peelings extract, 75% eggshells

b. 50% banana peelings extract, 50% eggshells

c. 75% banana peelings extract, 25% eggshells

2. Is there a significant difference in the growth and development of tomato plants

among the three combined treatments?

Hypotheses of the Study

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of banana (Musa acuminata) peelings extract

and eggshells as organic fertilizer for tomato (Musa acuminata) plant. Hence, the following

statement is fundamental:

HO2: Banana (Musa acuminata) peelings extract and eggshells are not effective organic

fertilizer for a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant.

Significance of the Study

This study aimed to see the efficiency of banana (Musa acuminata) peelings extract and

eggshells as organic fertilizer for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant.

The findings of the study would be beneficial according to the following:

School Administration. The result of the study will enable them to conduct more

symposiums regarding this study.

Home Gardeners. The result of this study will provide organic fertilizer for them to use

in their homes.

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 Farmers. The results of the study will help and provide valuable sources of

micronutrients to their tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants.

Local Government Unit. This study will enable them to know and assess the public

needs and seek guidance for them.

Future Researcher. This study may provide a source of information for another research

problem.

Food Industry. This study would serve as a guide and help to recycle the banana

peelings and eggshells which, are usually thrown away.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). The outcome of this

research will serve as a guide for them to continue working towards enhancing and managing

food waste such as the banana (Musa acuminta) peelings and eggshells to become organic

fertilizer for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will focus on the evaluation of banana (Musa acuminata) peelings extract and

eggshells as organic fertilizer for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant. The study will use

banana (Musa acuminata) peelings extract and eggshells. The researcher will directly pour

banana (Musa acuminata) peelings extract and eggshell on to the tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) plant to see its efficiency as organic fertilizer. The banana (Musa acuminata)

peelings, eggshells, and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant were gathered within the City of

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Digos. Furthermore, this study was conducted in Cor Jesu College, Inc., Digos City, from

January 2021 to April 2021.

Definition of Terms

Banana peelings extract - is when you boil the banana peelings in the water to make

them into a liquid form. In this study, the banana peelings extract will integrate with eggshells,

and it will be the substance that will be pouring on the tomato plant as an organic fertilizer.

Eggshells - it is the thin, hard outer layer of an egg. In this study, the eggshells will

integrate with the banana peelings extract, and it will be the substance that will be pouring on the

tomato plant as an organic fertilizer.

Musa acuminata - is the scientific term for banana. It is a rich source of nutrients. In this

study, it will use as an organic fertilizer for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant.

Organic Fertilizer - it is the product of the natural decomposition of banana peelings

extract and eggshells.

Solanum lycopersicum - is the scientific name of tomato. In this study, the Solanum

lycopersicum will use as to see if it has its effect on growth and development.

Tomato plant - a flowering plant, and it is the variable that I would look upon to see if

the banana peel extract and eggshells affect its growth and development.

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