Chapter 7

Who is most likely to initiate a drastic organizational change?

HR manager
Outside consultant
IT manager
Customers
Employees

An outside consultant is most likely to initiate a drastic change because he or she is outside of the
organization and does not have to live with the repercussions following implementation of the change.

Which of the following is NOT an example of an external force for change?

Economic changes
Change in the composition of the workforce
Changing consumer needs and wants
New governmental laws
Changing technology

A change in the composition of the workforce is an internal force for change as managers are challenged
to maintain inclusive cultures of productivity despite the diversity of employees in terms of variables such
as values, age, race, and personality.

Which of the following best illustrates the calm waters metaphor of the organizational change
process?

A small raft on a choppy river

A small raft on a calm sea
A small raft on a raging river
A large ship crossing a calm sea
A large ship crossing a turbulent sea

The calm waters metaphor envisions the organization as a large ship crossing a calm sea. Change
comes in the form of an occasional storm, a brief distraction in an otherwise calm and predictable trip.

The white-water rapid metaphor of organizational change would best be described as ________.

a small raft on a calm sea

a small ship on a choppy river
a large ship crossing a calm sea
a small raft on a raging river
a large ship crossing a stormy sea

The white-water rapids metaphor envisions organizational change as a small raft on a turbulent river,
where currents are rough and the next turn could bring a smooth stretch of water or a sudden drop down
a waterfall. Thus, change is chaotic and unpredictable.

Which of the following types of organizational change encompasses modifications in variables

such as reporting relationships, coordination mechanisms, or job redesign?

Technology
Structure.
People
Culture
Incremental

Changing structure includes any change in structural variables such as reporting relationships,
coordination mechanisms, employee empowerment, or job redesign.

A manager implementing a survey to gather feedback about employee attitudes towards the
launch of a new technology or system at work is an example of ________.

refreezing
idea championing
change agents
organizational development
organizational change

This technique is referred to as survey feedback and is an example of organizational development (OD),
which involves organizational change methods that focus on people and the nature and quality of
interpersonal work relationships.

Which technique to reduce resistance to change involves bringing those individuals directly
affected by the proposed change into the decision-making process?

Participation
Facilitation and support
Manipulation and co-optation
Negotiation
Coercion

Participation involves bringing those individuals directly affected by the proposed change into the
decision-making process, allowing them to express their feelings, increase the quality of the process, and
increase employee commitment to the final decision.

An employer launching a Facebook campaign to engage employees and inform them of

organizational change initiatives is an example of ________.

manipulation and co-optation

education and communication
coercion
facilitation and support
negotiation

Education and communication via social media can be a useful component of a communication plan
geared towards reducing resistance to change by informing employees of the logic behind change efforts.

An employee complains to you, as his manager, that he is highly stressed due to unreasonable
expectations of the amount of work he must accomplish in his 8 hours of work time per day. This
would best be described as ________.

role ambiguity
a role underload
role confusion
role strain
role overload
Role overload occurs when an employee has more work to accomplish than time permits, which can
cause additional employee stress.

Dionne just learned that her company will be announcing layoffs at the end of the month. She is
completely overwhelmed by the news because she doesn't know how she'll meet her financial
obligations if she gets laid off. Dionne is experiencing ________.

burnout
stress
role strain
role conflict
role ambiguity

Stress is the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure placed on them from extraordinary
demands, constraints, or opportunities.

________ refers to the ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make unusual associations
between ideas.

Entrepreneurship
Intrapreneurship
Change
Creativity
Innovation

Creativity refers to the ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make unusual associations between
ideas.

All of the following are techniques that managers can use to foster innovation EXCEPT ________.

providing positive feedback

tolerating risk
exhibiting empowering leadership
accepting ambiguity
focusing on means rather than ends

Managers should focus on the ends rather than the means. Focusing on the ends suggests that several
right answers might be possible for any given problem.

Which of the following are most vulnerable to disruptive innovation?

Entrepreneurial endeavors
Large, profitable, well-established companies
Skunk work organizations
Companies focused on emerging markets
Small companies with limited resources

Large and successful companies are motivated to repeat what has led to success and profitability in the
past so they fail to engage in disruptive innovations, which puts them at risk of being overtaken by smaller
challenger companies.
 All of the following are characteristic of a skunk works group EXCEPT ________.

having the same cost structure as the main organization

dedicated resources
a high degree of autonomy
a small size compared to the main organization
a reduced level of bureaucracy

Skunk works groups are small groups within a large organization with high levels of autonomy and are
unhampered by corporate bureaucracy. They don't carry the same cost structure or cultural values of the
main organization nor do they compete for resources with other organizational projects.

1) Which of the following is currently considered an example of a disruptive

Question Number

innovation?

Floating offshore wind farms

Electric cars represent a disruptive innovation because

they are becoming more popular.

The textbook distinguishes between disruptive innovation and sustaining

innovation. ______ is an example of a disruptive innovation. ______ is an example
of a sustaining innovation.

Uber; High definition TVs

Which statement best describes disruptive innovation?

Innovations in products, services, or processes that radically change how
companies conduct business

Which statement most accurately describes disruptive innovation?

The impact of disruptive innovation typically happens years following its
development.

Which of the following would be considered an external force for change?

Changing consumer needs and desires

A person who acts as a catalyst and assumes the responsibility for managing the change process
is referred to as a(n) ________.

change agent

In Kurt Lewin's three-step change process, organizations are pushed toward change by ________.

driving forces

Which is the last step of Kurt Lewin's change process model?

Refreezing

The metaphor about organizational change that assumes that change is normal and expected and
managing it is a continual process is known as ________.

the white-water rapids metaphor

Which metaphor about organizational change assumes that change consists of occasional
disruptions that must be dealt with, but then things can continue under the new changed
situation?

The calm waters metaphor

In which type of organizational development (OD) does an outside consultant help the manager
understand how interpersonal processes affect the way work is done?

Process consultation

The focus of ________ is to minimize or eliminate dysfunctional conflict that exists between
groups by changing the attitudes, stereotypes, and perceptions that groups have about each
other.

intergroup development

Gannon Enterprises is in the midst of a major strategic change. To lessen resistance from some
of the senior managers who are opposed to the change, the company has offered early
retirements so that the managers can avoid having to experience the change effort. Which
technique for reducing resistance to change does this best describe?

Negotiation

"My way or the highway" would best describe which technique to manage resistance to change?

Coercion

Before bringing the new computer system online, HD Marketing formed a committee of employees
from each of the major departments impacted by the change and asked for their input,
suggestions, and assistance. Which technique for reducing resistance to change does this best
describe?

Participation
Under which of the following circumstances would manipulation and co-optation be an
appropriate technique for managing resistance to change?

When a powerful group's endorsement is needed

Although the merger between Gray Enterprises and Horack Manufacturing is expected to be a
"win-win" that will increase both companies' market share and save jobs, employees are fearful
because they don't know what to expect. Which technique would be most useful in overcoming
their resistance to change?

Facilitation and support

Which technique of reducing resistance to change involves helping employees see the logic of
the change effort?

Education and communication

Caitlyn has always been a hard-driving, competitive person. She walks fast, talks fast, eats fast,
and gets angry fast. Caitlyn would likely be described as exhibiting what type of personality?

Type A personality

_______ is an adverse reaction that people have to excessive pressure placed on them from
extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities.

Stress

Tayler's company has announced that, due to the poor economy, it will lay off 20% of the
workforce by the end of the month. This announcement is the ________ that creates ________.

stressor; stress

Laura is a new physician in a busy clinic. She wants to spend enough time with her patients to
fully understand their health concerns. However, she is required to see 30 patients per day, so she
can spend no more than 10dash–15 minutes with each one. Laura is frustrated and is
experiencing ________.

role conflict

Jamie is frustrated with the group project in her management class. Her team hasn't met to figure
out who will do which portion of the project, and no timelines have been established. This
situation best illustrates ________.

role ambiguity

________ is/are pressures created by other employees.

Interpersonal demands

Which of the following is true of creativity?

A creative organization develops unique ways of working or novel solutions to problems.

Which of the following is considered a structural variable that positively impacts an
organization's innovation?

An organic-type structure

An idea champion is best described as an ________.

individual who actively and enthusiastically supports new ideas, builds support, overcomes resistance,
and ensures that innovations are implemented

A small IT firm that is challenging larger competitors and changing the industry's rules of the
game is engaged in ________.

disruptive innovation

When Steve Jobs created a separate and autonomous unit at Apple to develop the Macintosh
computer, he was using ________.

skunk works