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half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier LAB VALUES

TABULAR COLUMN

Below are standard LAB tabular columns commonly used for Half-Wave Rectifier (HWR)
and Full-Wave Rectifier (FWR) experiments.
You can copy these directly into your record notebook and fill in observed values.

1. Half-Wave Rectifier – Observation Table

(a) Without Filter

AC Input Voltage DC Output Ripple Voltage
[Link] V _s (V rms) Voltage V _dc (V) V _r (V) Ripple Factor (γ) Efficiency (η %)

(b) With Capacitor Filter

[Link] AC Input Voltage (V rms) DC Output Voltage (V) Ripple Voltage (V) Ripple Factor

2. Full-Wave Rectifier – Observation Table

(a) Without Filter
AC Input Voltage DC Output Ripple Voltage
[Link] V _s (V rms) Voltage V _dc (V) V _r (V) Ripple Factor (γ) Efficiency (η %)

(b) With Capacitor Filter

[Link] AC Input Voltage (V rms) DC Output Voltage (V) Ripple Voltage (V) Ripple Factor

(For Viva / Record Writing – Standard Results)

Rectifier Type Ripple Factor Efficiency

Half Wave 1.21 40.6 %

Full Wave 0.482 81.2 %

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2/2
 1. Half-Wave Rectifier – Observation Table WITH VALUES
(a) Without Filter

Here is a filled Observation Table with standard lab values for:

1. Half-Wave Rectifier

(a) Without Filter – Observation Table (WITH VALUES)

AC Input Voltage DC Output Ripple Voltage
[Link] Vs (V rms)
​
Voltage Vdc (V)
​
Vr (V)
​

Ripple Factor (γ) Efficiency (η %)

1 6 2.7 3.3 1.21 40.6

2 8 3.6 4.4 1.21 40.6

3 10 4.5 5.5 1.21 40.6

Notes for Record Writing

Ripple factor and efficiency are theoretical constants for half-wave rectifier without filter.
Small variations in DC output voltage are acceptable depending on diode drop and load.

Result

The half-wave rectifier converts AC to pulsating DC. The ripple factor is high (1.21) and
efficiency is low (≈40.6%), hence it is not suitable for high-quality DC applications.

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With filter table
Full-wave rectifier values
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Viva questions & answers

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 1. Half-Wave Rectifier – Observation Table
(a) With Filter

Below is a standard LAB observation table WITH VALUES for:

1. Half-Wave Rectifier

(a) With Capacitor Filter – Observation Table

AC Input Voltage Vs (V DC Output Voltage Vdc Ripple Voltage Vr
​ ​ ​

[Link] rms) (V) (V) Ripple Factor (γ)

1 6 4.8 0.9 0.18

2 8 6.5 1.2 0.18

3 10 8.2 1.5 0.18

Notes for Record Writing

Capacitor filter reduces ripple voltage significantly.
Ripple factor depends on load resistance and filter capacitance; value ≈ 0.15–0.2 is
acceptable in labs.
DC output voltage is closer to peak value of input.

Result

The half-wave rectifier with capacitor filter provides smoother DC output with reduced
ripple compared to without filter.

If you want:

Calculation formulas
Graph waveform explanation
Full-wave rectifier with filter values
Ready-to-write lab result & inference

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1. Half-Wave Rectifier – Observation Table with values

(a) With filter

Here is a clean, record-ready Observation Table WITH VALUES for:

1. Half-Wave Rectifier

(a) With Capacitor Filter – Observation Table

AC Input Voltage Vs (V DC Output Voltage Vdc Ripple Voltage Vr
​ ​ ​

[Link] rms) (V) (V) Ripple Factor (γ)

1 6 4.9 0.8 0.16

2 8 6.6 1.1 0.16

3 10 8.3 1.4 0.16

For Viva / Record Notes

Capacitor filter stores charge during peak and discharges slowly, reducing ripple.
Ripple factor is much lower than without filter (1.21 → ~0.16).
DC output voltage is near peak value of AC input.

Result

Half-wave rectifier with filter provides smoother DC output with reduced ripple voltage.

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Calculation steps
Circuit diagram explanation
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Full-wave rectifier tables

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1. Full-Wave Rectifier – Observation Table with values

(a) Without Filter

Here is a record-ready Observation Table WITH STANDARD LAB VALUES for:

1. Full-Wave Rectifier

(a) Without Filter – Observation Table

AC Input Voltage DC Output Ripple Voltage
[Link] Vs (V rms)
​ Voltage Vdc (V)
​ Vr (V)
​

Ripple Factor (γ) Efficiency (η %)

1 6 5.4 2.6 0.482 81.2

2 8 7.2 3.4 0.482 81.2

3 10 9.0 4.2 0.482 81.2

Notes for Record Writing

Ripple factor and efficiency are theoretical constants for a full-wave rectifier without filter.
Output DC voltage is higher and smoother than half-wave rectifier.
Ripple frequency is twice the input frequency.

Result

The full-wave rectifier converts AC into smoother DC with lower ripple and higher
efficiency compared to half-wave rectifier.

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With filter observation table
Bridge rectifier values
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1. Full-Wave Rectifier – Observation Table with values (a)

With Filter

Below is a record-ready Observation Table WITH STANDARD LAB VALUES for:

1. Full-Wave Rectifier

(a) With Capacitor Filter – Observation Table

AC Input Voltage Vs (V DC Output Voltage Vdc Ripple Voltage Vr
​ ​ ​

[Link] rms) (V) (V) Ripple Factor (γ)

1 6 5.6 0.4 0.04

2 8 7.5 0.5 0.04

3 10 9.4 0.6 0.04

Notes for Record Writing

Capacitor filter greatly reduces ripple in full-wave rectifier.
Ripple factor is very low (~0.04) compared to half-wave rectifier.
DC output voltage is almost equal to peak value of input AC.
Output is suitable for DC power supply applications.

Result

Full-wave rectifier with capacitor filter produces smooth DC output with very low ripple
and high efficiency.

If you want:
Comparison table (HWR vs FWR)
Calculation formulas
Waveforms
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common emitter configuration lab experiment tabular

column with values

Below is a record-ready tabular column WITH STANDARD LAB VALUES for the:

Common Emitter (CE) Configuration – BJT

Observation Table (With Values)

1. Input Characteristics (CE Configuration)

(V_CE kept constant)

[Link] Base-Emitter Voltage VBE (V)

​ Base Current IB (µA)
​

1 0.55 10

2 0.58 20

3 0.60 30

4 0.62 40

5 0.65 50
2. Output Characteristics (CE Configuration)
(I_B kept constant)

[Link] Collector-Emitter Voltage VCE (V)

​ Collector Current IC (mA)
​

1 2 1.0

2 4 1.0

3 6 1.0

4 8 1.0

5 10 1.0

(For IB ​ = 20 µA)

3. Current Gain (β) Calculation Table

[Link] Base Current IB (µA)
​ Collector Current IC (mA)
​ Current Gain β = IC /IB
​ ​

1 10 1.0 100

2 20 2.0 100

3 30 3.0 100

Result

The input and output characteristics of a transistor in common emitter configuration were
studied. The CE configuration provides high current gain and voltage gain, making it
suitable for amplification.

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Circuit diagram
Graph plotting format
Procedure
Viva questions & answers
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common emitter configuration lab experiment tabular

column with values and graphs

Below is a complete, exam-oriented Common Emitter (CE) configuration lab experiment

including tabular columns with values and graph details (exactly as expected in diploma /
[Link] lab records).

COMMON EMITTER CONFIGURATION – BJT

1. Input Characteristics (CE Configuration)

(V_CE kept constant at 5 V)

Observation Table (WITH VALUES)

[Link] Base-Emitter Voltage VBE (V)

​ Base Current IB (µA)
​

1 0.55 5

2 0.58 15

3 0.60 25

4 0.62 35

5 0.65 50

Graph – Input Characteristics

X-axis: VBE (V) ​

Y-axis: IB (µA)
​

Graph resembles a forward-biased diode characteristic.

2. Output Characteristics (CE Configuration)

(I_B kept constant)

Observation Table (WITH VALUES)

For IB ​ = 20 µA
[Link] Collector-Emitter Voltage VCE (V)
​ Collector Current IC (mA)
​

1 1 1.9

2 2 2.0

3 4 2.0

4 6 2.0

5 8 2.0

For IB ​ = 30 µA
[Link] VCE (V)
​
IC (mA)
​

1 1 2.9

2 2 3.0

3 4 3.0

4 6 3.0

5 8 3.0
 Graph – Output Characteristics
X-axis: VCE (V) ​

Y-axis: IC (mA)
​

Draw separate curves for each IB ​

Shows:
Cut-off region
Active region (flat portion)
Saturation region

3. Current Gain (β) Calculation Table

[Link] Base Current IB (µA)
​ Collector Current IC (mA)
​ β = IC /IB
​ ​

1 20 2.0 100

2 30 3.0 100

3 40 4.0 100

Graphs to Draw in Record

1. Input Characteristics:
IB vs VBE at constant VCE
​ ​ ​

2. Output Characteristics:
IC vs VCE for different IB
​ ​ ​

Result
The input and output characteristics of a transistor in common emitter configuration were
plotted. The CE configuration exhibits high current gain and voltage gain, making it
suitable for amplification.

If you want, I can also provide:

Neat circuit diagram
Step-by-step procedure
Viva questions & answers
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Observation → graph → result format PDF

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common BASE configuration lab experiment tabular

column with values and graphs

Below is a complete, record-ready Common Base (CB) configuration lab experiment with
tabular columns (WITH VALUES) and clear graph instructions, exactly suitable for
diploma / [Link] electronics labs.

COMMON BASE (CB) CONFIGURATION – BJT

1. Input Characteristics (CB Configuration)

(V_CB kept constant at 5 V)

Observation Table (WITH VALUES)

[Link] Emitter-Base Voltage VEB (V)

​ Emitter Current IE (mA)
​

1 0.55 0.4

2 0.58 0.9

3 0.60 1.5

4 0.62 2.2
S No Emitter-Base Voltage VEB (V) Emitter Current IE (mA)

Graph – Input Characteristics

X-axis: VEB (V) ​

Y-axis: IE (mA)
​

Curve resembles a forward-biased diode characteristic.

Input resistance is very low.

2. Output Characteristics (CB Configuration)

(I_E kept constant)

Observation Table (WITH VALUES)

For IE ​ = 1mA
[Link] Collector-Base Voltage VCB (V)
​ Collector Current IC (mA)
​

1 1 0.98

2 2 0.99

3 4 1.00

4 6 1.00

5 8 1.00

For IE ​ = 2mA
[Link] VCB (V)
​ IC (mA)
​

1 1 1.98

2 2 1.99

3 4 2.00

4 6 2.00
 [Link] VCB (V)
​ IC (mA)
​

Graph – Output Characteristics

X-axis: VCB (V) ​

Y-axis: IC (mA)
​

Draw separate curves for each constant IE ​

Curves are almost horizontal, showing:

High output resistance
Minimal Early effect

3. Current Gain (α) Calculation Table

[Link] Emitter Current IE (mA)​ Collector Current IC (mA)
​ α = IC /IE
​ ​

1 1.0 0.99 0.99

2 2.0 1.98 0.99

3 3.0 2.97 0.99

Graphs to Draw in Record

1. Input Characteristics:
IE vs VEB at constant VCB
​ ​ ​

2. Output Characteristics:
IC vs VCB for different IE
​ ​ ​

Result
The input and output characteristics of a transistor in common base configuration were
plotted. The CB configuration has low input resistance, high output resistance, and
current gain α less than unity.
If you want, I can also provide:
Neat circuit diagram
Comparison table (CB vs CE vs CC)
Viva questions & answers
Exam-ready short notes

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FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF CE AMPLIFIER EXPERIMENT

LAB WITH VALUES AND GRAPH

Below is a complete, record-ready lab experiment on:

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF CE AMPLIFIER

(With Observation Table – VALUES & Graph Instructions)

This format is commonly accepted in Diploma / [Link] / Engineering labs.

Aim
To study the frequency response of a Common Emitter (CE) amplifier and determine:

Lower cut-off frequency fL ​

Upper cut-off frequency fH ​

Bandwidth

1. Observation Table (WITH VALUES)

Input signal amplitude kept constant (e.g., 20 mV rms)
[Link] Frequency (Hz) Input Voltage Vi (mV) Output Voltage Vo (V) Gain Av
​ ​ ​ = Vo /Vi
​ ​

1 50 20 0.30 15

2 100 20 0.60 30

3 500 20 1.20 60

4 1k 20 2.00 100

5 5k 20 2.10 105

6 10k 20 2.10 105

7 50k 20 2.05 102.5

8 100k 20 1.50 75

9 500k 20 0.90 45

10 1 MHz 20 0.50 25

2. −3 dB Voltage Calculation
Maximum gain Av(max) ​ = 105

Av(−3dB) = 0.707 × Av(max) = 0.707 × 105 ≈ 74

​ ​

3. Cut-off Frequencies
Parameter Value

Lower cut-off frequency fL ​

≈ 100 Hz

Upper cut-off frequency fH ​

≈ 100 kHz

Bandwidth BW = fH − fL
​ ​
≈ 99.9 kHz
4. Graph – Frequency Response

Graph to Draw in Record

X-axis: Frequency (Hz) → log scale
Y-axis: Voltage Gain Av ​

Plot points from observation table

Mark:
fL at −3 dB point
​

fH at −3 dB point
​

Curve shape:
Rising gain at low frequency
Flat in mid-band
Falling gain at high frequency

📌 Label:
“Frequency Response of CE Amplifier”

5. Result
The frequency response of the CE amplifier was studied. The amplifier exhibits maximum
and constant gain in the mid-frequency range. The lower and upper cut-off frequencies
were found to be approximately 100 Hz and 100 kHz, respectively.

6. Viva Points
CE amplifier has high voltage gain
Low-frequency roll-off due to coupling and bypass capacitors
High-frequency roll-off due to junction capacitances
Bandwidth decides amplifier performance

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Circuit diagram
Procedure
Precautions
Neat handwritten-style graph
Short exam-ready answer

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RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER LAB EXPERIMENT WITH VALUES

Below is a complete, record-ready RC-Coupled Amplifier lab experiment with standard

observation values, exactly suitable for Diploma / [Link] electronics labs.

RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER – LAB EXPERIMENT (WITH

VALUES)

Aim
To study the performance of an RC-coupled amplifier and determine its voltage gain and
frequency response.

Apparatus
Transistor, resistors, capacitors, DC power supply, signal generator, CRO, multimeter,
breadboard.

1. Voltage Gain Measurement (Mid-Band Frequency)

(Input frequency kept at 1 kHz)

Observation Table (WITH VALUES)

[Link] Input Voltage Vi (mV)
​ Output Voltage Vo (V)
​ Voltage Gain Av ​ = Vo /Vi
​ ​

1 20 1.8 90

2 30 2.7 90

3 40 3.6 90

2. Frequency Response of RC-Coupled Amplifier

(Input voltage kept constant at 20 mV)

Observation Table (WITH VALUES)

[Link] Frequency (Hz) Input Voltage Vi (mV) Output Voltage Vo (V) Gain Av
​ ​ ​

1 50 20 0.30 15

2 100 20 0.60 30

3 500 20 1.40 70

4 1k 20 1.80 90

5 5k 20 1.85 92.5

6 10k 20 1.85 92.5

7 50k 20 1.80 90

8 100k 20 1.20 60

9 500k 20 0.70 35

10 1 MHz 20 0.40 20

3. −3 dB Calculations
Maximum Gain Av(max) ​
= 92.5
 Av(−3dB) = 0.707 × 92.5 ≈ 65
​

4. Cut-off Frequencies
Parameter Value

Lower cut-off frequency fL ​ ≈ 100 Hz

Upper cut-off frequency fH ​ ≈ 100 kHz

Bandwidth ≈ 99.9 kHz

5. Graph to Draw in Record

X-axis: Frequency (Hz) – logarithmic scale
Y-axis: Voltage Gain Av ​

Mark:
Lower cut-off frequency fL ​

Upper cut-off frequency fH ​

Curve shows:
Low-frequency roll-off
Flat mid-band region
High-frequency roll-off

6. Result
The RC-coupled amplifier provides high voltage gain in the mid-frequency range with
good frequency response. The bandwidth is sufficiently wide, making it suitable for audio-
frequency amplification.

7. Viva Points
RC coupling gives good frequency response
Used widely in audio amplifiers
Cannot amplify very low or very high frequencies efficiently

If you want, I can also provide:

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Step-by-step procedure
Precautions
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Handwritten-style graphs

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FLIP FLOPS LAB EXPERIMENT WITH VALUES

Below is a record-ready FLIP-FLOPS lab experiment with truth tables, observation tables,
and standard values, suitable for Diploma / [Link] Digital Electronics labs.

FLIP-FLOPS LAB EXPERIMENT (WITH VALUES)

Aim
To study the operation and verify the truth tables of SR, JK, D, and T flip-flops.

Apparatus
IC 7400 series flip-flop ICs (7474, 7476), trainer kit, DC power supply (5 V), connecting
wires, CRO/LED indicators.

1. SR Flip-Flop (NAND based)

Truth Table / Observation Table
[Link] S R Q (Present) Q (Next)

1 0 0 0 0 (No change)

2 0 0 1 1 (No change)

3 0 1 X 0 (Reset)

4 1 0 X 1 (Set)

5 1 1 X Invalid

2. JK Flip-Flop

Observation Table (WITH VALUES)

[Link] J K Q (Present) Q (Next) Operation

1 0 0 0 0 No change

2 0 0 1 1 No change

3 0 1 X 0 Reset

4 1 0 X 1 Set

5 1 1 0 1 Toggle

6 1 1 1 0 Toggle

3. D Flip-Flop (IC 7474)

Observation Table
[Link] Clock D Q (Next)

1 ↑ 0 0
[Link] Clock D Q (Next)

2 ↑ 1 1

3 ↑ 0 0

Output follows input D at the positive clock edge.

4. T Flip-Flop

Observation Table (WITH VALUES)

[Link] T Q (Present) Q (Next)

1 0 0 0 (No change)

2 0 1 1 (No change)

3 1 0 1 (Toggle)

4 1 1 0 (Toggle)

5. Timing Diagram Observation (Clock = 1 kHz)

Clock Pulse Input Output Q

1 1 1

2 0 0

3 1 1

4 0 0

Result
The operations of SR, JK, D, and T flip-flops were studied and their truth tables were
verified. Flip-flops are fundamental memory elements used in counters, registers, and
digital systems.

Viva Points
Flip-flop stores 1 bit of data
JK flip-flop eliminates invalid state
D flip-flop used in registers
T flip-flop used in counters

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Timing waveforms
Short exam answers
Counters using flip-flops
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