Department of Engineering Mathematics

List of Faculties in the Department

1. Dr. C.S NAGABHUSHANA Professor & HOD

2. Prof. UMME SALMA Assistant Professor

3. Dr. UMADEVI. D Associate Professor

4. Prof. SHARMADA.U Assistant Professor

5. Prof. SNEHA.S Assistant Professor

6. Prof. AZRA BEGUM Assistant Professor

7. Prof. ROOPASHREE Assistant Professor

8. Prof. ISHRATH Assistant Professor

9. Prof. ARIFF ALI Assistant Professor

10. Prof NARESH Assistant Professor

11. Prof. RASHMI Assistant Professor

12. Prof. ARADHANA Assistant Professor

13. Prof. JAGADISH Assistant Professor

14. Prof. PAVITHRA Assistant Professor

15. Prof. SUJATHA Assistant Professor

16. Prof. SINDHU Assistant Professor

 MODULE 3
Z - TRANSFORMS
Definition: If un = f(n) defined for all n ≥ 0 and un = 0 for n < 0, then the Z - transform of un
denoted by ZT (un ) is defined by
∞

ZT (un ) = ∑ 𝑢𝑛 Z−n = 𝑢‾(Z)

𝑛=0

un is called inverse Z-transforms of 𝑢‾(Z)

un = 𝑍𝑇−1 (𝑢‾(Z))
∞

un = 𝑍𝑇−1 {∑ 𝑢𝑛 𝑍 −𝑛 }
𝑛=0

Note: Equations in which 𝑢𝑛 is expressed interms of 𝑢𝑛+1 , 𝑢𝑛+2 , 𝑢𝑛−1 ------ are called difference
equations.

Properties:
𝒅
1. 𝐙𝐓 (𝐧𝐤 ) = −𝐙 𝒅𝐙 𝐙𝐓 (𝐧𝐤−𝟏 ) Where k is a positive integer.

Proof:
w.k.t Z(un ) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛 Z
−n

Z(nk−1 ) = ∑∞
0 𝑛
𝑘−1 −n
Z
Diff. b.s w.r.t z,

𝑑
{Z (nk−1 )} = ∑ − nk−1 − nZ−n−1
𝑑𝑧 n
1
= − ∑ nk Z−(n+1) = − ∑ nk Z−n
Z
𝑑
Z {ZT (nk−1 )} = − ∑ nk Z−n
𝑑𝑧
= −ZT (nk )
𝑑
∴ ZT (nk ) = −Z Z (nk−1 ) Where K is a positive integer.
𝑑𝑧 T

Z-transforms of some standard functions:

1. 𝐙𝐓 (𝐊 𝐧 )
𝐾 𝑛
Proof: W.k.t., ZT (K n ) = ∑∞ 𝑛 −n
𝑛=0 𝐾 Z = ∑∞
𝑛=0 ( 𝑍 )
 𝐾 𝐾 2
=1+ +( ) +⋯
𝑍 𝑍
The series on R.H.S is a Geometric series of the form 1 + 𝑟 + 𝑟 2

1 𝐾
S∞ = , r=
1−𝑟 𝑍
1 𝑍
ZT ( K n ) = =
𝐾 𝑍−𝑘
1−
𝑍
Z transform is sum of infinite series ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛 Z
−𝑛

Z
Corollary: Put K = 1, ZT (1) = Z−1

2. 𝐙𝐓 (𝐧)

𝑑
Proof: w.k.t., ZT (nk ) = −Z Z (nk−1 ) − − − − − − − (1)
𝑑𝑍 T

Put K = 1 in (1)
𝑑 𝑑
ZT (n) = −Z ZT (n0 ) = −Z Z (1)
𝑑𝑍 𝑑𝑍 T
𝑑 Z
= −Z ( )
𝑑𝑍 𝑍 − 1
𝑍 − 1. 𝑍 𝑍
= −Z [ ] =
(𝑍 − 1)2 (𝑍 − 1)2
𝑍
ZT (n) =
(𝑍 − 1)2
𝑍2 +𝑍
Similarly put k = 2 in (1), we have ZT (n2 ) =
(𝑍−1)3

𝑍3 +4𝑍2 +𝑍
put 𝑘 = 3 in (1), we have ZT (n3 ) = (𝑍−1)4

2. Linearity property:
ZT (C1 un + C2 vn ) = C1 ZT (un ) + C2 ZT (vn )

Where C1 &C2 are constants.

3. Damping rule:
Statement: If ZT (un ) = 𝑢‾(Z) then
𝐙
1. 𝐙𝐓 (𝐊 𝐧 𝐮𝐧 ) = 𝒖
‾( )
𝑲

2. 𝐙𝐓 (𝐊 −𝐧 𝐮𝐧 ) = 𝒖
‾ (𝐊𝐙)
Proof:

1. 𝐙𝐓 (𝐊 𝐧 𝐮𝐧 ) = ∑∞ 𝒏
𝟎 (𝑲 𝒖𝒏 )𝐙
−𝐧

𝐾 𝑛 𝑍 −𝑛
= Σun ( ) = Σun ( )
𝑍 𝐾
𝑍
ZT ( K n un ) = 𝑢‾ ( ) ZT (un ) = Σun Z−n = 𝑢‾(Z)
𝐾
𝑍 −𝑛 𝑍
= Σun ( ) = 𝑢‾ ( )
𝐾 𝐾
2. 𝐙𝐓 (𝐊 −𝐧 𝐮𝐧 ) = ∑∞ −𝒏
𝟎 𝑲 𝒖𝒏 𝒁
−𝒏

= Σun (KZ)−n
ZT ( K −n un ) = 𝑢‾(KZ)

By using Damping rule, find

1. 𝐙𝐓 (𝐊 𝐧 𝐧)
2. 𝐙𝐓 (𝐊 𝐧 𝐧𝟐 )
3. 𝐙𝐓 (𝐊 𝐧 𝐧𝟑 )

We know that
𝑍
1. ZT (n) =
(𝑍−1)2
𝑍
2. ZT (K n ) =
𝑍−𝑘

Damping Rule
Z
1. ZT (K n un ) = 𝑢‾ (𝐾)

2. ZT (K −n un ) = 𝑢‾(KZ)
3. ZT (K n n)
𝑍 𝑍
Wk.t ZT (n) = 2
Replace Z →
(𝑍 − 1) 𝐾
𝑍
𝐾 𝐾𝑍
ZT ( K n n) = 2 = (𝑍 − 𝐾)2
Z
(𝐾 − 1)

2. ZT (K n Z2 )
𝑍2 + 𝑍
ZT (n2 ) =
(𝑍 − 1)3
Replace Z → Z/K

𝑍 2 𝑍
(𝐾 ) + 𝐾 𝐾𝑍 2 + 𝐾 2 𝑍
ZT ( K n Z2 ) = 3 = (𝑍 − 𝐾)3
𝑍
(𝐾 − 1)

Formulae:
𝑍
1. ZT (K n ) =
𝑍−𝐾
𝑍
2. ZT (1) =
𝑍−1
Z
3. ZT (n) =
(Z−1)2
𝐾𝑍
4. ZT (K n n) = (𝑍−𝐾)2
𝑍2 +𝑍
5. ZT (n2 ) = (𝑍−1)3
𝐾𝑍 2 +𝐾2 𝑍
6. ZT (K n n2 ) = (𝑍−𝐾)3

𝑍3 +4𝑍2 +𝑍
7. 𝑍𝑇 (𝑛3 ) = (𝑍−𝐾)4

𝐾𝑍 3 +4𝐾2 𝑍2 +𝐾3 𝑍
8. ZT (K n n3 ) = (𝑍−𝐾)4

1. If 𝐙𝐓 (𝐮𝐧 ) = 𝒖
‾ (𝐙) then 𝐙𝐓 (𝐮𝐧−𝐤 ) = 𝐙−𝐊 𝒖
‾ (𝐙) Where 𝐊>𝟎
Proof: By
definition,
ZT (un−k ) = ∑∞𝑛=𝐾 un−k Z
−n

ZT (un−k ) = uo Z−K + u1 Z−(K+1) + u2 Z−(K+2) + ⋯ − − − − − − − − − − −

= Z −K (u0 + u1 Z−1 + u2 Z−2 + − − − − − −)
= Z −K ∑∞ 𝑛=0 un Z
−n

ZT (un − K) = Z −K 𝑢‾(Z)

2. 𝐙𝐓 (𝐮𝐧+𝐊 ) = 𝐙 𝐊 [𝒖
‾ (𝐙) − 𝐮𝟎 − 𝐮𝟏 𝐙−𝟏 − 𝐮𝟐 𝐙−𝟐 − ⋯ … 𝐮𝐊−𝟏 𝐙−(𝐊−𝟏) ]
∞

Proof: ZT (un+K ) = ∑ un+K Z−n

𝑛=0

u0 + u1 Z−1 + u2 Z−2 + − − − + uK−1 Z−(K−1) + uK Z−K + uK+1 Z−(K+1) + uK+2 Z−(K+2) −

(u0 + u1 Z + ⋯ … + uK−1 Z−(K−1) )]
∞

=Z [∑ un Z−n − (u0 + u1 Z−1 + ⋯ − − + uK−1 Z−(K−1) ]

K

𝑛=0
ZT (un+K ) = ZK [𝑢‾(Z) − u0 − u1 Z−1 − u2 Z−2 − ⋯ . . uK−1 Z−(k−1) ]
In particular :

K = 1, ZT [un+1 ] = Z[𝑢‾(Z) − u0 ]
K = 2, Z[un+2 ] = Z2 [𝑢‾(Z) − u0 − u1 Z−1 ]
K = 3, Z[un+3 ] = Z3 [𝑢‾(Z) − u0 − u1 Z−1 − u2 Z−2 ]

1. Find the Z-transforms of

1. 𝒆−𝒂𝒏
𝑍
Wt. 𝑢𝑛 = 1, 𝑍𝑇 (𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑍𝑇 (1) =
𝑍−1
𝑒 −𝑎𝑛 = (𝑒 𝑎 )−𝑛 = 𝐾 −𝑛 where 𝐾 = 𝑒 𝑎
ZK Z Z
ZT ( K −n un ) = 𝑢‾(KZ) = ZK−1 = 1 = 1−𝑒 −𝑎
Z−
By Damping rule, 𝐾
Z
ZT (e−an ) =
Z−𝑒 −𝑎

2. 𝒆−𝒂𝒏 𝒏
let un = n
Z
ZT (un ) = ZT (n) = Z (u ) = 𝑢‾(Z)
(Z − 1)2 T n
(ea )−n = K −n where K = ea
ZT ( K −n n) = 𝑢‾(KZ)
𝐾𝑍 𝐾𝑍 1 𝑍
= = 2 = ⋅
(𝐾𝑍 − 1)2 1 𝐾 1 2
𝐾 2 (𝑍 − 𝐾 ) (𝑍 − 𝐾 )

𝑒 −𝑎 𝑍
ZT (e−an n) =
(𝑍 − 𝑒 −𝑎 )2
3. 𝒏𝒂−𝒏
𝑍
un = n ZT (n) = Damping Rule :
(𝑍 − 1)2
𝑍
a−n = K −n where K = a ZT ( K n un ) = 𝑢‾ ( )
𝐾
Z
ZT (na−n ) = 𝑢‾ ( ) ZT ( K −n un ) = 𝑢‾(ZK)
𝐾
𝐾𝑍
=
(𝐾𝑍 − 1)2
𝑎𝑍
ZT (na−n ) =
(𝑎𝑍 − 1)2

1 𝑛 1 𝑛
4. un = (2) + (3)
𝑍
ZT (K n ) =
𝑍−𝐾
 Z Z 2Z 3Z
ZT (un ) = + = +
1 1 2Z − 1 2Z − 1
Z− Z−
2 3
2. Obtain the Z-transforms of Cos 𝑛𝜃 & sin 𝑛𝜃. Hence deduce Z-transforms of the following.
1. K n Cosn𝜃
2. K n Sin n𝜃
3. e−an Cos𝑛𝜃
4. e−an sin n𝜃
Solution:

W.K.T 𝑒 −i𝑛𝜃 = cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖sin 𝑛𝜃

−𝑛
𝑒 −i𝑛𝜃 = (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝐾 −𝑛 Where 𝐾 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑍
Let 𝑢𝑛 = 1 𝑍𝑇 (1) = = 𝑢‾(𝑍)
𝑍−1
𝐾𝑍 𝑍
𝑍𝑇 (𝐾 −𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑢‾(𝐾𝑍) = =
𝐾𝑍 − 1 𝑍 − 1
𝐾
𝑖𝜃
𝑍 𝑍(𝑍 − 𝑒 )
𝑍𝑇 (𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃 1) = =
𝑍 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 (𝑍 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )(𝑍 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )
𝑍[𝑍 − Cos𝜃 + 𝑖Sin𝜃]
= 2
𝑍 − 𝑍(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) + 1
𝑍[(𝑍 − Cos𝜃) − 𝑖Sin𝜃]
=
𝑍 2 − 2𝑍Cos𝜃 + 1
𝑍[(𝑍 − Cos𝜃) − 𝑖Sin𝜃]
𝑍𝑇 (Cos𝜃 − 𝑖Sin𝑛𝜃) =
𝑍 2 − 2𝑍Cos𝜃 + 1
𝑍(𝑍 − Cos𝜃) 𝑍Sin𝜃
𝑍𝑇 (Cos𝑛𝜃) − i(Sin𝜃) = 2 −𝑖[ 2 ]
𝑍 − 2𝑍Cos𝜃 + 1 𝑍 − 2𝑍Cos𝜃 + 1
𝑍(𝑍 − Cos𝜃)
𝑍𝑇 (Cos𝑛𝜃) = 2
𝑍 − 2𝑍Cos𝜃 + 1
𝑍Sin𝜃
𝑍𝑇 (Sin𝑛𝜃) = 2
𝑍 − 2𝑍Cos𝜃 + 1
By Damping Rule:
 𝑍 𝑍
𝑍 (𝐾 ) (𝐾 − Cos𝜃)
n
ZT ( K Cosn𝜃) = 𝑢‾ ( ) =
𝐾 𝑍 2 𝑍
(𝐾 ) − 2 ⋅ 𝐾 Cos𝜃 + 1
𝑍(𝑍 − 𝐾Cos𝜃)
= 2
𝑍 − 2𝐾𝑍Cos𝜃 + 𝐾 2
𝐾𝑍Sin𝜃
ZT ( K n Sinn𝜃) = 2
𝑍 − 2𝐾𝑍Cos𝜃 + 𝐾 2
−a
Put K = e
𝑍(𝑍 − 𝐾Cos𝜃)
ZT (e−an Cosn𝜃) = 2
𝑍 − 2𝑒 −𝑎 𝑍Cos𝜃 + 𝑒 −2𝑎
𝑒 −𝑎 𝑍sin 𝜃
ZT (e−an Sin𝑛𝜃) = 2
𝑍 − 2𝑒 −𝑎 𝑍Cos𝜃 + 𝑒 −2𝑎

3. Find the Z-transforms of (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐

(n + 1)2 = n2 + 1 + 2n
ZT (n + 1)2 = ZT(n2 ) + ZT (1) + 2ZT (n)
Z2 + Z Z 2Z
ZT (n + 1)2 = + +
(Z − 1)3 (Z − 1) (Z − 1)2

4. Obtain Z-transforms of Cos h 𝐧𝜽

1
Coshn𝜃 = (en𝜃 + e−n𝜃 )
2
1
ZT (Coshn𝜃) = {ZT (en𝜃 ) + ZT (e−n𝜃 )}
2
1 −n −n
= [ZT [(e−𝜃 ) ⋅ 1] + ZT [(e𝜃 ) ⋅ 1]]
2
1 Z 𝑍
= {[ ] +[ ] }
2 𝑍 − 1 𝑍→𝑍𝑒 𝜃 𝑍 − 1 𝑍→𝑍𝑒 𝜃
1 𝑍𝑒 −𝜃 𝑍𝑒 𝜃
ZT (Cosh𝑛𝜃) = { −𝜃 + }
2 𝑍𝑒 − 1 𝑍𝑒 𝜃 + 1

1 𝑍𝑒 −𝜃 (𝑍𝑒 𝜃 − 1) + 𝑍𝑒 𝜃 (𝑍𝑒 −𝜃 − 1)
= { }
2 (𝑍𝑒 −𝜃 − 1)(𝑍𝑒 𝜃 − 1)
1 𝑍 2 − 𝑍𝑒 −𝜃 + 𝑍 2 − 𝑍𝑒 𝜃
= { 2 }
2 𝑍 − 𝑍)(𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝜃 ) + 1
1 2𝑍 2 − 𝑍(𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝜃
= { 2 }
2 𝑍 − 𝑍(𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝜃 ) + 1
𝑍 2 − 𝑍Cosh𝜃
𝑍𝑇 (Coshn𝜃) = 2
𝑍 − 2𝑍Cosh𝜃 + 1
5. Obtain the Z-transform of 𝐮𝐧+𝟏 , 𝐮𝐧+𝟐
 ZT (un+1 ) = Σun+1 Z−n
1
= ZΣ un+1 Z−n
𝑍
∞

= Z ∑ un+1 Z−(n+1)
0
= Z{u1 Z−1 + u2 Z−2 + ⋯ − − −}
= Z{(u0 + u1 Z−1 + u2 Z−2 + − − − −) − u0 }
= Z{Σun Z−n − u0 }
ZT (un+1 ) = Z[𝑢‾(Z) − u0 ]
∞

ZT (un+2 ) = Z ∑ un+2 Z−(n+2)

2

0
= Z2 {u2 Z−2 + u3 Z−3 + − − − −}
= Z2 {Σun Z−1 − u0 − u1 Z−1 }
ZT (un+2 ) = Z2 [𝑢‾(Z) − u0 − u1 Z−1 ]
𝒏𝝅
6. Find the Z-transform of 𝟐𝐧 + 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝟒
+ 𝟏

𝑛𝜋
ZT (2n) + ZT Sin ( ) + ZT (1)
4
2Sin𝜃
ZT (Sin𝜃) = 2
𝑍 − 2𝑍Cos𝜃 − 1
𝜋
2𝑍 𝑍sin ( ) 𝑍
= + 4 +
(𝑍 − 1)2 𝜋
𝑍 − 2ZCos + 1 𝑍 − 1
2
4
𝑍
2𝑍 √2 𝑍 2𝑧 z 𝑧
= + + = + +
(𝑍 − 1)2 2𝑍 2
𝑍2 − + 1 𝑍 − 1 (z − 1) √2𝑧 2 − √2𝑧 + √2 z − 1
√2
𝒏𝝅
7. Find the z-transform of cos( 𝟒 ) + 𝟑𝒏 𝒏𝟐

𝜋
𝑛𝜋 𝑍(𝑧−𝑐𝑜 𝑠( )) z(√2𝑧−1) Z2 +Z
ZT [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 )] + ZT (3𝑛 𝑛2 ) = 4
𝜋 + ZT (𝑛2 )𝑧→𝑧 = + (Z−1)3
𝑍 2 −2zCos +1
4 3 √2𝑧 2 −√2𝑧+√2 𝑧→
𝑧
3

z(√2𝑧−1) 9(Z2 +3Z)

= +
√ 2 −√2𝑧+√2
2𝑧 (Z−3)3

Initial value theorem:

If 𝑍𝑇 (𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑢‾(𝑧), then lim 𝑢‾(𝑧) = 𝑢0

𝑧→∞
Using this we can find 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3
i.e.,

lim 𝑧(𝑢‾(𝑧) − 𝑢0 ) = 𝑢1
𝑧→∞
𝑢1
lim 𝑧 2 (𝑢‾(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − ) = 𝑢2
𝑧→∞ 𝑧
 2𝑧 2 +3𝑧+12
If 𝑢‾(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)4
, find the value of 𝑢0 , 𝑢1 , 𝑢2
From Initial value theorem we have

lim 𝑢‾(𝑧) = 𝑢0
𝑧→∞
2𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 + 12
𝑢0 = lim
𝑧→∞ (𝑧 − 1)4
3 12
2+𝑧+ 2
= lim 𝑧
4
𝑧→∞ 1
𝑧 2 (1 − 𝑧 )
=0
From Initial value theorem we have

lim 𝑧(𝑢‾(𝑧) − 𝑢0 ) = 𝑢1 = 0
𝑧→∞

𝑢1
Similarly lim 𝑧 2 (𝑢‾(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − ) = 𝑢2 = 2
𝑧→∞ 𝑧
Final value theorem:
If 𝑍𝑇 (𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑢‾(𝑧) then lim (𝑧 − 1)𝑢‾(𝑧) = lim 𝑢𝑛
𝑧→1 𝑛→∞

INVERSE Z- TBANSFORM

Suppose 𝐹(𝑧) be a 𝑧-transform 𝑧𝑇 (𝑈𝑛 ) then the inverse the from 𝑍𝑇−1 [𝐹(𝑧)] can be defined as
𝑍𝑇−1 [𝐹(𝑍)] = 𝑈𝑛
𝑧
1. 𝑍𝑇−1 (𝑧−𝑘) = 𝑘 𝑛

𝑍
2. 𝑍𝑇−1 (𝑍−1) = 1

𝑍
3. 𝑍𝑇−1 [(𝑍−1)2 ] = 𝑛

𝑍2 +𝑍
4. 𝑍𝑇−1 [(𝑍−1)3 ] = 𝑛2

𝑧 3 +4𝑧 2 +𝑧
5. 𝑍𝑇−1 [ ] = 𝑛3
(𝑧−1)4

𝑧
6. 𝑍𝑇−1 [𝑧+1] = (−1)𝑛

𝑍 𝑛𝜋
7. 𝑍𝑇−1 [𝑍2 +1] = sin 2

𝑧2 𝜋
8. 𝑧𝑇−1 [𝑧2 +1] = cos 𝑛 2

𝑍
9. 𝑍𝑇−1 [𝐹 (𝐾)] = 𝐾 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑢𝑛
 10. 𝑍𝑇−1 [𝐹(𝐾𝑍)] = 𝐾 −𝑛 ⋅ 𝑢𝑛

3𝑧 2 +2𝑧
1. Find the inverse 𝑧-transform of (5𝑧−1)(5𝑧+2)
Solution

3𝑧 2 + 2𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) =
(5𝑧 − 1)(5𝑧 + 2)
𝑧(3𝑧 + 2)
𝐹(𝑧) =
(5𝑧 − 1)(5𝑧 + 2)
𝐹(𝑧) 3𝑧 + 2 𝐴 𝐵
= = + − − − (1)
𝑧 (5𝑧 − 1)(5𝑧 + 2) (5𝑧 − 1) (5𝑧 + 2)

Now,

3𝑧 + 2 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(5𝑧 − 1)(5𝑧 + 2) (5𝑧 − 1) (5𝑧 + 2)
3𝑧 + 2 𝐴(5𝑧 + 2) + 𝐵(5𝑧 − 1)
= ⟹ 3𝑧 + 2 = 𝐴(5𝑧 + 2) + 𝐵(5𝑧 − 1) − − − (2)
(5𝑧 − 1)(5𝑧 + 2) (5𝑧 − 1)(5𝑧 + 2)

put 𝑧 = −2/5 in eqn (2)

−2 −2 −2 −6
3( ) + 2 =𝐴 [5 ( ) + 2] + 𝐵 [5 ( )] ⇒ + 2 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−2 − 1)
5 5 5 5
−6 + 10
= 𝐵(−3)
5
4
= −3𝐵 = 𝐶 𝐵 = −4/15
5
𝐹(𝑧) 13 1 4 1
𝑒𝑞 𝑛 (1) = = [ ]− [ ]
𝑧 15 (5𝑧 − 1) 15 5𝑧 + 2
𝐹(𝑧) 13 𝑧 4 𝑧
= [ ]− [ ]
15 15 5𝑧 − 1 15 5𝑧 + 2
put 𝑧 = 1/5 in eqn (1)

1 1 1 3
eq𝑛 (2) ⇒ 3 ( + 2) =𝐴5 ( + 2) + 𝐵 (5 − 1) ⇒ + 2 = 𝐴(1 + 2) + 𝐵(0)
5 5 5 5
13
= 3𝐴
5
𝐴 = 13/15

Apply inverse 𝑧-transform on b.s

 13 𝑍 4 𝑧 2
𝑍𝑇−1 [𝐹(𝑍)] = 𝑍𝑇−1 [ ( )− ( )] 𝑍𝑇−1 ( ) = 𝑘𝑛
15 5𝑧 − 1 15 5𝑧 + 2 𝑧−𝑘
13 −1 𝑧 4 𝑧
= 𝑍 [ ] − 𝑍𝑇−1 [ ]
15 𝑇 5𝑧 − 1 15 5𝑧 + 2
13 𝑧 4 𝑧
= 𝑍𝑇−1 [ ]− [ ]
15 × 5 𝑧 − 1/5 15 × 5 𝑧 − (−2/5)
13 1 𝑛 4 2 𝑛
𝑈𝑛 = ( ) − (− )
75 5 75 295
𝑧
2. Find the inverse transform of
𝑧 2 +7𝑧+10
𝑧
⇒ Given 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧 2+7𝑧+10
𝑧 𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) = =
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 5) (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 5)
𝐹(𝑧) 1 𝐴 𝐵
= = + − − − (1)
𝑧 (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 5) (𝑧 + 2) (𝑧 + 5)
1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 5) 𝑧 + 2 𝑧 + 5
1 = 𝐴(𝑧 + 5) + 𝐵(𝑧 + 2) − (2) − − − (2)

put 𝑧 = −5 in eq (2)

1 = 𝐴(−5 + 5) + 𝐵(−5 + 2)

1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−3)

1 = 𝐴(0) − 3𝐵

1 = −3𝐵

1
𝐵=−
3

put 𝑧 = −2 in eq (2)

1 = 𝐴(−2 + 5) + 𝐵(−2 + 2)
1 = 𝐴(3) + 𝐵(0)
𝐴 = 1/3

𝐹(𝑧) 1 1 1 1
eq (1) ⇒ = [ ]− [ ]
𝑧 3 𝑧+2 3 𝑧+5
1 𝑧 1 𝑧
= [ ]− [ ]
3 𝑧+2 3 𝑧+5
Apply inverse - 𝑧 transform on b.s
 1 𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑍𝑇−1 [𝐹(𝑧)] = 𝑍𝑇−1 [ [ ]− [ ]]
3 𝑧+2 3 𝑧+5
1 𝑧 1 𝑧
= 𝑍𝑇−1 [ ] − 𝑍𝑇−1 [ ]
3 𝑧+2 3 𝑧+5
1 𝑧 1 𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑍𝑇−1 [ ] − 𝑍𝑇−1 [ ] ∴ 𝑍𝑇−1 ( )=𝑘
3 𝑧 − (−2) 3 𝑧 − (−5) 𝑧−𝑘
1 1
𝑈𝑛 = (−2)𝑛 − (−5)𝑛
3 3

2𝑧 2 −3𝑧
3. Find the inverse 𝑧-transform of (𝑧+2)(𝑧−4)

2[2𝑧+3] 𝐹(𝑧) 2𝑧+3

⟹ 𝐹(𝑧) = (𝑧+2)(𝑧−4) = 2
= (𝑧+2)(𝑧−4).
Now,

𝐹(𝑧) 2𝑧 + 3 𝐴 𝐵
= = + − − − (1)
𝑧 (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4) 𝑧 + 2 𝑧 − 4

2𝑧 + 3 𝐴(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑧 + 2)
=
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4) (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4)
2𝑧 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑧 + 2) − − − (2)

put 𝑧 = 4 in (2)

2(4) + 3 = 𝐴(4 − 4) + 𝐵(4 + 2)

11 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(6)
𝐵 = 11/6

put 𝑧 = −2 in eqn (2)

2(−2) + 3 = 𝐴(−2 − 4) + 𝐵(0)

−1 = −6(𝐴)

𝐴 = 1/6

𝐴 = 1/6 𝐵 = 11/6

𝐹(𝑧) 1 1 11 1
∴ 𝑒qn (1) ⇒ = [ ]+ [ ]
𝑧 6 𝑧+2 6 𝑧−4
1 𝑧 11 𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) = [ ]+ [ ]
6 𝑧+2 6 𝑧−4
Apply inverse 𝑧-transform on b.s.
 1 𝑧 11 𝑧
𝑍𝑇−1 [𝐹(𝑧)] = 𝑍𝑇−1 ⋅ [ ( )+ ⋅( )]
6 𝑧+2 6 𝑧−4
1 𝑧 11 𝑧
= 𝑍𝑇−1 [ ] + 𝑍𝑇−1 [ ]
6 𝑧 − (−2) 6 𝑧−4
1 11
𝑈𝑛 = (−z)𝑛 + (𝑢𝑛 )
6 6
4𝑍2 −2𝑍
3. Find the inverse 𝑍𝑇 of
𝑍 3 5𝑍2 +8𝑍−4

4𝑧 2 − 2𝑧
⇒ 𝐹(𝑧) =
𝑧 3 − 5𝑧 2 + 8𝑧 − 4
𝑧(4𝑧 − 2) 4𝑧 − 2
𝐹(𝑧) = 2
=
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2) (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2)
4𝑧−2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Now, = + +
(𝑧−1)(𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−1) (𝑧−2) (𝑧−2)2

4𝑧 − 2 𝐴(𝑧 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑧 − 1)

=
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2)2 (𝑧 − 1) + (𝑧 − 2)2

4𝑧 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2)2 + 𝐶(𝑧 − 1) − − − (2)

put 𝑧 = 2 in eqn (2)

4(2) − 2 = 𝐴(2 − 2)2 + 𝐵(2 − 1)(2 − 2)

+𝐶(2 − 1)
8 − 2 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(1)
𝐶=6
put 𝑧 = 1 in eq𝑛 (1)

4(1) − 2 =𝐴(1 − 2)2 + 𝐵(1 − 1)(1 − 2)2

+𝐶(1 − 1)
4 − 2 =𝐴(−1)2 + 𝐵(−0) + 𝐶(0)
2 =𝐴
put 𝑧 = 0 in eqn (2)

𝑢(0) − 2 =𝐴(0 − 2)2 + 𝐵(0 − 1)(0 − 2) + 𝐶(0 − 1)

0 − 2 =2(4) + 2𝐵 − 6
−2 = 2 + 2𝐵
−4 = 2𝐵 = 4 𝐵 = −2
𝐹(𝑧) 2 2 6
eq (1) ⇒ = − +
𝑧 𝑧 − 1 (𝑧 − 2) (𝑧 − 2)2
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) = 2 ( ) − 2( ) + 6[ ]
𝑧−1 𝑧−2 (𝑧 − 2)2

Apply inverse 𝑧-transform on b.s.

 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑍𝑇−1 [𝐹(𝑧)] = 𝑧𝑇−1 , 2 [ ]− 2[ ]+ 6[ ]
𝑧−1 𝑧−2 (𝑧 − 2)2
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
2𝑧𝑇−1 [ ] − 2𝑧𝑇−1 [ ] + 6𝑧𝑇−1 [ ]
𝑧−1 𝑧−2 (𝑧 − 2)2
2𝑧
𝑈𝑛 = 2(−1) − 𝑧2𝑛 + 3𝑧 −1 [ ]
(𝑧 − 2)2
= 2 − 2𝑛+1 + 32𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛
𝑈𝑛 = 2 − 2𝑛+1 + 3𝑛 ⋅ 2𝑛
𝑧 3 −20𝑧
5. Find the inverse 𝑧-traasform of
(𝑧−2)2 (𝑧−4)
𝑧 3 − 20𝑧 𝑧(𝑧 − 20) 2
𝑧 2 − 20
⇒ 𝐹(𝑧) = = = − − − (1)
(𝑧 − 2)3 (𝑧 − 4) (𝑧 − 2)3 (𝑧 − 4) (𝑧 − 2)3 (𝑧 − 4)

𝑧 2 − 20 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 2)2 ⋅ (𝑧 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑧 − 2) ⋅ (𝑧 − 4) + 𝐶(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐷(𝑧 − 2)3 (2)

put 𝑧 = 2 in eq (2)

(2)2 − 20 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(2 − 4) + 𝐷(2 − 2)2

4 − 20 = 0 + 0 − 2(+𝐷(0)
−16 = −2𝐶
𝐶=8
put 𝑧 = 4 in eqn (2)

42 − 20 =𝐴(4 − 2)2 (0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(0) + 𝐷(4 − 2)3

−4 =𝐷(8).
𝑧 2𝑧
WKT, 𝑍𝑇−1 = ( ) = 2𝑛 , 𝑍𝑇−1 [ ] = 2𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛
𝑧−2 (𝑧−2)2
2𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 𝑧
𝑍𝑇−1 [ ] = 2𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛 2 , 𝑍𝑇−1 ( ) = 4𝑛
(𝑧 − 2)3 𝑧−4

𝑧 2 −20 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶(2𝑧+4) 𝐷
Now, = + + +
(𝑧−2)3 (𝑧−4) 𝑧−2 (𝑧−2)2 (𝑧−2)3 𝑧−4

𝑧 2 − 20 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 2)2 ⋅ (𝑧 − 4) + 𝐵(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 4) + 𝐶(2𝑧 + 4) ⋅ (𝑧 − 4) + 𝐷(𝑧 − 2)3 − − − (2)

put 𝑧 = 2 in eqn (2)

2 − 20 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(4 + 4)(2 − 4) + 𝐷(0)

4 − 20 = 0 + 0 + 𝐶(8)(−2) + 0
−16 = −16𝐶
𝐶=1
42 − 20 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(0) + 𝐷(𝑢 − 2)3
put 𝑧 = 4 in eqn (2),
𝐷 = −1/2

or comparing 𝑧 3 co-efficient on b.s

 0=𝐴+𝐷
𝐴 = −𝐷
1
= −(−1/2) =
2
put 𝑧 = 0 in eqn (2)

02 − 20 = 𝐴(−2)2 (−4) + 𝐵(−2)(−4) + 𝐶(4)(−4) + 𝐷(−2)3

−20 = 𝐴(4)(−4) + 8𝐵 − 16𝐶 − 8𝐷
1
−20 = (−16) + 8𝐵 − 16(1) − 8(−1/2)
2
−20 = −8 + 8𝐵 − 16 + 4
−20 = −20 + 8𝐵
−20 + 20 = 8𝐵
0 = 8𝐵
𝐵=0
On substituting 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 in eqn (1)

𝐹(𝑧) 1 1 2𝑧 + 4 1 1
= [ ]+0+[ ] − [ ]
𝑧 2 (𝑧 − 2) (𝑧 − 2)3 2 𝑧−4
1 𝑧 𝑧(2𝑧 + 4) 1 𝑧
𝐹[𝑧] = [ ]+[ 3 ]− [ ]
2 𝑧−2 (2 − 𝑧) 2 𝑧−4

Take inverse 2 -transform on b.s.

1 𝑧 2𝑧 2 + 𝑢𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑍𝑇−1 [𝐹(𝑧)] = 𝑍𝑇−1 ⋅ ( ) + 𝑍𝑇−1 [ 3
] − 𝑍𝑇−1 [ ]
2 𝑧−2 (𝑧 − 2) 2 𝑧−𝑢
1 1
= 2𝑛 + 2𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛 2 − 4𝑛
2 2
= 2𝑛 ⋅ 2−1 + 2𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛2 − (22 )𝑛 ⋅ 2−1
= 2𝑛−1 + 2𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛2 − 22𝑛−1

Solution of linear difference equation using z-transforms

Method:
1. Apply 𝑧-transforms on both sides of equation
2. Use the results of second shifting rule i.e,.
a) 𝑍𝑇 (𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧[𝑢‾(𝑧) − 𝑢0 ]
b) 𝑍𝑇 (𝑢𝑛+2 ) = 𝑧 2 [𝑢‾(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 ]
c) 𝑍𝑇 (𝑢𝑛+3 ) = 𝑧 3 [𝑢‾(𝑧) − 𝑢0 − 𝑢1 𝑧 −1 − 𝑢2 𝑧 −2 ] etc.,
3. Make use of given conditions.
4. Keep 𝑢‾(𝑧) or 𝑦‾(𝑧) to the left side and the other side
5. Express this as z-transform of known functions
6. Apply inverse z-transform on both sides, which will be the solution 𝑢𝑛 for the given
equation.

Examples:
 1. Solve 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟐𝒚𝒏 = 𝟒𝒏 with 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟏

Solution: Take z-transform on both sides

𝒁𝑻 (𝒚𝒏+𝟐 ) − 𝟑𝐙𝑻 (𝒚𝒏+𝟐 ) + 𝟐𝐙𝑻 (𝒚𝒏 ) = 𝒁𝑻 (𝟒𝒏 )
𝑧
𝑧 2 [𝑦‾(𝑧) − 𝑦0 − 𝑦1 𝑧 −1 ] − 3𝑧[𝑦‾(𝑧) − 𝑢0 ] + 2𝑦‾(𝑧) =
𝑧−4
Substitute 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟏, we get
𝑧
𝑦‾(𝑧)[𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 + 2] = +𝑧
𝑧−4
𝑧
𝑦‾(𝑧)(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2) = +𝑧
𝑧−4
𝑧 𝑧
𝑦‾(𝑧) = +
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 4) (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2)
𝑦‾(𝑧) 1 1
= +
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 4) (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2)

Using partial fractions we get

𝑦‾(𝑧) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − + + −
𝑧 3𝑧 − 1 2𝑧 − 2 6𝑧 − 4 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −1
𝑦‾(𝑧) −2 1 1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑧 3 𝑧 −1 2𝑧 − 2 6𝑧 − 4
−2 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑦‾(𝑧) = + +
3 𝑧 −1 2𝑧 − 2 6𝑧 − 4
2 1 1
𝑦𝑛 = − (1) + 2𝑛 + 4𝑛
3 2 6
2. Solve 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎 with 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟐

Solution: Take z-transform on both sides

𝒁𝑻 (𝒚𝒏+𝟐 ) − 4𝐙𝑻 (𝒚𝒏 ) = 𝒁𝑻 (0)
𝑧 ‾(𝑧) − 𝑦0 − 𝑦1 𝑧 −1 ] − 4𝑦‾(𝑧) =
2 [𝑦
0

Substitute 𝑦0 = 0 and 𝑦1 = 2
𝑧 2 [𝑦‾(𝑧) − 0 − 2𝑧 −1 ] − 4𝑦‾(𝑧) = 0
(𝑧 2 − 4)𝑦‾(𝑧) = 2𝑧
2𝑧
𝑦‾(𝑧) =
(𝑧 2 − 4)
𝑦‾(𝑧) 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
Using partial fractions, we get 𝑧
= (𝑧2 −4) = (z−2) + (z+2) =2 (z−2) - 2 (z+2)

1 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 1
𝑦‾(𝑧) = 2 (z−2)
- 2 (z+2) = 2
2𝑛 - 2 (−2)𝑛
3. Solve 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟗𝒚𝒏 = 𝟐𝒏 with 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎

Solution: Take z-transform on both sides

𝒁𝑻 (𝒚𝒏+𝟐 ) + 𝟔𝐙𝑻 (𝒚𝒏+𝟏 ) + 𝟗𝐙𝑻 (𝒚𝒏 ) = 𝒁𝑻 (𝟐𝒏 )
𝑧
𝑧 2 [𝑦‾(𝑧) − 𝑦0 − 𝑦1 𝑧 −1 ] + 6𝑧[𝑦‾(𝑧) − 𝑦0 ] + 9𝑦‾(𝑧) =
𝑧−2
Substitute 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟎 and 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎, we get
𝑧
𝑦‾(𝑧)(𝑧 + 3)(𝑧 + 3) =
𝑧−2
𝑧
𝑦‾(𝑧) =
(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 + 3)𝟐
𝑦‾(𝑧) 1
=
𝑧 (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 + 3)𝟐
Using partial fractions, we get

𝑦‾(𝑧) 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + (− ) + (− )
𝑧 25 (𝑧 − 2) 25 (𝑧 + 3) 5 (𝑧 + 3)𝟐
1 𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑦‾(𝑧) = 25 (𝑧−2) + (− 25) (𝑧+3) + (− 5) (𝑧+3)𝟐

1 𝑛 1 1
𝑦𝑛 = 2 − (−3)𝑛 + (−3)𝑛 . 𝑛
25 25 15
**************************