CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

The increasing use in the industry of non-linear loads based on the power electronic elements
introduced serious perturbation problems in the electric power distribution grids. Also,
regular increase in the harmonic emissions and current unbalance in addition to high
consumption of reactive power can be noticed. The flow of harmonic currents in the electric
grids can also cause voltage harmonics and disturbance. These harmonic currents can interact
adversely with a wide range of power system equipment’s, control systems, protection
circuits, and other harmonic sensible loads. The energy distributers like consumers were
concerned by imposing some regulation protection against the expansion of harmonic
problem.

In order to face the problem of harmonics, many solutions have been proposed. These
solutions included modifications on the load itself for less harmonic emissions like the case
of special structure single phase and three phase rectifier, and PWM rectifiers or the
connection on the polluted power grids of other traditional or modern compensation systems.
In order to face the problem of harmonics, many researches were encouraged to develop
modern, flexible, and more efficient solutions for power quality problems including
harmonics problem. These modern solutions have been given the name of active
compensators or DSTATCOMs. The objective of these DSTATCOM abbreviated mostly
STATCOM is to compensate harmonic currents and voltages in addition to selective reactive
power compensation.

Many types of STATCOM have been proposed and used in harmonic compensation. Series
STATCOM is used for voltage harmonics compensation. Shunt STATCOM was proposed
for current harmonics and reactive power compensation. The Unified Power Quality Filter or
Conditioner combines the two types Shunt and Series STATCOM in one device responsible
for the simultaneous compensation of voltage, current harmonics and reactive

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[Link] there are different types of STATCOM , the Shunt STATCOM is still the
most famous and used type STATCOM .
The main function of D-Statcom is to cancel harmonic currents occurring in power grids. The
principle of SSTATCOM is to generate harmonic currents equal in magnitude and opposite
in phase to those harmonics that circulate in the grid. The non-linear loads absorb non-
sinusoidal currents from the grid. Whereas, the SSTATCOM current is generated in a
manner that grid current keeps the sinusoidal form. SSTATCOM is controlled to be seen
with the non-linear load by the grid either as linear resistive load.

There are two main structures for the control of DSTATCOM; these are the direct control
and the indirect control of STATCOM . In the direct control the main idea is to generate filter
current references using the appropriate methods. The generated reference currents are then
to be compared with the measured STATCOM currents. The error is then used to produce
control signals of the filter. The indirect control interests in controlling the grid currents
instead of filter currents. It compares the measured grid currents with their generated
references. The error is then sent to the control circuit which determines the control signal of
the STATCOM .

In this project work based on the above analysis, the power quality disturbances arises due to
current, current harmonics and load reactive power etc. are being analyzed and compensated
by using DSTATCOMs

1.2. Objective of the work

The main aim of my thesis work is to incorporate the features of STATCOM

in the, conventional inverter interfacing i.e., four leg voltage source inverter which interfaces
the Renewable Energy Sources such as wind energy and the photo voltaic cell at the
Distributed Grid, without any additional hardware cost. Here the grid interfacing inverter is
maximum utilized to perform following important functions:
 To inject maximum available power of Renewable Energy Sources to the AC grid.
 To provide load Active power.
 To compensate load Reactive power and current harmonics at PCC.

2
  To compensate current unbalance and neutral current in case of 3-phase 4-wire
system.

1.3. Literature survey

Johan H. R. Enslinand Peter J. M. Heskes,[1] discussed the Harmonic Interaction

Between a Large Number of Distributed Power Inverters and the Distribution Network. This
paper is to analyze the observed phenomena of harmonic interference of large populations of
these inverters and to compare the network interaction of different inverter topologies and
control options.
Uffe Borup, Frede Blaabjerg and Prasad N. Enjeti ,[2] presented about the sharing of
linear and nonlinear loads in three-phase power converters connected in parallel, without
communication between the converters. The paper focuses on solving the problem that arises
when two converters with harmonic compensation are connected in parallel.
Pichai Jintakosonwit Hideaki Fujita , Hirofumi Akagi and Satoshi Ogasawara ,[3] This
paper proposes cooperative control of multipleactive filters based on voltage detection for harmonic
damping throughout a power distribution system. The arrangement of a real distribution system
would be changed according to system operation, and/or fault conditions. In addition, shunt
capacitors and loads are individually connected to, or disconnected from, the distribution system.

Pedro Rodríguez, JosepPou, Joan Bergas,J. Ignacio Candela , Rolando P. Burgos and
DushanBoroyevich ,[4] presented the detection ofthe fundamental-frequency positive-
sequence component of theutility voltage under unbalanced and distorted conditions.
Specifically, it proposes a positive-sequence detector based on a new decoupled double
synchronous reference frame phase-locked loop (PLL), which completely eliminates the
detection errors of conventional synchronous reference frame PLL’s. This is achieved by
transforming both positive- and negative-sequence components of the utility voltage into the
double SRF, from which a decoupling network is developed in order to cleanly extract and
separate the positive- and negative-sequence components.
SoerenBaekhoejKjaer, John K. Pedersenand Frede Blaabjerg,[5] presents a Review of
Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters for Photovoltaic Modules. This paper focuses on
inverter technologies forconnecting photovoltaic (PV) modules to a single-phase grid. The

3
inverters are categorized into four classifications: 1) the number of power processing stages
in cascade; 2) the type of power decoupling between the PV module(s) and the single-phase
grid; 3) whether they utilizes a transformer (either line or high frequency) or not; and 4) the
type of grid-connected power stage.
J. M. Carrasco, L. G. Franquelo, J. T. Bialasiewicz, E. Galván, R. C. P. Guisado, M. Á.
M. Prats, J. I. León, and N. M. Alfonso,[6] This paper proposes about distributed energy
resources is increasinglybeing pursued as a supplement and an alternative to large
conventional central power stations. The specification of a power electronic interface is
subject to requirements related not only to the renewable energy source itself but also to its
effects on the power-system operation, especially where the intermittent energy source
constitutes a significant part of the total system capacity.
F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, and A. V. Timbus,[7] This paper givesan
overview of the structures for the DPGS based on fuel cell, photovoltaic, and wind turbines.
In addition, control structures of the grid-side converter are presented, and the possibility of
compensation for low-order harmonics is also discussed. Moreover, control strategies when
running on grid faults are treated. This paper ends up with an overview of synchronization
methods and a discussion about their importance in the control.

1.4. Organization of Thesis

Chapter 1: includes the introduction, literature survey and brief analysis of thesis
work.

Chapter 2: discusses different power quality problems and their associated solutions.

Chapter 3: the study is pointed toward the D-Statcom and its control methods.

Chapter 4: this chapter deals with the Renewable Energy Sources and their types.

Chapter 5: the results of all studied control strategies were discussed and illustrated.

The conclusions are given in Chapter 6.

The simulations are given in Appendix.

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 CHAPTER 2

POWER QUALITY AND ITS PROBLEMS

Electric systems and grids are complex dynamic systems. These systems suffer
usually from unexpected or sudden changes of the currents and voltages. These changes are
due mainly to the different types of linear and non-linear loads to which they are connected.
In addition, to different types of accidents which can intervener into the grid. With the
increasing use of power semiconductors in the most of industrial and domestic procedures,
the electric grids are polluted with different harmonic currents and voltages. These harmonics
affect the normal function of the most of the grid connected devices; in addition to
considerable economic losses. Many classic and modern solutions have been proposed in the
literary for the harmonic problems. In this chapter, the harmonic problem as one of the most
common power quality problems will be presented. The different modern and traditional
solutions will then be discussed.

2.1 Definition of Power Quality

Power qualityis a term that means different things to different people. Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Standard IEEE1100 defines power quality as “the
concept of powering and grounding sensitive electronic equipment in a manner suitable for
the equipment.” As appropriate as this description might seem, the limitation of power
quality to “sensitive electronic equipment” might be subject to disagreement. Electrical
equipment susceptible to power quality or more appropriately to lack of power quality would
fall within a seemingly boundless domain. All electrical devices are prone to failure or
malfunction when exposed to one or more power quality problems. The electrical device
might be an electric motor, a transformer, a generator, a computer, a printer, communication
equipment, or a household appliance. All of these devices and others react adversely to
power quality issues, depending on the severity of problems.

A simpler and perhaps more concise definition might state: “Power quality is a set of
electrical boundaries that allows a piece of equipment to function in its intended manner

5
without significant loss of performance or life expectancy.” This definition embraces two
things that we demand from an electrical device: performance and life expectancy. Any
power-related problem that compromises either attribute is a power quality concern.

Power quality can also be defined as a set of electrical boundaries that allows a piece
of equipment to function in its intended manner without significant loss of performance or
life expectancy. Power distribution systems should provide their customers with an
uninterrupted flow of energy at smooth sinusoidal voltage at the contracted magnitude level
and frequency. However, in power systems, especially the distribution systems have many
nonlinear loads, which significantly affect the quality of power supplies. As a result of the
nonlinear loads, the pure sinusoidal waveform is lost. This ends up producing many power
quality problems.

2.2 Power Systems Distortion and Problems

In power systems, different voltage and current problems can be faced. The main voltage
problems can be summarized in short duration variations, voltage interruption, frequency
variation, voltage dips, and harmonics. Harmonics represent the main problem of currents of
power systems.

2.2.1 Voltage Variation for Short Duration

The short duration voltage variation is the result of the problems in the function of some
systems or the start of many electric loads at the same time. The defaults can increase or
decrease the amplitude of the voltage or even cancel it during a short period of time. The
increase of voltage is a variation between 10-90% of the nominal voltage. It can hold from
half of a period to 1 minute according to the IEEE 1159-1995. According to the same
reference, the increase in voltage is defined when the amplitude of the voltage is about 110-
180% of its nominal value.

2.2.2 Voltage Interruption

The cutoff of the voltage happens when the load voltage decreases until less than 10% of its
nominal value for a short period of time less than 1 minute. The voltage interruption can be
the effect of defaults in the electrical system, defaults in the connected equipment’s, or bad

6
control systems. The main characteristic of the voltage interruption is the period over which
it happens.

2.2.3 Frequency Variations

In the normal conditions the frequency of the distribution grid must be within the interval
50±1 Hz. The variations of the frequency of the grid can appears to the clients who are using
auxiliary electric source (solar system, thermal station…etc.). These variations are rare and
happen in the case of exceptional conditions like the defaults in the turbines.

2.2.4 Unbalance in Three Phase Systems

The three phase system is unbalanced when the currents and voltages are not identical in
amplitude; or when the phase angle between each two phases is not 120°. In the ideal
conditions, the three phase system is balanced with identical loads. In reality, the loads are
not identical, in addition to the problems of the distribution grids which can interfere.

2.2.5 Voltage Dips

The voltage dips are periodic perturbations. They appear as a natural effect of the switching
of the transistors. They are due also to the start of big loads like motors. Lifts, lights,
heaters…etc. this phenomena causes bad functioning of the protection equipment’s.

2.2.6 Harmonics
Power systems are designed to operate at frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz. However, certain types
of loads produces currents and voltages with frequencies that are integer multiples of the 50
or 60 Hz fundamental frequency. These frequencies components are a form of electrical
pollution known as harmonic distortion. There are two types of harmonics that can be
encountered in a power system.

 Synchronous harmonics.
 Asynchronous harmonics.
Synchronous harmonics are sinusoids with frequencies which are multiples of the
fundamental frequency. The multiplication factor is often referred to as the harmonic
number. The synchronous harmonics can be subdivided into two categories.

7
  Sub-harmonics: when the harmonic frequency is less than the fundamental frequency.
 Super harmonics: when the harmonic frequency is more than the fundamental
frequency.
Harmonics are familiar to the musicians as the overtones from an instrument. They are
the integer multiples of the instrument’s fundamental or natural frequency that are produced
by a series of standing waves of higher and higher order.

Exactly the same thing happens in power circuits when non-linear loads create harmonic
currents that are integer multiples of the supply fundamental frequency. The rapid growth of
solid-state power electronics has greatly increased the number and size of these loads.
The concept of harmonics was introduced in the beginning of the 19th century by Joseph
Fourier. Fourier has demonstrated that all periodic non-sinusoidal signals can be represented
by infinitive sum or series of sinusoids with discontinuous frequencies as given by Eqn. 2.1.

∝
i (t )=I 0 + ∑ I h cos(hωt ¿ + ¿ φh )¿ ¿ (2.1)
h=1

The component I0 in the Fourier series is the direct component. The first term of the sum
with the index h=1 is the fundamental of the signal. The rest of the series components are
called the harmonics of the range h. Figure 2.1 Shows the form of a wave containing the third
harmonic (h=3). In the three phase electric grid, the principle harmonic components are the
harmonics of ranges (6*h±1).

Fig2.1: Harmonic content of a signal and its fundamental.

8
Transformer exciting current, arc furnaces, rectifiers, and many other loads will produce
harmonics in the utility lines. Most utilities limit the allowable harmonic current levels to the
values shown in IEEE 519.

[Link] Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

The total harmonic distortion of a signal is a measurement of the harmonic distortion present
in current or voltage. It is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic
components to the power of the fundamental frequency. Harmonic distortion is caused by the
introduction of waveforms at frequencies in multiplies of the fundamental.

√∑
α
2
xi
i=2 (2.2)
THD ( % )=
|x 1|

The THD is a very useful quantity for many applications. It is the most commonly used
harmonic index. However, it has the limitation that, it is not a good indicator of voltage stress
within a capacitor because that is related to the peak value of voltage waveform [11].

[Link] Distortion Factor

The distortion factor Fd is defined as the ratio between the fundamental and the signal in
RMS values. It is given by:

F
d=¿
IL1 (2.3)
¿
I rms

It is then equal to unity when the current is purely sinusoidal and decreases when the
distortion appears.

[Link] Crest Factor

The crest factor of a signal Fc is defined by Eqn. (2.4):

crest value
F c= (2.4)
effectivevalue

For sinusoidal waves, the crest factor is 1.41. It can achieve the value of 5 in the case of
highly distorted waves.

9
[Link] Effects of Harmonics
Harmonic currents will flow into the utility feeder and may create a number of problems in
so doing. They may be trapped by power factor correction capacitors and overload them or
cause resonant over-voltages. They can distort the feeder voltage enough to cause problems
in computers, telephone lines, motors, and power supplies, and may even cause transformer
failures from eddy current losses. The harmonic currents may be trapped by installing series
LC filters resonant at the offending frequencies. These filters should be designed to offer low
impedance at the resonant frequency compared to the source impedance at that frequency.
But, again, there is a hidden “gotcha.” If a filter is installed that has a series resonance at the
7th harmonic, it will also have a parallel resonance with the utility at a lower frequency when
the source inductance is added to the filter inductance. If this parallel resonance should lie on
or near the 5th harmonic, there is the possibility of the resonant over-currents described
earlier. The installation of series resonant traps will always introduce parallel resonances at
frequencies below the trap frequencies. Good practice dictates that multiple resonant traps be
installed first at the lowest harmonic frequency of concern and then in sequence at the
higher-frequency harmonics. If switched, they should be switched on in sequence starting
with the lowest frequency trap and switched out in sequence starting from the highest
frequency trap.
The voltage or current distortion limit is determined by the sensitivity of loads (also of power
sources), which are influenced by the distorted quantities. The least sensitive is heating
equipment of any kind. The most sensitive kind of equipment’s is those electronic devices
which have been designed assuming an ideal (almost) sinusoidal fundamental frequency
voltage or current waveforms. Electric motors are the most popular loads which are situated
between these two categories.

[Link] Power Factor

Power factor is defined as the ratio of real power to volt-amperes and is the cosine of the
phase angle between the voltage and the current in an AC circuit. These are neatly defined
quantities with sinusoidal voltages and currents. Power factor can be improved by adding
capacitors on the power line to draw a leading current and supply lagging V Ars to the system.

10
Power factor correction capacitors can be switched in and out as necessary to maintain V Ar
and voltage control.
For a sinusoidal signal, the power factor is given by the ratio between the active and the
apparent power. Electrical equipment’s’ parameters are normally given under nominal
voltage and current. A low power factor can indicate bad use of these equipment’s. The
apparent power can be defined by:

√
T
1 2
S=V rms . I rms =V rms . ∫ i dt (2.5)
T 0 L

The active power P can be given by the relation:

P=V rms . I rms .cos (∝1)(2.6)

The reactive power Q is defined by:

Q=V rms . I rms .sin (∝1)(2.7)

The power factor in this case can be given by Eqn. 2.8.

P P
P . F= = 2 2 (2.8)
S √ P +Q

In the case where there is harmonics, a supplementary power called the distorted power D
appears. This power can be given by the relation 2.9.

√∑
α
D=V rms . I 2ln (2.9)
n =2

The apparent power can then be expressed as:

S= √ P2 +Q2 + D2(2.10)

The power factor is then given by:

P
P . F= (2.11)
√ P + Q 2+ D 2
2

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From eqn. 2.11, we can notice that the power factor decreases because of the existence of
harmonics in addition to the reactive power consumption. The Fresnel diagram of the power
is given in Figure 2.2.

Fig 2.2: Fresnel representation of the power

2.3 Harmonic Currents Sources

The main cause of harmonics is the injection of harmonic currents by the non-linear loads.
The bridges of diodes are the most non-linear loads present in the power applications because
they don’t need a control and they have long life duration with low cost. There are also many
other harmonic producing loads such as:

 Industrial equipment’s (welding machines, arc furnaces, induction furnaces,

rectifiers).

 Offices equipment’s (computers, photocopiers,…etc.).

 Domestic devices (TVs, micro-wave furnaces, neon lightening,…etc.).

 Power inverters.

 Power transformers when working in the saturation zone also are considered as non-
linear loads that produce harmonics.
The feeding of non-linear loads generates harmonic currents which spread into the electrical
grid. The spread of current harmonics into the feeding impedances (transformers and grid)
creates harmonic voltages in these feeders. Remembering that the conductor impedance
increases with the frequencies of the currents which pass through it, different impedance will

12
appear for each range of current harmonics. The harmonic current of range h will create
through the impedance harmonic voltage. All the loads connected to the same point will be
fed with the same perturbed voltages. The equivalent circuit per phase of a non-linear load
connected to the grid is given by Figure 2.3.

Fig2.3: Equivalent circuit per phase of a non-linear load connected to the grid.

The spread of harmonic currents from different loads can be represented as in Figure 2.4.

Fig2.4: Spread of harmonic currents into the grid

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2.4 Economic effects of harmonics
 Premature aging of materials which forces its replacement, in addition to an initial
over sizing of these materials.

 The overloading of the grid which implies to increase the nominal power and to
oversize the installations, causing more and more losses.

 The current distortions cause sudden triggers and the stop of production equipment’s.
These material costs, energetic and production losses affect the competitiveness and the
productivity of factories and companies.

2.5 Solutions for the Harmonics

The filtering of the grid currents and voltage is a priory problem for the distributer as like as
the client. Because the limits on harmonic emission are not equally applied in the low of the
different countries, the producers of the different electrical devices try to construct devices
that satisfy for the conditions and limits of the international standards. The electric
companies, from its side, use different filtering equipment’s and encourage the researches
toward finding new efficient solutions for the power quality problems. The clients install also
sometimes reactive power and harmonic compensation batteries to ameliorate the power
factor and reduce the energy consumption bill.

Many traditional and modern solutions for harmonics mitigation and power quality
improvement were proposed in literary. Some of these solutions investigate in the load to
minimize the harmonic emission while the others propose the use of external filtering
equipment’s that prevent the spread of harmonics into the grid.

2.5.1 In-Line Reactors

In-line reactor or choke is a simple solution to control harmonic distortion generated by
adjustable speed drives. The solution is come up with inserting a relatively small reactor, or
choke, at the input of the drive. The inductance prevents the capacitor to be charged in a

14
short time and forces the drive to draw current over a longer time and reduces the magnitude
of the current with much less harmonic content while still delivering the same energy.

2.5.2 Transformers with Passive Coupling

Some types of triangle zigzag coupling of transformers allow the elimination of the
harmonics of order 3 and its multiples. The cost of these coupling types is the augmentation
of the source impedance, and then the augmentation of voltage harmonic distortion.
2.5.3 Passive Filters
Passive filter, which is relatively inexpensive in comparison with the other harmonic
reduction methods, is the most used method. Inductance, capacitor and the load as a
resistance are tuned in a way to control the harmonics. However, they suffer from interfering
with the power systems. Actually, passive filters are designed to shunt harmonics from the
lines or block their flow through some parts of the systems by tuning the elements to create a
resonance at the selected frequency. These filters are tuned and fixed according to the
impedance of the point at which they will be connected and hence cannot be adjusted
instantaneously in accordance to the load. As a result their cutoff frequency changes
unexpectedly after any change in the load impedance resulting in producing a resonance with
other elements installed in the system.

2.6 Modern Solutions for Harmonics’ Problems

Modern solutions were proposed as efficient solutions for the elimination of electric grid
harmonics in order to defeat the disadvantages of the traditional methods like passive filters.
Between these solutions we find two categories which are the most used:

 Active filters (series, parallel, or a combination of both of them in Unified Power

Quality Conditioner (UPQC)).

 Hybrid filters composed of active and passive filters at once.

2.6.1 DSTATCOMs
The function of the DSTATCOMs (STATCOM ) is to generate either harmonic currents or
voltages in a manner such that the grid current or voltage waves conserve the sinusoidal

15
form. The STATCOM s can be connected to the grid in series (Series STATCOM ), shunt
(SSTATCOM ) to compensate voltage harmonics or current harmonics respectively. Or can
be associated with passive filters to construct the hybrid filters (HSTATCOM ).

Active filters are relatively new types of devices for eliminating harmonics. This kind of
filter is based on power electronic devices and is much more expensive than passive filters.
They have the distinct advantage that they do not resonate with the power system and they
work independently with respect to the system impedance characteristics. They are used in
difficult circumstances where passive filters don’t operate successfully because of resonance
problems and they don’t have any interference with other elements installed anywhere in the
power system.
The active filters present many other advantages over the traditional methods for harmonic
compensation such as:
 Adaptation with the variation of the loads.

 Possibility of selective harmonics compensation.

 Limitations in the compensation power.

 Possibility of reactive power compensation.

[Link] Series DSTATCOM (series STATCOM )

The aim of the series STATCOM is to locally modify the impedance of the grid. It is
considered as harmonic voltage source which cancel the voltage perturbations which come
from the grid or these created by the circulation of the harmonic currents into the grid
impedance. However, series STATCOM s can’t compensate the harmonic currents produced
by the loads.

16
 Fig 2.5: Series DSTATCOM connected to the grid

[Link] D-Statcom (SSTATCOM )

The SSTATCOM s are connected in parallel with the harmonic producing loads. They are
expected to inject in real time the harmonic currents absorbed by the pollutant loads. Thus,
the grid current will become sinusoidal.

Fig 2.6: Shunt STATCOM connected in parallel with non-linear load

[Link] Combination of Parallel and Series STATCOM (UPQC)

Figure 2.7 explains the combination of two STATCOM s parallel and series, called also
(Unified Power Quality Conditioner). This structure combines the advantages of the two
STATCOM type’s series and parallel. So it allows simultaneously achieving sinusoidal
source current and voltage.

17
 Fig 2.7: Unified Power Quality Conditioner’s Diagram

2.6.2 Hybrid Filters

Hybrid filter is a filter topology which combines the advantages of the passive and active
filters. For this reason, it is considered as the best solution to eliminate the harmonic currents
from the grid. The principal reason for the use of hybrid filters is the development of the
power semiconductors like MOSFETs and IGBTs. Over more, from an economical point of
view, the hybrid power filters allow reducing the cost of STATCOM .
Hybrid power filters can be classified according to the number of elements used in the
topology, the treated system (single phase, three phase three legs or four legs) and the used
inverter type (current source inverter or voltage source inverter).

2.7 Non-Linear Loads

When the input current into the electrical equipment does not follow the impressed voltage
across the equipment, then the equipment is said to have a nonlinear relationship between the
input voltage and input current. All equipment’s that employ some sort of rectification are
examples of nonlinear loads. Nonlinear loads generate voltage and current harmonics that
can have adverse effects on equipment designed for operation as linear loads. Transformers
that bring power into an industrial environment are subject to higher heating losses due to
harmonic generating sources (nonlinear loads) to which they are connected.

2.8 D-Statcom

18
The concept of using DSTATCOMs to mitigate harmonic problems and to compensate
reactive power was proposed more than two decades ago. It has proven its ability to control
the grid current and to ameliorate the power quality. The theories and applications of
DSTATCOMs have become more popular and have attracted great attention. Without the
drawbacks of passive harmonic filters, such as component aging and resonant problems, the
DSTATCOM appears to be a viable solution for reactive power compensation as well as for
eliminating harmonic currents. As we mentioned earlier, the SSTATCOM is connected in
parallel with the non-linear load to behave as another controlled non-linear load. The system
of the non-linear load and the SSTATCOM will be seen by the grid as a linear load
connected to the PCC. In the case of compensation of reactive power this load will be
resistive. Otherwise it will be either inductive or capacitive linear load.

CHAPTER 3

D STATCOM

3.1 Overview
D-Statcom compensates current harmonics by injecting equal-but-opposite harmonic
compensating currents into the grid. In this case the D-Statcom operates as a current source
injecting the harmonic components generated by the load but phase shifted by 180°. This
principle is applicable to any type of load considered as harmonic source. Moreover, with an
appropriate control scheme, the DSTATCOM can also compensate the load power factor. In
this way, the power distribution system sees the non-linear load and the DSTATCOM as an
ideal resistor. The current compensation characteristics of the D-Statcom is shown in Figure
3.1

19
 Fig 3.1: Compensation characteristic of DSTATCOM

3.2 Harmonic Current Extraction Methods

The aim of DSTATCOMing is to compensate the harmonic currents produced by the
non-linear loads, and to ensure the sinusoidal form of grid currents and voltages. The first
step in active filtering is the harmonic currents extraction to be injected into the grid. The
good extraction of harmonics is a keyword for a good DSTATCOMing. Many extraction
methods were proposed in literary. They can be divided into two families: the first family
uses the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in the frequency domain to extract the current
harmonics. The main disadvantages of this method are the bad results in transient, the heavy
amount of calculations, and the use of considerable memory. In addition to a delay in the
extraction of harmonics which can be at least one period.
The second family is based on the time domain calculations in the extraction of harmonics.
Some of its methods are based on the instantaneous active and reactive power. Others are
based on the calculation of direct and indirect current components. Recently, the neural
networks and the adaptive linear neural networks have been used in the extraction of
harmonic components of current and voltage.

3.2.1 Instantaneous Active and Reactive Power Theory

Most STATCOM s have been designed on the basis of instantaneous active and
reactive power theory (p-q), first proposed by Akagi et al in 1983. Initially, it was developed

20
only for three-phase systems without neutral wire, being later worked by Watanabe and
Aredes for three-phase four wires power systems. The method uses the transformation of
distorted currents from three phase frame abc into bi-phase stationary frame αβ. The basic
idea is that the harmonic currents caused by nonlinear loads in the power system can be
compensated with other nonlinear controlled loads. The p-q theory is based on a set of 31
instantaneous powers defined in the time domain. The three-phase supply voltages (ua, ub,
uc) and currents (ia, ib, ic) are transformed using the Clarke (or α-β) transformation into a
different coordinate system yielding instantaneous active and reactive power components.
This transformation may be viewed as a projection of the three-phase quantities onto a
stationary two-axis reference frame. The Clarke transformation for the voltage variables is
given by

[ ]
−1 −1
1

[]√ []
2 2
u∝ u
uβ =
2
0
√3 −√ 3 a
ub (3.1)
3 2 2
u0 1 1 1 uc
√2 √2 √2
Similarly, this transform can be applied on the distorted load currents to give:

[] [ [] ]
−1 −1
1
2 2
il ∝ i

il 0
√
i lβ =
2
3
0
1
√3
2
1
−√ 3 la
2
1
ilb
i lc
(3.2)

√2 √2 √2

The instantaneous active power p(t) is defined by:

p(t)= ua i la+u b i lb+ uc i lc(3.3)

This expression can be given in the stationary frame by:

21
 { p ( t )=u ∝ il ∝ +u β i lβ
p o ( t ) =uo ilo
(3.4)

Where, p(t) is the instantaneous active power, p0(t) is the instantaneous homo-polar sequence
power. Similarly the instantaneous reactive power can be given by:

−1
q ( t )=
√3
[ ( ua−u b ) ilc + ( ub−u c ) ila+( uc −ua ) ilb ]=u∝ ilβ−u β il ∝ (3.5)

It is important to notice that the instantaneous reactive power q(t) signify more than the
simple reactive power. The instantaneous reactive power take in consideration all the current
and voltage harmonics, where as the habitual reactive power consider just the fundamentals
of current and voltage.

From eqns. 3.4 and 3.5 the instantaneous active and reactive power can be given in matrix
form by:

[ pq ]=[−uu uu ][ii ](3.6)

∝

β
β

α
lα

lβ

In general, each one of the active and reactive instantaneous power contains a direct
component and an alternating component. The direct component of each presents the power
of the fundamentals of current and voltage. The alternating term is the power of the
harmonics of currents and voltages.
In order to separate the harmonics from the fundamentals of the load currents, it is enough to
separate the direct term of the instantaneous power from the alternating one. A Low Pass
Filter (LPF) with feed-forward effect can be used to accomplish this task. Figure 3.2 shows
the principle of this extraction filter.

22
 Fig 3.2: Diagram of the low pass filter with feed-forward.

After the separation of the direct and alternating terms of instantaneous power, the harmonic
components of the load currents can be given using the inverse of equation (3.6) which gives:

[] [ ][ ]
ilα 1 v s ∝ −v sβ ~p
= 2 2 ~
l
(3.7)
i lβ v s ∝ + v sβ v sβ v sα ql

Where, the ˜ sign points to the alternating term and the ̄ sign points to the direct component
of each active and reactive power. The STATCOM reference current can be then given by:

[]√[ ][ ]
1 0
i ¿fa −1 √ 3 ~i
2
i ¿fb = 2 2 lα
~i (3.8)
3
¿
i fc −1 − √ 3 lβ

2 2

Figure 3.3 presents the principle of the active and reactive instantaneous power. This method
offers the advantage of the possibility of harmonic compensation and/or reactive power
compensation. In the case of reactive power compensation it is enough to send the reactive
power q(t) directly to the reference current calculation bloc without the use of any extraction
filter.

23
 Fig 3.3: DSTATCOM control network

3.3 Voltage Source Inverter

Voltage source inverters (VSI) are one of the most important applications of power
electronics. The main purpose of these devices is to provide a three-phase voltage source,
where the amplitude, phase, and frequency of the voltages should always be controllable. The
important development of VSI is a result, from the one hand to the development of fast,
controllable, powerful, and robust semi-conductors, from the other hand to the use of the so-
called pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques. In the high power applications, the three
level VSIs are the most adopted in comparison with two levels ones. Because the THD of the
output voltage and current of the three levels VSI is clearly lower.
The standard three-phase VSI topology is shown in Figure 3.4. It is composed of three legs
with current reversible switches, controlled for the open and close. These switches are
realized by controlled switches (GTO or IGBT) with anti-parallel diodes to allow the flow of
the free-wheeling currents.

The switches of any leg of the inverter (T1 and T4, T2 and T5, T3 and T6) cannot be
switched on simultaneously because this would result in a short circuit across the dc link
voltage supply. Similarly, in order to avoid undefined states in the VSI, and thus undefined
ac output line voltages, the switches of any leg of the inverter cannot be switched off

24
simultaneously as this will result in voltages that will depend upon the respective line current
polarity.

Fig 3.4: Three-phase two levels VSI topology

3.3.1 Modeling of Voltage Source Inverter

The output of the VSI which is shown in Figure 3.4 can take two levels of voltage (+Vdc, -
Vdc) dependent on the dc source voltage and the switches states. Actually, the control of the
two switches on the same leg is complementary: the conduction of one of them implies the
blocking of the other.
The state of each one of the switches is defined by the control signals (Sa, Sb, and Sc) as
follow:

Sa =
{
1 if T 1 close∧¿ , T 4 open
0 if T 1 open∧¿ ,T 4 close

Sb =
{
1 if T 2 close∧¿ ,T 5 open
0 if T 2 open∧¿ ,T 5 close

Sc =
{
1 if T 3 close∧¿ , T 6 open
0 if T 3 open∧¿ , T 6 close

3.3.2 Modeling of DSTATCOM

The connection of the D-Statcom to the point of common coupling of the grid is done mostly
by the mean of a RL low pass filter as shown in figure 12. The voltage equation for each
phase can be given by:

25
 v sk =v fk−v L −v R
fk fk

di fk
v fk −Lf −R f i fk , k=a,b,c (3.9)
dt

The three phase equations are then given by:

[ ] [ ][ ][ ]
i i fa v fa s sa
d fa
Lf i =−R f i fb + v fb − v sb (3.10)
dt fb
i fc i fc v fc v sc

And for the dc side:

dV dc
C dc . =Sa i fa + S b ib + S c i f (3.11)
dt

The equation system defining the SSTATCOM in the three phase frame is then given by:

{
di fa
Lf =−R f i fa +v fa−v sa
dt
di
Lf fb =−R f i fb +v fb−v sb (3.12)
dt
di fc
Lf =−Rf i fc +v fc−v sc
dt

Fig 3.5: SSTATCOM connection to the PCC

26
3.3.3 Control Methods of VSI
The aim of the control of the VSC is to force the output currents of the inverter to follow
their predefined reference currents. The main principle is based on the comparison between
the actual current of the filter with the reference currents generated by the different extraction
methods. In the next section, we are going to discuss some different methods in VSC control.
[Link] Hysteresis Control Method
The current control strategy plays an important role in fast response current controlled
inverters such as the DSTATCOMs. The hysteresis current control method is the most
commonly proposed control method in time domain. This method provides instantaneous
current corrective response, good accuracy and unconditioned stability to the system. Besides
that, this technique is said to be the most suitable solution for current controlled inverters.
Hysteresis current control is a method of controlling a voltage source inverter so that an
output current is generated which follows a reference current waveform.
The basic structure of PWM voltage source inverter with hysteresis controller is shown in
Figure 3.6. The hysteresis control strategy aims to keep the controlled current inside a
defined rejoin around the desired reference current. The status of the switches is determined
according to the error. When the current is increasing and the error exceeds a certain positive
value, the status of the switches changes and the current begins to decrease until the error
reaches a certain negative value, then the switches status changes again.

Fig 3.6: Hysteresis control principle

27
In the fix hysteresis band control of the VSI, the switching frequency is a function of the
derivative of the output current. This one depends on the value of the inductance of the
decoupling filter and the voltage drop around it. It is important to notice that the coupling
filter affects the switching frequency and the dynamic behavior of the active filter. The
simple implementation procedure is the main advantage of this control method. However, the
variable switching frequency is the major draw-back of this method. This variable frequency
affects mainly the function of power electronic elements which can’t support high switching
frequency in high power applications. In order to solve the problem of variable switching
frequency, a new hysteresis control strategies like “modulated hysteresis control” and
“variable hysteresis band” were proposed. In the modulated hysteresis control it is difficult to
define the hysteresis band width. Over more, the fix switching frequency achieved using this
method affects the rapidity obtained by hysteresis control.

[Link] Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Control

The control techniques based on the PWM solve the problem of switching frequency of the
VSI. They use a fix switching frequency which makes it easier to cancel the switching
harmonics. The PWM can be realized using different techniques such as carrier based PWM,
PWM with harmonics minimization, and space vector PWM. The carrier PWM can be
natural PWM, symmetric PWM, and asymmetric PWM.
The most simple and well known PWM technique is the sinusoidal PWM. This technique
uses a controller which determines the voltage reference of the inverter from the error
between the measured current and its reference. This reference voltage is then compared with
a triangular carrier signal (with high frequency defining the switching frequency). The output
of this comparison gives the switching function of the VSI. The choice of the ratio between
the frequency of the reference signal and the frequency of the carrier signal is very important
in the case of symmetric and periodic reference. As a consequence, in the case of sinusoidal
reference, the ratio between the two frequencies must be integer to synchronize the carrier
with the reference. Over more, it is preferable that the carrier frequency be odd to conserve
the reference symmetry. In all cases this ratio must be sufficiently high to ensure the fast

28
switching and to take the switching harmonics away from the fundamental produced by the
inverter.

Fig 3.7: The principle of sinusoidal PWM control method

Recently, new control techniques called space vector PWM were implemented. The
difference between this technique and the sinusoidal technique is that it doesn’t use carrier
signal to define switching orders.

[Link] Space Vector PWM Control (SVPWM)

Space vector modulation technique was first introduced by German researchers in the mid of
1980s. This technique showed several advantages over the traditional PWM technique and
has been proven to inherently generate superior PWM waveforms. By implementing theSVM
technique, the number of switching is reduced to about 30% at the same carrier frequency of
the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) method. It offers better DC bus utilizations
with lower THD in the AC current and reduces of switching losses too. The maximum
modulation index for the SPWM method is 0.785 with the sinusoidal waveform between the
phase and the neutral current of the system. However, the modulation index can be increased
to 0.907 for the SVPWM.

The basic principle of the SVM technique is that it treats the inverter as a whole unit, which
is different when compared to PWM technique. This technique is based on the decomposition
of a reference voltage vector into voltage vector realizable on a six pulse inverter.

29
The SVPWM technique is widely used in inverter and rectifier controls. Compared to the
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), SVPWM is more suitable for digital
implementation and can increase the obtainable maximum output voltage with maximum line
voltage approaching 70.7% of the DC link voltage (compared to SPWM’s 61.2%) in the
linear modulation range. Moreover, it can obtain a better voltage total harmonic distortion
factor. There are different algorithms for using SVPWM to modulate the inverter or rectifier.
Many SVPWM schemes have been investigated extensively in literatures. The goal in each
modulation strategy is to lower the switching losses, maximize bus utilization, reduce
harmonic content, and still achieve precise control.

The output voltage of a VSI can be given in the stationary frame reference as shown in Tab.
A. In the SVPWM scheme, the 3-phase output voltage is represented by a reference vector
which rotates at an angular speed of ω =2π f. The task of SVM is to use the combinations of
switching states to approximate the reference vector. To approximate the locus of this vector,
the eight possible switching states of the inverter are represented as 2 null vectors and 6
active vectors.

3.4 Control of the DSTATCOM

The researchers are always at the point of the research to ameliorate the control methods of
the SSTATCOM to achieve better results either from the point of view of better perturbation
extraction methods, the amelioration of the dynamic regimes, decreasing the value of the
THD,…etc., or the development of new control methods to ameliorate the performance of the
STATCOM with the different non-linear loads. There are principally two methods for the
compensation of the harmonic currents dependent on the measured current:

3.4.1 Direct Control Method.

30
In this method the load currents are measured and the harmonic currents are extracted from
the load currents. Figure 3.8 shows the diagram of the direct control method. Using this
method, the SSTATCOM injects the harmonic currents without any information about the
grid currents. All the errors in the system like the parameters uncertainty, the measurement or
control errors will appear in the grid current as unfiltered harmonic contents. The main
advantage of this method is the system stability. However, this method needs an expanded
control algorithm with large number of sensors.

Fig 3.8: Direct control method diagram

3.4.2 Indirect Control Method.

This method based on the measurement of the source currents, and then to impose the
sinusoidal form on these currents. The control algorithm is less complicated and needs fewer
sensors than the direct control. Figure 3.9 shows the diagram of the indirect control method
of the SSTATCOM .

31
 Fig 3.9: Indirect control method diagram

CHAPTER 4

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

CHAPTER 5

MODELING OF THE SYSTEM

32
5.1 System Description
Introduction
Electricity has been a game-changer for modern transportation and communication.
However, many cargo loads originate classified as "intermittent load" There is always a
discrepancy between the demand for and supply of electrical energy, which is reflected in the
structure of the electric grid. Power system analyses must also take grid stability into
account. Over long periods of time, the load does not remain constant, and there may come a
point when the demand for electricity exceeds the available supply. In either case, the
increased load demand caused by the interment necessitates the production of additional
energy. Energy is squandered occasionally as a result of a sudden drop in demand load
during production.
When this occurs, a storage system integrated to the power grid (Pan et al., 2016; Saxena et
al., 2018) can be an effective solution because it can provide the power grid with the
additional energy it needs to meet load demand while also storing excess energy during low-
load periods (Agarwal, Hussain, and Singh, 2016; Robert and Sandberg, 2011) and thus
controlling battery state.
However, improving power quality in a power system is a difficult challenge for power
engineers. A power company's ability to meet a customer's demands for consistent voltage
and frequency is referred to as "power quality," which is defined by the quality of the
electricity the company delivers to the customer (Barghi Latran, Teke, and Yoldaş 2015;
Kumar and Mishra 2013; Shaaban and Petinrin 2016; Venkatraman, Selvan, and Moorthi
2016). There are two types of power quality issues: voltage quality and current quality.
Voltage sag and voltage swell are two types of voltage quality issues that can be reduced by
using series FACTS controllers (Kumar).
Mishra, Luo, et al., Papic, and D. Chinna Kullay Reddy (dkullayreddy@[Link]), and
Papic, 2000. The shunt FACTS controller helps reduce harmonic and reactive current, two
major sources of poor current quality. The DSTATCOM gadget is utilised for Harmonics and
Reactive Power Compensation.
Figure 1 is a diagram of a DSTATCOM in a power system. This research introduces a
battery storage integrated distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) for bridging the
demand-supply gap in a power system and enhancing power quality. Using

33
MATLAB/SIMULINK, we provide the simulation models we constructed and an analysis of
the results for BESS integrated DSTATCOM.

Figure 1. DSTATCOM in a power system.

Figure 2. Schematic arrangement of DSTATCOM.

This thesis considers the charging mode, when supply is greater than demand, the
discharging mode, when demand is greater than supply, and the neither charging nor

34
discharging mode. Instead of a dedicated controller, this work presents BESS integrated
DSTATCOM using standard SRF theory.
5.2 DSTATCOM with built-in battery
DSTATCOM in the electrical grid
DSTATCOM is a FACTS device used mostly to deal with reactive power concerns and
harmonic distortion in source components under non-linear loads. Figure 2: Schematic
presentation of DSTATCOM. The source current is distorted under non-linear loading
conditions in a power distribution system, supplying harmonic currents to the other loads
linked at a shared coupling point. By having a DSTATCOM shunt-connected to the power
grid at a single coupling point, harmonic components fed to source components can be
absorbed.
(Dannehl, Wessels, and Fuchs 2009; Keceiglu et al. 2017; Zaveri, Bhalja, and Zaveri 2012)
renders the source components sinusoidal.
DSTATCOM is a straightforward VSC (voltage source converter) that is gate-controlled. A
proposed control theory yields controlled pulses to the VSC, with the improvement of power
quality in energy storage integration being the ultimate goal.
Batteries built in DSTATCOMenergy distribution
Intermittent loads mean that the workload can suddenly increase or decrease. We require an
energy storage infrastructure to accommodate these shifts. If the storage system can provide
the additional energy needed by the power system to fulfil the load demand, and if the same
storage device can store the surplus energy during low load periods, then the storage system
linked to the power system may be a good alternative. To discharge energy when needed or
to absorb energy during surplus energy mode, battery energy storage is a potential alternative
(Mikkili and Panda, 2012).
A DC link capacitor connects the battery energy storage (BES) system to DSTATCOM. The
BES system both contributes to and draws energy from the power grid via a DSTATCOM.
Figure 3 depicts the BES unified DSTATCOM, which has the potential to enhance the
system's power quality and energy balance.
3 Built-in battery control system DSTATCOM
A charge control system is necessary for monitoring the health of the batteries in a battery
storage system that is tied into the electrical grid. For DSTATCOM to function, the controller

35
must send gate pulses to power the VSC switches. It takes two controllers to manage the
battery and the DSTATCOM. In this study, we discuss a single controller for battery and
DSTATCOM control, based on the traditional synchronous reference frame theory (SRF).
Battery charge and discharge are regulated using standard SRF theory for DSTATCOM
(Mohan, Underland, & Robbins, 2009).
3.1 SRF without battery integration for DSTATCOM
Figure 4 depicts the traditional SRF theory for DSTATCOM with no battery integration. In
SRF theory, the d-axis and q-axis are used to place the direct (d) and quadrature (q)
components, respectively. Decoupling the reactive and active power components typically
involves a procedure similar to Clarke's and Park's Transformation. Clarke and Park's
transformation method, as applied to particular phase sequences, is shown by the
corresponding equations (1) and (2) (Singh).

Figure 3. Battery integrated DSTATCOM in power system.

36
 Figure 4. SRF theory for DSTATCOM without battery integration.

where iLd, iLq stands for the alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) components of
the load current on the d-q frame, respectively. The dual-term components of the d-q load
current can be seen in Eqn. (3). The LPF (Low-Pass Filter) separates the d-qon-the-half-of-
the-fundamental-frequency harmonic sequences iLd, iLq from the fundamental frequency.
As shown in Eqn. (4) and (5) below, the Inverse-Park's and Inverse-Clarke's transformation
method is used to re-format the acquired harmonic current components into true three-phase
numbers.

37
The PI regulator, which is part of the DC-link controller, is responsible for controlling the
DC-link voltage so that the lossless shunt-VSI voltage is maintained at all times. Using a cut-
off frequency connection, the primary active current component can be extracted. The PI
controller receives the resultant error and uses it to dampen the effect of the PLerr's most
significant source of error.
Summarising an active fundamental component yields the reference current in the orthogonal
coordinate (I), and the PLerr component is the Controller for DSTATCOM's shunt-VSI.
DSTATCOM's shunt-VSI supervision is implemented using a hysteresis current controller.
The compensatory current is constrained by the hysteresis loop (HL). To regulate the
switching process in a shunt VSI, this current is adjusted between low and high hysteresis
limits. Figure 5 depicts a typical DSTATCOM operated by an SRF but lacking a battery
backup system.

Figure 5. DSTATCOM with SRF theory without battery.

38
 Figure 6. SRF theory for DSTATCOM with battery integration.

Figure 7. DSTATCOM with SRF theory with battery control in Power system.

3.2 DSTATCOM SRF theory with battery integration,

In traditional SRF theory without battery integration, the direct axis component is derived
from DC control and the transformed dcomponent. Using the algebraic total of the power
loss component from DC voltage control, the d-component after transformation, and the

39
battery current, SRF theory generates the resulting d-component of current for battery
integrated DSTATCOM.
The d-component of the current is generated by feeding current from the battery back to the
controller. Figure 6 shows how the batteries for DSTATCOM are integrated into the SRF
theory and may be controlled (charged or discharged) as well as used to generate pulse
signals for the VSC. Figure 7: DSTATCOM using SRF theory and battery control in the
power system.

CHAPTER 6
SIMULATION RESULTS
Simulation Results:

4 Analysis by simulation
4.1 DSTATCOM not including battery integration
Figure 8 shows the simulation results of DSTATCOM without battery integration. The
primary grid is a three-phase 415 V (RMS), 50 Hz system, and it powers a non-linear load
that is balanced. This non-linear load has caused the emergence of odd harmonics at the
PCC, which are having a significant impact on the source current at the PCC level and
causing significant difficulties for other loads linked to the PCC. The currents from the three
phases are perfectly balanced sinusoids with a maximum amplitude of 25A. In the face of
consistent peak non-linear loads, source currents exhibit less distortion. Non-linear loads of
(30+j9.42) consume 20 A (peak) of three-phase load currents. Non-linear currents are drawn
because the load is not linear. Currents in three phases, from the distribution system terminal
(DSTATCOM) to the point of common coupling, cancel out harmonics at the source. Power
factor is maintained closer to unity at the source, where voltage and current are in phase.
Since a non-linear load draws non-linear currents, the load's voltage and currents are out of
phase. There is a 3.20 percent distortion in both the source current and the load current, while
the 29.03 percent distortion is acceptable.

40
 400

300

200

100
Voltage (V)

-100

-200

-300

-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (Sec)

(a)
30

20

10
Current (A)

-10

-20

-30
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (Sec)

(b)

41
 30

20

10
Current (A)

-10

-20

-30
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (Sec)

(c)
20

15

10

5
Current (A)

-5

-10

-15

-20
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (Sec)

(d)

42
 400

300

200

100
Vs (V) & Is (A)

-100

-200

-300

-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (Sec)

(e)
400

300

200

100
Vs (V) & Is (A)

-100

-200

-300

-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (Sec)

(f)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 21.03 , THD= 3.09%
100

90

80
Mag (% of Fundamental)

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Harmonic order

(g)

43
 Fundamental (50Hz) = 22.31 , THD= 26.16%
100

90

80

70
Mag (% of Fundamental)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Harmonic order

(h)
Figure 8: DSTATCOM with no built-in batteries 8(a): Voltage at the source Currents 8(b)
(the source current), 8(c) (the load current), and 8(d) (the compensating current) 8(e): The
Unity Power Factor Is Defined When the Source Voltage and Current Are in Phase
Definition of Non-Unity Power Factor from Load Voltage and Current That Are 180° Out of
Phase 8(f) 8(g): Total Harmonic Distortion at the Source Current Total Harmonic Distortion
at the Load Current, Clause 8(h).

Battery-integrated DSTATCOM (Charging mode) 4.2

Figure 9 displays the outcomes of a simulation of DSTATCOM with battery integration
(Charging mode). The percentage of battery charge (SoC) during charging, As the state-of-
charge curve increases with time, it can be inferred that the battery is undergoing recharging.
When the battery is in passive mode and absorbing energy, the current curve will display a
negative 4A. The battery is charged whenever there is surplus power in the electrical grid.
The sinusoidal, 340 V RMS peak amplitude three-phase voltage is perfectly balanced. The
three-phase currents are perfectly balanced sinusoidal waves with a peak amplitude of 27A.
In the face of consistent peak non-linear loads, source currents exhibit less distortion. The
source currents are 25A and 27A(Peak), respectively, with and without the battery integration
of charging mode. When the load remains the same, an increase in current indicates a rise in
source power. A battery gets charged by being supplied the surplus electricity from the
source. The non-linear load of (30+j9.42) requires a peak three-phase load current of 20 A.

44
 95

94.9998

94.9996
SOC (%)

94.9994

94.9992

94.999

94.9988
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (Sec)

(a)
200

150

100
Ibattery

50

-50
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (Sec)

(b)

45
 400

300

200

100
Voltage (V)

-100

-200

-300

-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (Sec)

(c)
30

20

10
Current (A)

-10

-20

-30
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (Sec)

(d)

46
 30

20

10
Current (A)

-10

-20

-30
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (Sec)

(e)
20

15

10

5
Current (A)

-5

-10

-15

-20
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (Sec)

(f)

47
 400

300

200

100
Vs (V) & Is (A)

-100

-200

-300

-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (Sec)

(g)
400

300

200

100
Vs (V) & Is (A)

-100

-200

-300

-400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (Sec)

(h)

48
 Fundamental (50Hz) = 24.67 , THD= 1.92%
100

90

80

70
Mag (% of Fundamental)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Harmonic order

(i)

Fundamental (50Hz) = 22.31 , THD= 26.16%

100

90

80

70
Mag (% of Fundamental)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Harmonic order

(j)
Battery integration into the DSTATCOM (ChargingMode) is shown in Figure 9. (a)
Percentage of battery charge (SoC) (b) Charging current (c) Its d-voltage source Current (e)
at the Source Alternating current to balance the load (g) Unity power factor (h) is defined as
the condition where the source voltage and current are in phase. The non-unity power factor
is characterised by (i) load voltage and current that are out of phase. The THD of the source
current is equal to the THD of the load current plus j.

Non-linear currents are drawn because the load is not linear. The voltage and current at the
source are in phase, and the power factor at the source is kept close to unity. Due to its non-
linear nature, a load draws currents that are not in phase with its applied voltage.

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There is a 2.4% distortion in both the source current and the load current, whereas the
29.13% deviation is acceptable.

CONCLUSION

Engineering for better power quality is essential in the power sector. Additionally, the usage
of an alternate energy storage system is necessitated by a rapid spike in load demand.
Similarly to how several methods are introduced for energy storage integration, multiple
FACTS controllers for power quality improvement are proposed in the literature. This study
suggests a unified approach to addressing power quality and energy storage needs. In this
study, we focus on DSTATCOM for compensating for reactive and harmonic power. When
the storage system can provide the additional energy needed by the power system to fulfil the
load demand, and when the same storage device can store the surplus energy during low load
periods, the integrated system is helpful.
The charging, discharging, and no-charging, no-discharging modes of operation of
the battery that is integrated into the DSTATCOM are [Link] successfully
cancels out harmonics and keeps source current distortion within acceptable parameters
throughout the board of battery operation modes reported. The power factor of the source is
kept close to 1. This work analyses the use of standard SRF theory for regulating
DSTATCOM and for controlling the battery condition. The suggested theory can control
active power injection while also improving power quality, as demonstrated by the
simulation results.

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