Paragraph Writing
What is a Paragraph?
A paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop one main idea. A good paragraph
clearly introduces the idea, explains it with details and examples, and ends with a sense of
completeness.
A standard academic paragraph usually contains:
Topic sentence (introduction of the main idea)
Supporting sentences (explanation, examples, evidence)
Concluding sentence (summary or closing comment)
Components of Paragraph Writing
The effectiveness of a paragraph depends on three core components:
1. Unity
2. Coherence
3. Cohesion
These components work together. A paragraph may have good ideas, but without unity,
coherence, and cohesion, it will confuse the reader.
Unity:
Unity means that a paragraph focuses on one single main idea only. Every sentence in the
paragraph must directly support or explain that idea.
If a sentence does not relate to the main idea, it breaks unity and should be removed.
How Unity is Achieved
A clear topic sentence introduces the main idea.
All supporting sentences explain, describe, or give examples of the topic sentence.
No irrelevant or off-topic information is included.
Example of Unity
Topic Sentence: Online learning has become popular among university students.
Supporting Sentences: It allows students to attend classes from any location. Many learners
prefer it because it saves travel time and expenses. Online platforms also provide recorded
lectures for revision.
Concluding Sentence: Therefore, online learning offers flexibility and convenience to students.
All sentences discuss online learning, so the paragraph has unity.
Example of Lack of Unity
Online learning has become popular among university students. It allows students to attend
classes from home. Universities should improve campus cafeterias. Online classes also reduce
transportation costs.
The highlighted sentence is irrelevant and breaks unity.
Coherence
Coherence means the logical order and smooth flow of ideas in a paragraph. The ideas should be
arranged so that the reader can easily follow the writer’s thoughts.
Coherence answers the question: Does this paragraph make sense as I read it?
How Coherence is Achieved
Logical sequencing of ideas (general to specific, cause to effect, time order)
Proper arrangement of sentences
Clear progression from one sentence to the next
Example of Coherence
Topic Sentence: Regular exercise is beneficial for mental health.
Supporting Sentences: First, physical activity reduces stress by releasing endorphins. Second, it
improves concentration and memory. Finally, exercise helps people sleep better, which further
supports mental well-being.
Concluding Sentence: Thus, regular exercise plays an important role in maintaining mental
health.
Ideas are logically ordered, so the paragraph is coherent.
Example of Lack of Coherence
Regular exercise is beneficial for mental health. People sleep better at night. Stress is reduced
through physical activity. Memory improves with exercise.
Ideas are related but poorly arranged, causing weak coherence.
Cohesion
Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical connections between sentences. It is achieved
through linking words and reference devices that tie sentences together.
Cohesion answers the question: Are sentences connected smoothly?
Devices Used for Cohesion
Linking words: and, but, however, therefore, moreover
Pronouns: he, she, it, they
Repetition of key words
Synonyms: students → learners → pupils
Example of Cohesion
Online learning is gaining popularity. It allows students to study at their own pace. Moreover,
this mode of education reduces transportation costs. As a result, many students prefer online
classes.
Pronouns and connectors create strong cohesion.
Example of Weak Cohesion
Online learning is gaining popularity. Online learning allows students to study at their own pace.
Online learning reduces transportation costs. Online learning is preferred by students.
Ideas are clear but repetitive and poorly linked.
Relationship Between Unity, Coherence, and Cohesion
Unity = One main idea
Coherence = Logical order of ideas
Cohesion = Smooth grammatical linking
A good paragraph must have all three. Missing even one weakens the paragraph.
Sample Paragraph
Topic Sentence (Unity): Social media has significantly changed the way people communicate.
Supporting Sentences (Coherence & Cohesion): It enables users to stay connected with friends
and family across the world. Moreover, social media platforms allow instant sharing of
information and ideas. This ease of communication has made interaction faster and more
efficient.
Concluding Sentence: In short, social media has transformed communication in modern society.