Course Title:

BIT-101: Introduction to Information Technology

Deo N. Yadav
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology
BE in Computer Science, 1990 (2047 BS)
Master in Information System Engineering
Program Coordinator of Bachelor in Information Technology (BIT)
Patan Multiple Campus
Email: deo494685@[Link]
Mobile: 977-9841412202

Course Contents

Unit-01:Introduction to Computer (4 Hrs.)

Unit-02:Computer Hardware (8 Hrs.)
Unit-03:Computer Software (6 Hrs.)
Unit-04:Data Representation (5 Hrs.)
Unit-05:Computer Networks and Internet Services (10 Hrs.)
Unit-06:Database System (5 Hrs.)

Unit-07:Computer Security (4 Hrs.)

Unit-08:Application and Impact of IT (3 Hrs.)
 Course Contents
Unit-01:Introduction to Computer (4 Hrs.)
 Introduction of Computer
 Characteristics of Computer
 History of Computer
 Generations of Computer
 Digital and Analog Computers
 Classification of Computer based on size
 The Computer System
 Application of Computers

Course Contents
Unit-01:Introduction to Computer (4 Hrs.)
 Introduction of Computer

Questions:

 What is Computer? Draw the block diagram of Digital

computer and explain it’s components in brief.
 Introduction to computer
Computer:
 The term computer is derived from the word compute.
The word compute means to calculate.
 A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data
from the user, processes the data by performing
calculations and operations on it, and generates the
desired output results.
 Computer performs both simple and complex
operations, with speed and accuracy.

Introduction to computer
Computer:
 A computer is an electronic device, operating under the
control of instructions stored in its own memory that can
accept data (input), process the data according to
specified rules, produce information (output), and store
the information for future use.
 A computer is a programmable machine. The two
principal characteristics of computer are:
• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined
manner.
• It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions ( program)
 Introduction to computer
Computer:
 All general-purpose computers require the following
hardware components.
 Central Processing Unit (CPU) : The heart of the
computer, the component that actually executes
instructions.
 Memory: Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily,
data and programs.
 Input Device: Input devices are the devices which are
used to feed programs and data to the computer. The
input system connects the external environment with the
computer system.

Introduction to computer
Computer:
 Output Device: The output devices give the results of the
process and computations to the outside world. The
output units accept the results produced by the computer,
convert them into a human readable form and supply
them to the users. The more common output devices are
printers, plotters, display screens, magnetic tape drives
etc.
 Mass storage device: Allows a computer to permanently
retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage
devices include disk drives and tape drives.
 Introduction to computer
Block Diagram of Computer:

Introduction to computer
Block Diagram of Computer:
 Introduction to computer
8085 Block Diagram:

Figure: Intel 8085 CPU Block Diagram

Characteristics of Computer
Characteristics of Computer:
1. Word length
2. Speed
3. Storage
4. Accuracy
5. Versatility
6. Automation
7. Deligence
 Characteristics of Computer
Characteristics of Computer:
1. Word length:
Difference between bit, nibble, byte and wordlength.
Word length is the computing power of computer and varies
as 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits. Longer the word length, more
powerful the computer is.
2. Speed: time taken to perform any task by computer is
called the speed of the computer. The speed of computer is
measured in terms of micro or nano-second.
Milliseconds(ms ) = 1/1,000 ; microseconds(µs)= (1/1,000,000), Nanoseconds(ns)=(1/1,000,000,000) ,
Picoseconds(ps) = (1,000,000,000,000)

Characteristics of Computer
Characteristics of Computer:
3. Storage:
 Digital data storage is essentially the recording of digital
information in a storage medium, typically by electronic
means.
 Computers have their own main memory and auxiliary
memory storage systems which computer use when
needed.
 The storage capacity is measured in terms of Symbol Prefix
k kilo
M mega
G giga
T tera
 Characteristics of Computer
Characteristics of Computer:
3. Storage:

Characteristics of Computer
Characteristics of Computer:
4. Accuracy:
 Computer is the accurate machine with high accuracy and
every calculation is performed with the same accuracy.
 It can perform large number of task without errors but if we
feed wrong data, it returns the same wrong information
called GIGO(Garbage In Garbage Out).
5. Versatility:
Versatile means, computer can not only perform calculation
but same computer can perform many different types of Job
depend upon the different program fed to it.
 Characteristics of Computer
Characteristics of Computer:
6. Automation:
 Automation is the technology by which a process or
procedure is performed with minimal human assistance.
 Computers are capable for automation, provided they are
programmed correctly.
 Computers can proceed on its own till its completion.

Characteristics of Computer
7. Diligence:
 Diligence of computer is the capacity of performing same
task repeatedly multiple times without feeling tiredness,
boring, lack of concentration and fatigue with same speed
and accuracy.
 Characteristics of Computer
7. Diligence:
 Human being suffer from weakness like tiredness, lack of
concentration etc. Human have feelings they become sad,
depressed, bored, and negligent and will reflect on the
work they do.
 Human beings can’t perform the same or similar tasks
over and over again with the same precision, accuracy
and enthusiasm as the first time. This will effect the
performance.
Being a machine, a computer doesn’t have any of these
human weaknesses.

Introduction to computer

History Vs Generation of Computer ?

 Introduction to computer
History of Computer:

History of computing is a timeline of how computers evolved

from their humble beginnings to the machines of today that
surf the Internet, play games and stream multimedia in
addition to crunching numbers.

[Link]

[Link]
%26_Generation_of_Computer

Introduction to computer
Generations of Computer:
 Computer generation is a change in technology a
computer is/was being used.
 Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish
between varying hardware technologies.
 But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and
software, which together make up an entire computer
system.
[Link]
[Link]

[Link]
eration_of_Computer
 Introduction to computer
History of Computer: The key developments that took place
till the first computer was developed are as follows:

1. Calculating Machines ABACUS was the first mechanical calculating

device for counting of large numbers. The word ABACUS means
calculating board. It consists of bars in horizontal positions on which
sets of beads are inserted. The horizontal bars have 10 beads each,
representing units, tens, hundreds, etc.

2. Napier’s Bones was a mechanical device built for the purpose of

multiplication in 1617 by an English mathematician John Napier.

Introduction to computer
History of Computer:
3. Slide Rule was developed by an English mathematician Edmund
Gunter in the 16th century. Using the slide rule, one could perform
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It
was used extensively till late 1970s.

4. Pascal’s Adding and Subtraction Machine was developed by Blaise

Pascal. It could add and subtract. The machine consisted of wheels,
gears and cylinders.
5. Leibniz’s Multiplication and Dividing Machine was a mechanical
device that could both multiply and divide. The German philosopher
and mathematician Gottfried Leibniz built it around 1673.
 Introduction to computer
History of Computer:

6. Punch Card System was developed by Jacquard to

control the power loom (weave cloth) in 1801. He invented
the punched card reader that could recognize the
presence of hole in the punched card as binary one and
the absence of the hole as binary zero. The 0s and 1s are
the basis of the modern digital computer.

Introduction to computer
History of Computer:
7. Babbage’s Analytical Engine An English man Charles
Babbage built a mechanical machine to do complex
mathematical calculations, in the year 1823. The machine
was called as difference engine. Later, Charles Babbage
and Lady Ada Lovelace developed a general-purpose
calculating machine, the analytical engine. Charles
Babbage is also called the father of computer.
8. Hollerith’s Punched Card Tabulating Machine was
invented by Herman Hollerith. The machine could read
the information from a punched card and process it
electronically.
 Introduction to computer
Generations of Computer:
 Computer generation is a change in technology a
computer is/was being used.
 Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish
between varying hardware technologies.
 But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and
software, which together make up an entire computer
system.
[Link]
[Link]

[Link]
eration_of_Computer

Introduction to computer
Generations of Computer:
Currently, there are 5 generations of computer and
generations of computer are differentiated in terms of
 Technology (hardware and software),
 Computing characteristics (speed),
 Physical appearance(Size)
 Applications.
 Introduction to computer
Generations of Computer:
First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956):
 Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,
and taking up entire rooms. Very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first computers
generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
 Relied on machine language to perform operations and solve one
problem at a time. Would take operators days or even weeks to set-
up a new problem. Input was based on punched cards and paper
tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
 UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation
computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer
delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

Introduction to computer
Generations of Computer:
First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956):
 Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,
and taking up entire rooms. Very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first computers
generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
 Relied on machine language to perform operations and solve one
problem at a time. Would take operators days or even weeks to set-
up a new problem. Input was based on punched cards and paper
tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
 UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation
computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer
delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
 Introduction to computer
Generations of Computer:
Second Generation: Transistors (1956-1963):
 Transistor was used in place of vacuum tube, allowing computers to
become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat
but was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Still relied on
punched cards for input and printouts for output.
 Moved from binary to assembly languages. High-level programming
languages were also being developed at this time, such as early
versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first
computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which
moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
 The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic
energy industry.

Introduction to computer
Generations of Computer:
Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971):
 Integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon
chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed
and efficiency of computers.
 Used keyboards and monitors instead of punched cards and
printouts and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the
device to run many different applications at one time with a central
program that monitored the memory.
 Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience
because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
 Introduction to computer
Generations of Computer:
Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (1971-Present):
 The microprocessor-thousands of integrated circuits were built onto
a single silicon chip. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located
all the components of the computer—from the central processing
unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.
 In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in
1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.
 Computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to
form networks, which eventually led to the development of the
Internet.
 Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs,
the mouse and handheld devices.

Introduction to computer
Generations of Computer:
Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond):
 Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence,
are still in development, though there are some applications, such
as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel
processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality.

 Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will

radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal
of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to
natural language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.
 Generations of Computer
Generations of Computer:
Following are the main five generations of computers.
S.N. Generation & Description
First Generation
1
The period of first generation: 1942-1954. Vaccum tube based.
Second Generation
2
The period of second generation: 1952-1964. Transistor based.
Third Generation
3
The period of third generation: 1964-1972. Integrated Circuit based.

Fourth Generation
4
The period of fourth generation: 1972-1990. VLSI microprocessor based.

Fifth Generation
5
The period of fifth generation: [Link] microprocessor based

Generations of Computer
Generations of Computer:
Following are the main five generations of computers.
 Questions
 Explain briefly the developments in computer technology starting from a
simple calculating machine to the first computer.

 Describe the first generation computer based on the (a) Hardware (b)
Software (c) Computing characteristics (d) Physical appearance, and (e)
Their applications.

Introduction to computer

Classification of Computer
 Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers:
Classification
of Computers

Based on
Based on Based on Based on
Signal
Speed & Size Model Brand
Processing
Super XT IBM PC
Analog
Mainframe AT APPLE PC
Digital
Mini PS/2
Hybrid
Personal System/2 port
Micro

Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers based signal processing:
Based on signal

Analog
processing

Digital

Hybrid
 Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers:(Based on Signal Processing)

 Analog Computer: Analog computer is that computer,

which is use to process continuously varying data.
Everything we see and hear is change continuously. This
changeable continuous stream of data is called analog
data. Analog computer can be used in scientific and
industrial applications such as measure the electrical
current, frequency and resistance of capacitor, etc.

Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers:
 Digital Computer: These are high speed electronic
devices. These devices are programmable. They process
data by way of mathematical calculations, comparison,
sorting etc. They accept input and produce output as
discrete signals representing high (on) or low (off) voltage
state of electricity. Numbers, alphabets, symbols are all
represented as a series of 1s and 0s.
 Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers:
 Hybrid Computer: Hybrid computer is a digital computer
that accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and
processes them in digital form.
 Hybrid computer processes both analog and digital data.
 Examples: Computer used in hospitals to measure the
heartbeat of the patient. Devices used in petrol pump.
 In scientific applications or in controlling industrial
processes.
 The first desktop hybrid computing system was the
Hycomp 250, released by Packard Bell in 1961.

Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers:
Classification of digital computers on the basis of their
capacity to access memory and size are like:
Desktop/
Personal Computer

Workstation

Micro Computers Laptop/Notebooks

Digital Computers

Notepad/Handheld
Minicomputers
computer

Personal Digital
Mainframes
Assistance

Supercomputers

Network
Computers
 Introduction to computer
Classification of Computers:
Digital Computer: Classification of digital computers on the
basis of their capacity to access memory and size are like:
 Micro Computer
• Desktop / Mini PC / Workstation
• Laptops/Notebooks
• Notepad/handheld computer
• Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
 Minicomputers
 Mainframes
 Supercomputers
 Network Computers

Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers based on size:
Super Computer:
 A supercomputer is a type of computer that has the
architecture, resources and components to achieve
massive computing power. Today's supercomputers
consists of tens of thousands of processors that are able
to perform billions and trillions of calculations or
computations per second.
 As of 2013, IBM Sequoia is the fastest supercomputer to
date. It has more than 98,000 processors that allow it to
process at a speed of 16,000 trillion calculations per
second.
 Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers based on size:
Mainframe:
 Mainframe Computers are less costly, small in size and
slower in speed than the super computers.
 used as a storage for large database and serve as a
maximum number of users simultaneously.
 millions of instructions are executed simultaneously.
 The first successful mainframe computer is invented by
IBM. Mainframe computer’s speed is comparatively less
than Supercomputers.

Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers based on size:
Minicomputer:
 A minicomputer is a type of computer that possesses most of
the features and capabilities of a large computer but is smaller
in physical size.
 A minicomputer fills the space between the mainframe and
microcomputer.
 Minicomputers are mainly used as small or mid-range servers
operating business and scientific applications. However, the
use of the term minicomputer has diminished and has merged
with servers.
 A minicomputer may also be called a mid-range computer.
 Examples are IBM AS, Prime series, HP 9000, PDP 11, IBM 8000
series.
 Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers:
BASIS FOR
COMPARISON SUPERCOMPUTER MAINFRAME COMPUTER
Mainframe computers act as a server, stores
Supercomputers fastly perform large and
Basic large database and serve a large number of
complex mathematical computations.
users simultaneously.
The first successful Supercomputer was IBM invented the first successful mainframe
Invention invented by Seymour Cray in the year 1976 computer and is still a dominant company for
Cray 1. producing the mainframe computers.

The supercomputer can execute billions of Mainframe computers can execute millions
Speed floating point operations in a second. of instruction simultaneously.
Mainframe computers are also large
Supercomputers are the largest computers in
Size computers but somewhat smaller than
the world.
supercomputer.

Supercomputers are the most expensive Mainframe computers are also expensive
Expense
computers of the worlds. but less than supercomputers.

The modern supercomputers have Linux

Operating Mainframe computer has the ability to run
operating system and derivative variants of
system multiple operating system. simultaneously.
Linux operating system.

Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers:
Mainframe Minicomputer

In mainframe computer, large size of disk is While in minicomputer, small size of disk is
used. used.

Mainframe computers have large memory While minicomputers have small or less
storage. memory storage than mainframe computer.

The processing speed of mainframe computer While the processing speed of minicomputer is
is faster than minicomputer. slower than mainframe computer.

Mainframe computer is costlier than Whereas supercomputer's cost is less or it is

minicomputers. Inexpensive.

The first microcomputer was invented by the The first successful mainframe computer is
team leader Bill Pentz . invented by IBM.

Mainframe computers support thousand or Whereas minicomputers support hundreds of

millions of users simultaneously. users at a time.
 Classification of Computers
Mainframe Computer:

Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers based on size:
Network Computer:
 A network computer is an inexpensive personal computer
designed for a centrally-managed network where data are
stored and updated on a network server.
 Network computer doesn’t have a disk drive, CD-ROM
drive or expansion slots.
 A network computer depends on network servers for
processing power and data storage.
 Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers based on size:
Micro computer:
Desktop

Micro Computers
Personal Computer

Workstations

Laptop/Notebooks

Notepad/Handheld
computer

Personal Digital
Assistance

Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers based on size:
Micro computer:
1. Desktop/Personal Computer
A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for
regular use at a single location on or near a desk or table due
to its size and power requirements.
 Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers based on model:
Classification of digital computers on the basis of their model
are like:
Based on model
XT (Extended Technology)
8080, 8085, 8086 or 8080 series

AT (Advanced Technology)
80286, 80386, 80486 series
PS/2
Personal system/2 port

Classification of Computers
Classification of Computers based on model:
Classification of digital computers on the basis of
brand/Manufacturer are like:
Based on Brand

IBM PC
APPLE PC
 Questions
Q1. Highlight the differences between microcomputer, minicomputer,
mainframe computer and supercomputer.

The Computer System

The Computer System:
A system is an organized collection of parts (or subsystems) that are
highly integrated to accomplish an overall goal.
A computer system is a set of integrated devices that input, output,
process, and store data and information.
COMPUTER SYSTEM is a collection of entities (hardware, software,
data and users) that are designed to receive, process, manage and
present information in a meaningful format.
The computer system consists of four parts:
1. Computer Hardware
2. Computer Software
3. Data
4. Users: Skinware, liveware, humanware
or peopleware.
 The Computer System
The Computer System: The computer system consists of four parts
1. Computer Hardware - Are physical parts/ intangible parts of a
computer. e.g. Input devices, output devices, central processing
unit and storage devices
2. Computer Software - Software is a set of instructions that tells the
computer about the tasks to be performed and how these tasks are
to be performed. Program is a set of instructions, written in a
language understood by the computer, to perform a specific task. A
set of programs and documents are collectively called software.
The hardware of the computer system cannot perform any task on
its own and needs to be instructed about the task to be performed.
Software instructs the computer about the task to be performed.
The hardware carries out these tasks. Different software can be
loaded on the same hardware to perform different kinds of tasks.

The Computer System

COMPUTER SYSTEM
3. Data - Data are isolated values or raw facts, which by themselves
have no much significance. Computer by processing changes the
data into value or information.
4. Users - The user commands the computer system to execute on
instructions. Users are people who write computer programs or
interact with the computer. They are also known as skinware,
liveware, humanware or peopleware. Programmers, data entry
operators, system analyst and computer hardware engineers fall
into this category.
 The Computer System
COMPUTER SYSTEM:
 Hardware and software exist together to make up the actual
computer. The humanware component adds in the human factor in
order to bring the whole computer into functional and productive
existence.
 Each of these components is necessary in order to enable
meaningful productivity. If installed separately, each may be useful
to an extent but incapable of achieving complete computing
potential. Hardware and software need the human factor in order to
make input and connectivity possible.

The Computer System

Components of Computer Hardware:
The computer system hardware comprises of three main components:
1. Input/Output (I/O) Unit,
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU), and
3. Memory Unit.
The I/O unit consists of the input unit and the output unit. CPU performs
calculations and processing on the input data, to generate the output.
The memory unit is used to store the data, the instructions and the
output information.

The typical interaction among the

different components of the computer.
 The Computer System
Components of Computer Hardware:
Input/Output Unit: The user interacts with the computer via the I/O unit.
The Input unit accepts data from the user and the Output unit provides
the processed data i.e. the information to the user. The Input unit
converts the data that it accepts from the user, into a form that is
understandable by the computer. Similarly, the Output unit provides the
output in a form that is understandable by the user. The input is
provided to the computer using input devices like keyboard, trackball
and mouse. Some of the commonly used output devices are monitor
and printer.

The Computer System

Components of Computer Hardware:
Central Processing Unit CPU controls, coordinates and supervises the
operations of the computer. It is responsible for processing of the input
data. CPU consists of Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit
(CU).
 ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic operations on the input
data.
 CU controls the overall operations of the computer i.e. it checks the
sequence of execution of instructions, and, controls and coordinates
the overall functioning of the units of computer.
Additionally, CPU also has a set of registers for temporary storage of
data, instructions, addresses and intermediate results of calculation.
 The Computer System
Components of Computer Hardware:
Memory Unit: Memory unit stores the data, instructions, intermediate
results and output, temporarily, during the processing of data. This
memory is also called the main memory or primary memory of the
computer. The input data that is to be processed is brought into the
main memory before processing. The instructions required for
processing of data and any intermediate results are also stored in the
main memory. The output is stored in memory before being transferred
to the output device. CPU can work with the information stored in the
main memory. Another kind of storage unit is also referred to as the
secondary memory of the computer. The data, the programs and the
output are stored permanently in the storage unit of the computer.
Magnetic disks, optical disks and magnetic tapes are examples of
secondary memory.

Q2. List the steps in the working of the computer.

Q3. Define Computer System. Explain the parts of computer system.

 Applications of computers
Applications of computers:
Today computers find widespread applications in all activities of the
modern world. Some of the major application areas include:
 Scientific, Engineering and Research
 Business
 Medicine
 Information
 Education
 Government
 Games and Entertainment

Applications of computers
Applications of computers:
 Uses of Computers in Education
• Benefits of CBT
• Computer Aided Learning (CAL)
• Distance Learning
• Online Examination
• Online Training Resources
 Uses of computers in Medical Field
• Hospital Management System
• Patient History
• Patients Monitoring
• Life Support Systems
• Diagnosis Purpose
 Applications of computers
Applications of computers:
 Computers in Business
• Marketing
• Stock Exchange
 Government
 Use of computer at Home
• Computer Games
• Working from Home
• Entertainment
• Information

Applications of computers
Applications of computers:
 The list of applications of computers is so long that it is not possible
to discuss all of them here.
 In addition to the applications of the computers discussed above,
computers have also proliferated into areas like banks, investments,
stock trading, accounting, ticket reservation, military operations,
meteorological predictions, social networking, business
organizations, police department, video conferencing, telepresence,
book publishing, web newspapers, and information sharing.