Quantity Estimation 1

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Architecture program

SUBJECT: ESTIMATION, COSTING AND SPECIFICATIONS

Chapter 3: Rate Analysis

DATE: December 24, 2025

12/24/2025 Quantity Estimation

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Analysis of Rates
 Introduction
 Purpose of Rate Analysis
 Requirement of Rate Analysis
 Factors Affecting the Rate Analysis
 Procedure of Rate Analysis for Building Works
 Water Supply and Sanitary Works

Quantity Estimation 12/24/2025

 Building site Hydropower construction site

What are different civil engineering works??

Road construction site Tunnel construction site

Quantity Estimation 12/24/2025
 1. Introduction
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Definition.
 The process of determining the correct and reasonable rate per unit of an item of
work considering the cost of material, cost of labors, hire charges of tools and plant,
contract’s profit is known as rate analysis
 At various stages in the project management, we need to know

 how much is cost of executing unit amount of the work

 how many equipment or labour are required to execute unit amount of an item of
work
Obtaining the cost of unit amount of an item is called rate analysis

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Purposes.
 To work out cost per unit items of works.

 To work out economic use of materials.

 To work out extra items of works.

 To revise the schedule of rate due to increase in the cost of materials and labour
and also due to changes in techniques
 To fix up labour contract rates

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 2. Requirement of rate analysis
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A. Correct information of the market rates of materials.

B. Correct information of the different categories of labors (skilled and unskilled
manpower).
C. Up to date knowledge of construction work (Nature of work and workmanship).
D. Output of labors. i.e. task or out turn per day for various types of labors.
The capacity of doing work by a skilled labour in the form of quantity or work
per day is called tasks or out turns works.
A. Knowledge, rate of out turn of various types of plants to be used in in the
construction work.

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 3. Factors affecting rate analysis
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1. Quantity of materials: number of different types of labors and rates of materials

and labors influence the rate analysis.
2. Specification of different items of works and materials, quantity of materials etc.
3. Location of working site: Distance of construction site from source of materials,
availability of labors, availability of water, machinery etc. influence the rate analysis of
construction work. Transportation facilities available as well as transportation charges
and condition of road to the site of work also influences the rate analysis.
4. Facilities available for transportation of materials and labour to working site.
5. Transportation charges and condition of road to the site.

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6. Overhead cost: It includes general offices expenses, rents, taxes, supervision

and other costs which are indirect expenses and not productive expenses in the jobs.
Overhead cost may be divided into two categories
a) General overhead: general expenses to maintain the office throughout years
This includes
 Salaries of office staff.

 Purchase of stationary articles.

 Printing.

 Repairs.

 Telephone and electricity bill.

 Travelling. Etc.

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b) Job overhead: The expenses that are directly incurred to construct a job. It includes
salaries of technical and non-technical personnel engaged for the works, temporary
shed or site offices, small tools and plant, repair and depreciation for tools and plants,
lighting at site, theft loss
7. Profit desired.
8. Experience of worker.
9. Management.
10. Availability of construction facilities e.g. tools and plants

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 4. Procedure of rate analysis.
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Let,
Cost of materials be x
Cost of labour charge be y
Cost of equipment, tools, plants be z
Total cost = (x+y+z)
= Rs w (let)
Contractor overhead and profit = 15 % of (x+y+z)
= 0.15 x w
Grand total = (w + 0.15 x w)
VAT = 13 % of (1.15 x w )= 0.15 w
Overall total cost including VAT = 1.15 x w + 0.15 x w
= b
Quantity Estimation 12/24/2025
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Calculate of materials required for 10 cum PCC (1:2:4)

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Solution.
Volume of PCC = 10 m3
Add (50 to 55)% to get unmixed or dry volume = 10 + 54% of 10
= 10 + 5.4
Total part of mix = 1+2+4 = 7 parts. = 15.4 m3

15.4 water
Cement = = 2.20 m3 = 0.5
7 cement
Cements = 2.20 * 28.8 bags = 63.36 bags
Water = 0.5 x cement
Sand = 2.20 * 2 = 4.4 m3 = 0.5 * 63.36 bags * 50 1( bag = 50 kg)
Aggregates = 2.20 *4 = 8.8 m3 = 1584 kg = 1584 liters

Quantity Estimation 12/24/2025

 Calculate material required for 1m3 of brickwork masonry in
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1:6 cement mortar.
Assuming:-  Quantity of cement
 Volume of brickwork = 1m³ Volume of bricks
 Size of brick=23x11x5.5 cm = (0.23×0.11×0.055) x 534.188
 Thickness of mortar = 10mm (1cm) = 0.001539 x 534.188
= 0.74332 m³
Quantity of Bricks:- Quantity of mortar = Quantity of brickwork – Volume of
 No. of bricks = Volume of brickwork/ volume of 1
bricks
brick with mortar Quantity of mortar
 Volume of 1 Brick with mortar = = 1 – 0.74332
0.24×0.12×0.0.65=0.00187 m³ = 0.26 m³
∴ No. of bricks = 1/0.00187 = 534.188 No’s Total part of mix = 1+6 =7 parts
Dry volume of mortar = Wet volume x 1.3
Add 5% wastage Dry Volume = 0.26 m³x 1.3 = 0.33 m³
Total number of brick= 534.188+5*534.188/100=561 nos

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 Quantity of Cement = {(Dry Volume of mortar x Cement ratio) / (Sum of the ratio)}
∴Quantity of cement = (0.33 x 1) /(1+6)
=0.047m³
= (0.047 x 28.8 )bags = 1.354 bags
= (0.047x28.8x50) = 67.680 kgs

Quantity of Sand:-
Summary Quantity Units
Cement : Sand :: 1:6
Nos of Brick of 1 cum 561 Nos
Quantity of Sand = Quantity of Cement x 6
Cement in Bag for 1 cum 1.354 Bags
∴ Quantity of Sand = 0.048m³ x 6= 0.286 m³
Volume of Sand for 1cum 0.286 Cum
Water/cement = 0.5
water 33.850 liters
Water: 0.5 * 1.354 * 50 kg = 33.850 liters
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Summary Quantity Units

Nos of Brick of 1 cum 561 Nos
Cement in Bag for 1 cum 1.354 Bags
Volume of Sand for 1cum 0.286 Cum
water 33.850 liters

Quantity Estimation 12/24/2025

 Rate Analysis of Brickwork in super structure & Calculate Quantity and Cost (Assume suitable material
rate and labor norms) Take The volume of material of the wall having a volume of the 1-meter cube, the
size of brick is going to use is 230mm ×110 mm ×55 mm and mortar is 10 mm thick with the ratio of 1: 4.
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Part 1: Calculation of quantity of material for brick work

Known Data :
Volume (L x W x H) = 1 meter cube.
Mortar thickness = 10 mm.
Mortar Ratio = 1:4
Size of brick = 230 mm ×110 mm ×55 mm. or (0.23 m x 0.11 m x 0.055 m).
Size of brick with mortar = 240 mm × 120 mm× 65 mm. or (0.24 m x 0.12 m x 0.065 m).
1. STEP: (BRICKS CALCULATION)
•Volume of 1 brick = (0.23 m x 0.11 m x 0.055 m) = 0.00139 meter cube.
•Volume of 1 brick with mortar = (0.24 m x 0.12 m x 0.065 m) = 0.00187 meter cube.
•No of bricks in 1 cum = volume/volume of bricks with mortar = 1/0.001872 = 534.18 Bricks
•Add 5% for wastage
•Total number of brick = 534.18+5*534.18/100 = 560.889 = 561 nos

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2. STEP: (MORTAR CALCULATION)

•Volume covered by 534 bricks in 1 Cum Volume = (Bricks number x Volume of 1 brick).
•Bricks Volume = 534 x 0.00139 = 0.743 meter cube.
•Volume = (Total volume – volume of bricks).
•Mortar volume = 1 – 0.743 = 0.257 meter cube. (wet volume).
•Dry Volume = 0.257 x 1.30 = 0.334 meter cube (dry Volume).

CEMENT:
Cement: = dry volume /Sum of Ratio = 0.334/5 = 0.067 cum = 0.067 x 28.8 = 1.930 bags = 1.930x50 = 96.480 kg

SAND:
Sand: = voume of cement X sand ratio
= (0.067 x 4 )
= 0.267 Cum

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water
= 0.5
cement

Water = 0.5 x cement

= 0.5 * 1.930 bags = 0.5 x 1.930 x 50 kg (1 bag = 50 kg)
= 48.25 kg = 48.250 liters

SUMMARY :
. BRICKS = 561 Nos
CEMENT = 1.930 bags.
SAND = 0.267 Cum.

Part 2: Rate analysis for brick work

Quantity Estimation 12/24/2025

Contd…. Part 2: Rate analysis for brick work
Estimation of Labour and Tools for cement mortar:
For 1m3 of Brickwork with Ratio 1:4, unskilled labour is required for 2.2 man-days for mixing of mortar,
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for carrying of cement, sand and water.
Skilled labour is required for 1.5 man-day for placing, checking, of concrete on required line level for 1cum and for
scaffolding unskilled labor is 0.7.
unit :per cum
Sources Types Quantity Unit Rate Amount Remrks
1. Skilled 1.5 Nos. 750 1125
1 Labour 2. Unskilled 2.2 Nos. 550 1210
3. unskilled for scaffolding 0.7 Nos. 550 385
1. Cement 1.93 bags 750 1447.5
2. Sand 0.26694 cum 1750 467.15
2 Material 3. Brick 561 numbers 17.5 9815.71
4. Water 48.25 liter 0.1 4.825
5. Scaffolding (3% of cost for unskilled) 11.55
Hire of tools and equipment @3% of unskilled
3Equipments labours 36.3
Subtotal 14503.035
15% of
add contractor's overhead and profit subtotal 2175.45525
Total Quantity Estimation 12/24/2025 16678.49025
Rate per cum excluding VAT 16678.49025
 Reference documents only
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Quantity Estimation 12/24/2025

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Quantity Estimation 12/24/2025

 4. Calculate the rate analysis for plastering of a wall that has to plaster (1:4) with
12.5 mm thick plaster having surface area of 100 meter square. (Assume suitable
material rate and work norms)
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 Thickness of Plaster = 12.5mm = 0.0125 meter

 Mix ratio of plaster = 1:4 Mortar
 Volume of mortar = Plastering Area x Thickness of plaster = 100 x 0.0125 = 1.25 meter cube
 Add 30% for filling depression and joints and wastages= 1.30 x 1.25 = 1.625 cum
 Add 25% to obtain dry volume = 1.25 x 1.625 = 2.032 cum
We have mix ratio of mortar = 1:4
 So, one part of cement is mixed with 4 parts of sand.
 Volume of cement = 2.032 /(1+4) x 1 = (2.032 /5)x28.8 bags = 11.7 bags
 Volume of Sand = 2.032 /(1+4) x 4 = 1.626 meter cube
 Water = 0.5 x 11.7 x 50 = 292.50 liters

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 Estimation of Labour and Tools for cement mortar

Amount
S.N Types Quantity Unit Rate [Nrs] Remarks
[Nrs]
Labours
1 Skilled 12 Nos 750 9000
Unskilled 16 Nos 550 8800
Materials
Cement 11.7 bags 750 8775
2
Sand 1.5 cum 1300 2113.8
Water 270 liter 0.1 29.25
Subtotal 28718.05
Hire of tools and equipment @3% of
3 3% of 8800 264.00
unskilled
Total 28982.05
4 Contractors profit and overhead 15% of subtotal 4347.31
Grand total 33329.36

12/24/2025 Rate per square meterand[Excluding

Estimation Valuation VAT] 333.29
 Reference document only
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Quantity Estimation 12/24/2025

 Prepare an analysis of rate for steel reinforcement per MT
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A. MATERIAL
i) steel rod: 1MT
Add 5% wastage
Total steel rod = 1.05 MT
Cost for steel rod = 1.05 x Rs 65000 per Mt = Rs 68250.00
II)Binding wire: 10 kg x Rs 70 per kg = Rs 700
Total cost: i+ ii = Rs 68950
B. LABOUR
i) skilled labour: 12 nos x Rs 400 per head: 4800
ii) unskilled labour = 12nos x Rs 275 = Rs 3300
Total of B: Rs8100
Overall total = A+B = 77050

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iii) contractor overhead profit: 15% of (A+B) = 11557.5

Grand total = 77050+11557.5 = 88607.5
Rate per MT steel reinforcement work is 88607.5

Quantity Estimation 12/24/2025

 Reference document
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Quantity Estimation 12/24/2025

 Practice question:
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Prepare analysis of rate for PCC M20 (1:1.5:3) for RCC work per cubic
meter. Work norms is as follow.

Quantity Estimation 12/24/2025